ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES PROJECT

TOPIC: CONDUCTING AWARNESS PROGRAM

SUBMITTED BY
SANDHIYA.V B.COM(CA)

CONDUCTING AWARNESS PROGRAMMES ON

Water leakage in street pipes. Breakage of pipelines. Use of plastic and polythene. Mixing of sewage water. Domestic waste management Maintenance of kitchen garden. Clean and healthy environment. HIV/AIDS.

WATER LEAKAGE IN STREET PIPES

When a water pipe bursts in the basement or bathroom of a house, there's not much hesitation about what to do: stop the flow, get the leak fixed. But what if a municipal water pipe has a long, slow leak deep beneath the surface of the ground? Millions and millions of litres could seep away unnoticed for years. And they have all across Canada, wasting millions of tax dollars already invested in making that water safe to drink and trying to get it to every tap. In some municipalities, there have been estimates of water loss as high as 35 or 45 per cent. A 2009 study said leaky pipes cost Ontario 25 per cent of its drinking water enough to fill 131,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools and equal to a loss of $700 million a year.

But in a revolution that started more than a decade ago, some municipalities have been turning their water world on its head. Rather than only reacting once a pipe break is known, they're methodically trying to figure out just how healthy their aging pipes and systems are, and they're trying to find and fix leaks long before they turn into more significant problems. It doesn't sound like rocket science, but in the world of municipal politics and infrastructure, it was a sea change. "When you break it down, it does sound like common sense," says Ken Brothers, public works commissioner for Niagara Region in southern Ontario. "[But] the normal practices of operation didn't follow this line of thinking." Brothers, an internationally regarded expert on reducing water loss, was on the front line in changing the line of thinking. And it all started in Halifax. Water wasted away

A provincially induced amalgamation of three water utilities in Halifax in 1995 started the ball rolling, says Brothers, who was with Halifax County and later the Halifax Regional Water Commission. Construction of a water treatment plant in Dartmouth three years later was also a strong catalyst: in a community where there were significant leakage problems, much of that plant's good quality water was never getting into the taps and bathtubs of Dartmouth residents.

BREAKAGE OF PIPELINES
The rate of bubble breakage in turbulent liquid flow was examined using a population balance containing a bubble breakage model to analyze experimental bubble breakage rate data. The bubble breakage model was based on high-speed motion photography observations of the breakage process in turbulent liquidpipeline flow. The bubble breakage model predicts the number of bubbles formed from a breakage, the size of the bubbles formed and the rate of bubble breakage. Bubble breakage was determined to be binary; bubble breakage size was described by a breakage size function in which unequal bubble sizes had a higher probability of being formed compared to equal bubble sizes; and the breakage rate was assumed to be first order with respect to the number of bubbles of a given size. The value of the breakage rate constant was found to be approximately equal to the frequency of the second mode of oscillation of the maximum stable bubble size in a given turbulent flow.

A pipeline breakage sensing system includes a plurality of pressure sensors installed on pipelines to measure pressure of a fluid. Each of these pressure sensors presumes a breakage location in cooperation with other neighboring sensors on the basis of a pressure change of the fluid and transmits information relating to the presumed breakage location. The pipeline breakage sensing system further includes a pressure sensor for detecting the occurrence of a seismic earthquake event, in addition to a managing center for sensing a breakage location on the basis of information transmitted from respective pressure sensors and by calculating a time correlated comparison between the superimposed pressure readings from neighboring pressure sensors used to detect the occurrence of such a fluid pressure change. Thereby, breakage of a pipeline network is sensed and the quantity of flow delivered through an affected pipeline is adjusted, stopped...

Pipeline Safety Rules

A fossil fuel pipeline working over frozen land. Pipelines typically transport fossil fuels over long distances. These pipelines exist mostly above ground as they are used frequently to transport oil from areas where the ground remains frozen for a large portion of the year, but they can also be built whole or in part underground to facilitate easier use. It is important when working with pipelines to maintain a few simple safety rules both to keep workers safe and the pipeline in good working order.

