ENG243 FLUID MECHANICS FINAL EXAMINATION

SEMESTER YEAR LECTURER SCHOOL TIME (in minutes): 1 2006 Jim Mitroy Engineering and Logistics [10 minutes] [180 minutes] [190 minutes]

Time for reading Time for working TOTAL TIME

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: 1. A score of 160 marks is regarded as being a perfect score and a score of 80 marks is regarded as a passing score for this examination. You should answer enough questions so that the potential marks sum to a number that is greater than or equal to 160. This examination contains 3 Sections, Sections A, B and C. You can answer ANY combination of questions from Sections A, B or C with one restriction. The total number marks you can be awarded from the questions in Sections A and B cannot exceed 130 marks. There are TEN (10) questions (4 marks each) in Section A. The suggested time allocation for any question in Section A is 4 minutes. There are EIGHT (8) questions (15 marks each) in Section B. The suggested time allocation for any question in Section B is 15 minutes. There are THREE (3) questions (30 marks each) in Section C. The suggested time allocation for any question in Section C is 30 minutes. The questions in Section C are much more difficult than those in Section B.

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PERMITTED MATERIALS Calculator (any type), Formula sheet (provided with examination paper) EXAM BOOKLETS/MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER SHEETS 1 x 20 page exam booklet

EXAMINATION PAPERS MAY LEAVE THE EXAMINATION ROOM

Good luck!

SECTION A
There are TEN (10) questions in this section. Each question is worth FOUR (4) marks.

1. 2.

What is the pressure at the