USE OF PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE

What is polythene used for? Soft (low density) polythene is a type of plastic used to wrap toilet rolls, kitchen towel, magazines, bread and fruit and vegetables in the supermarket. You use it to wrap your sandwiches and rings made from low density polythene hold your four pack of beer together.

WE refer to the various articles arising from the Penang State governments decision to extend the ban/tax on plastic bags from three days to seven. plastic A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organicsolids that are moldable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

Biodegradability Biodegradable plastics break down (degrade) upon exposure to sunlight (e.g., ultra-violet radiation), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasion, and in some instances rodent pest or insect attack are also included as forms

of biodegradation or environmental degradation. Some modes of degradation require that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas other modes will only be effective if certain conditions exist in landfill or composting systems. Starch powder has been mixed with plastic as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does not lead to complete breakdown of the plastic. Some researchers have actually genetically engineered bacteria that synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, but this material, such as Biopol, is expensive at present.[5] The German chemical company BASF makes Ecoflex, a fully biodegradable polyester for food packaging applications.

MIXING SEWAGE WATER

Oil and safe drinking water are on parallel courses to depletion a scarcity that will lead to starvation, disease and warfare. It sounds counter intuitive to compare the two, considering the constant global cycle of evaporation and precipitation that means the amount of water on Earth remains remarkably constant over millions of years. But the issue here is drinking water. And there is a lot less of that than seawater. Due to a number of management issues, made worse by climate change, drinking water is fast becoming a geopolitical resource to rival oil a flashpoint at various places around the globe. There are currently calls for international mediation over the flow of the Indus (India and Pakistan), Ganges (India and Bangladesh), Nile (Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia), Jordan (Syria, Israel and Jordan), Tigris-Euphrates (Turkey, Syria and Iraq) and the Mekong (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam), and less aggressively stated diplomatic tensions between many other nations (Canada, US and Mexico spring immediately to mind) over shared access to drinking water. In addition, a report published July 2010 states that one third of US counties in the Lower 48 will face a water crisis by mid century shows this is

not a developing world issue, but something every bit as insidious and universal as soil loss.

Water is essential for food security and sanitation, not to mention the fact that humans die after three days without it. And with 80 countries and 40 per cent of the world's population currently facing chronic water problems, billions around the globe arguably regard the availability of water as more critical than that of oil. But can the two be compared in this way? The concept of peak oil, based on the work of M King Hubbert, is simple enough: a bell chart curve plotting the point at which half of the worlds oil will have been extracted; it marks the time of maximum production of this non-renewable resource that can only be followed by a slump in output. But peak water? At first, is sounds laughable. Three-quarters of the Earths surface is water, and most people would place the stuff top of the list when asked to cite renewable resources.

DOMESTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

The problem of domestic waste is drawing increasing attention of the people as huge garbage is lying down uncollected beside the roads, streets dustbins

and on the ground which is causing threat to the environment as well as endangering public health. This waste is generated as consequences of household activities such as the cleaning,cooking,repairing empty containers, packaging, huge use of plastic carry bags. Many is no system of segregation of organic, inorganic and recyclable wastes at the household level. Door-to-door collection is rarely practiced community collection bins are poorly managed and are usually no more than open dumps on the roadside. The improper handling and management of domestic waste from households are causing adverse effect on the public at large and this deteriorates the environment.

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment oraesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

LANDFILL Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter,

attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leach ate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down an aerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is greenhouse.

INCINERATION Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as

biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

RECYCLING Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. Known as kernside recycling, it requires the owner of the waste to separate it into various different bins (typically wheelie bins) prior to its collection. The most common consumer products recycled include aluminum such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes.

BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. There is a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters, industrial-scale enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (see Mechanical biological treatment). Methods of biological decomposition are differentiated as being aerobic or anaerobic methods, though hybrids of the two methods also exist. Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been found to be in a number of LCA analysis studies to be

more environmentally effective, than landfill, incineration or prolepsis. The resulting biogas (methane) though must be used for cogeneration (electricity and heat preferably on or close to the site of production) and can be used with a little upgrading in gas combustion engines or turbines. With further upgrading to synthetic natural gas it can be injected into the natural gas network or further refined to hydrogen for use in stationary cogeneration fuel cells. Its use in fuel cells eliminates the pollution from products of combustion.

RESOURCE RECOVERY Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path.

WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:

Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse andrecycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste see: resource recovery. Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.

MAINTENANCE KITCHEN GARDEN: aste water management through kitchen gardens

waste management through kitchen garden

LEAF Society is promoting a practice of waste water management through simple and low cost kitchen gardens at all our working villages of Namakkal district. We are providing free seeds to our Joyful leaning center children and are also monitoring the progress in all villages.

objectives of kitchen garden:

To productively manage the waste water from each household To reduce water stagnation & reduce mosquito breeding at villages To Increase the sense of responsibility of each child by managing his or her own garden To inculcate the bonding between the nature and children during the early stages of life To produce low cost nutritive - organic vegetable for each households

We are freely distributing ten types of seeds to children including vegetables, greens, pulses, grams and other varieties - which are suitable for local agro climatic conditions. These seeds are distributed at free of cost promoting children to establish gardens at their backyards. We have also announced a prize of a new bi cycle for the best maintained kitchen garden as per our instruction and we are encouraging the children to promote effective gardens at their backyards. We have also published the layout and other technical details for 10 X 10 kitchen gardens. Vegetable garden maintenance Vegetable garden maintenance layouts are a personal choice but they can be hinged on exactly what you want to grow and how you want it to look. Some people plant an outdoor garden, participate in indoor gardening or they

prefer container gardening. To make your home vegetable garden design special and unique is something that needs some extra planning. You need to plan for your vegetable garden layout to be practical for your use, functional for vegetable gardening itself and in a location that has plenty of direct sunlight. Sunlight and water are something vital that your home vegetable garden cannot live without under any circumstance. When you first choose the right spot for vegetable gardening, take into consideration how much light that spot has to offer you. The spot has to be able to receive at least seven hours of sun every day, preferably more if you can to optimize the conditions for growing vegetables.

The next thing to consider is water. Ask yourself what your area is like for rain fall. If it rains a lot then there is not much you need to concern yourself with; but if you get little or practically no rain at all, then you will need to make room for adequate irrigation to supply your vegetables with all of the water they will need. Now that you have both of these things decided, you can start to actually put pen to paper and start designing the functional elements to your vegetable garden maintenance and design. Firstly think about your beds. Consider what size you want them to be, how wide you want them to be, and how long. Raised bed gardening is popular for proper drainage. Think about how much space you will need, at a minimum, between each raised bed so that you have enough space to get between the beds to do your pruning, as well as enough space to get your gardening materials and equipment with you so that it allows you to look after and care for your seeds right into their mature state. There is a standard size that

most people stick to in this part of the design and that is three feet wide per bed and three feet between each bed. The actual length of each raised bed is up to you! The overall design can be designed practically as well as aesthetically pleasing to the eye with some planning. You will be spending a lot of your time growing vegetables in your home vegetable garden, so you need to ensure that you are totally comfortable and happy with the vegetable garden design and how that layout makes you feel. Yes, planting vegetables can be hard work but it is also a hobby you can do to calm the mind and soul.

CLEAN AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

It is possible to clean our environment to ensure that we have a healthy people and become a highly productive nation. This I will make sure happens as the next President of the Republic of Ghana. Our environment is not clean. It is not healthy. It does not encourage maximum productivity on the part of the private and public sectors in Ghana. It robs the nation of significant resources as we spend millions of Ghana cedis to treat malaria and other preventable illnesses. It is generally known that a sound mind goes with a sound body. Health is wealth, we all know that. We Ghanaians must be worried and concerned about the state of our body as a nation and our poor health. Considering our general poor health and unclean environment, we should not be surprised that conditions of poverty persist throughout our country.

Alongside economic priorities, there is a growing recognition that the quality of Canada's environment is central to the long-term quality of Canada's

communities and their prosperity. Human health is dependent on the natural functions of a healthy environment, such as providing clean air to breathe and clean water to drink, filtering dangerous radiation, maintaining a relatively stable temperature regime, and absorbing wastes. In turn, the health of Canadians is key to maintaining a healthy workforcean essential component of productivity and competitiveness. The Government of Canada plays an essential role in protecting and enhancing the quality of our country's natural environment. It recognizes that effective environmental management requires a collaborative approach and therefore works closely with provincial and territorial governments, as well as other partner groups, to address Canada's environmental risks and challenges. It also works with Aboriginal governments to better protect the health and safety of Aboriginal peoples and communities as they take greater control over their lands, resources, and environment.

Unscientific dumping of waste in a remote village in western India has brought enormous suffering to the local inhabitants. An increased spate of skin

infections and epidemics led villagers to protest against administrative negligence and forced the latter to take immediate remedial measures. Hanumant Bhandari is getting used to his speckled face. The 10-year-old student of a school on the outskirts of Pune was intrigued by the white spots on his face and thighs when they first appeared a year ago. The spots disappear whenever he takes medicine, but reappear in no time. Over half of the 350 children in the residential school have white patches over their bodies. It is not a hereditary disease, but a mark of Punes garbage dumped on a hillock close to the Kailash Wasi Namdev Mahadev Harpale School. Over 800 tonnes of waste is dumped there every day. This has been going on for 18 years, said Somnath Bhimrao Shinde, principal of the school meant for the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe children. Toxins in the garbage leach into the groundwater. Students drink water from a well. We have no option. Only a few houses in the area receive municipal water supply. Students also suffer from water-borne diseases like dysentery, jaundice and typhoid. The waste catches fire every other day, releasing noxious methane. Since the dump site is on top of a hillock the wind disperses the smoke in all directions. This is ruining the respiratory system of children, said Shinde. The filth and smoke also mean additional cost to the charitable school. On an average the school is spending Rs 2,000 per month per student towards medical bills. We are always short of money but we cannot see our children suffer, said the principal. Wasting away Pune city generates about 1,300 tonnes of solid waste every day, according to M S Devnikar, additional commissioner, Pune Municipal Corporation. Of this, over 800 tonnes is dumped at the landfill occupying 49 hectares (ha) in Phurshungi and 17 ha in Uruli Dewachi village. About 70,000 people live in the two villages. The effects of open, unscientific dumping began to show only in the past few years. There is no family in the villages without a sick person.

HIV/AIDS OVERVIEW
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a systemic viral infection that weakens the body's ability to fight infection and can cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS, the last stage of HIV disease). HIV preventative measures are a set of procedures that lower the risk of health care professionals being exposed to the virus. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection has now spread to every country in the world. Statistics show that approximately 40 million people are currently living with HIV infection, and an estimated 25 million have died from this disease. The scourge of HIV has been particularly devastating in sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa, but infection rates in other countries remain high. In the United States, approximately 1 million people are currently infected. Here are a few key points about the disease:

Globally, 85% of HIV transmission is through heterosexual intercourse. In the United States, approximately one-third of new diagnoses appear to be related to heterosexual transmission. Male-to-male sexual contact still accounts for more than half of new diagnoses in the U.S.Intravenous drug use contributes to the remaining cases. Because the diagnosis may occur years after infection, it is likely that a higher proportion of recent infections are due to heterosexual transmission. Infections in women are increasing. Worldwide, 42% of people with HIV are women. In the United States, approximately 25% of new diagnoses are in women, and the proportion is rising. There is good news on one front. New HIV infections in U.S. children have fallen dramatically. This is largely a result of testing and treating infected mothers, as well as establishing uniform testing guidelines for blood products. In order to understand HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), it is important to understand the meanings behind these terms:

HIV stands for the human immunodeficiency virus. It is one of a group of viruses known as retroviruses. After getting into the body, the virus kills or damages cells of the body's immune system. The body tries to keep up by making new cells or trying to contain the virus, but eventually the HIV wins out and progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers.

The virus structure has been studied extensively, and this has helped scientists develop new treatments for HIV/AIDS. Although all HIV viruses are similar, small variations or mutations in the genetic material of the virus create drugresistant viruses. Larger variations in the viral genes are found in different viral subtypes. Currently, HIV-1 is the predominant subtype that causes HIV/AIDS. AIDS stands for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is caused by HIV and occurs when the virus has destroyed so much of the body's defenses that immune-cell counts fall to critical levels or certain life-threatening infections or cancers develop.

If you are HIV negative The following preventative measures might seem personally restrictive, but they are effective in the prevention of HIV infection: 1. Do not have sexual intercourse with people known or suspected to be infected with AIDS; multiple partners; a person who has multiple partners; or people who use intravenous (IV) drugs. Always know the HIV status of any sexual partner. Do not engage in unprotected sex unless you're absolutely certain your partner is not infected with HIV. 2. Do not use intravenous drugs. If you do use IV drugs, do not share needles or syringes. Take advantage of needle exchange programs in your community and consider seeking help for your drug use. 3. Avoid exposure to blood from injuries or nosebleeds where the HIV status of the bleeding person is unknown. Using protective clothing, masks and goggles may be appropriate when caring for people who are injured. 4. The risk of HIV infection through blood transfusions or blood products is extremely low in the United States. The blood supply is well screened and is considered safe. Unfortunately, this is not always the case in other

countries. If an emergency requires that you receive blood or blood products in another country, get tested for HIV as soon as you return home. 5. HIV positive women should be counseled, before becoming pregnant, about the risk to unborn babies. Pregnant women with HIV should be made aware of medical advances that may help prevent the fetus from becoming infected. Mothers who are HIV positive should not breastfeed. 6. Latex condoms are highly effective in preventing HIV transmission. However, the risk of acquiring the HIV infection remains, even with the use of condoms. Always use a new latex condom. If you are allergic to latex, use a plastic (polyurethane) condom. Avoid lambskin condoms, as they do not protect you from HIV. Use only water-based lubricants and never petroleum jelly, cold cream or oils. Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break. 7. Get tested immediately if you know or think that you have had contact with someone who has HIV. Seek medical treatment if the result is positive because early treatment may help.

If you are HIV positive If you have been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, the following preventative measures can help you protect others:

1. The only way to protect your sexual partner from HIV infection is to avoid practices that expose them to infected body fluids. Always use a new latex condom for any sexual activity. 2. It you are pregnant, seek medical treatment immediately. The HIV infection can be passed on to your baby but if treatment is received during pregnancy the risk to the baby can be reduced by as much as two-thirds. Delivery of the baby by cesarean section cuts the risk even further. 3. Tell the people who need to know about your diagnosis. It is important to tell any previous or current partners that you are HIV positive. They will need to be tested, receive medical care and tell their own partners if they have the HIV virus. You will need to tell any pregnant woman with whom you have had sex that you are HIV positive as she may need treatment to protect her own health and that of her baby. You will need to tell your health care providers of your HIV status, not only to protect them but also to make sure that you receive the best possible medical care. 4. If you use intravenous drugs, never share your needles and syringes with anyone else as they may contain traces of HIV infected blood. 5. Do not donate blood or organs. 6. Do not share personal items such as razor blades or toothbrushes. These items may also contain traces of HIV-infected blood.

CONCLUSION
This research found that the paperwork associated with the organisations risk-awareness program created an illusion of safety for managers as much as common sense did for the workers. These findings suggest that leader initiated risk-awareness programs may not be successful in creating cultures of risk-awareness, particularly if there is an overemphasis on paperwork and common sense, and an under emphasis on the gap between work as imagined by the managers and work as it is actually performed by the workers. To make risk-awareness programs more successful, and to close the gap between paperwork and practice, organisations should focus less on the paperwork and more on implementing structures of accountability that hold managers responsible for learning from the outcomes of these programs. Furthermore, if the source of culture is as much communities of practice as it is organisational leaders, then leaders need to understand the safety practices that develop informally in these communities. To do so, leaders and managers must spend time in these communities of practice and build trust among the members. With trust comes the opportunity to make tacit knowledge explicit. This knowledge can then be shared among members of the community and with managers. Therefore, communities of practice become the site for learning and provide a mechanism through which organisations can grow a workers base-line of common sense. Finally, understanding work as it is actually performed will allow managers to develop safety rules that are grounded in reality, and to create a culture of safety that encourages workers to be mindfully rule guided rather than mindlessly rule bound.

REFRENCE
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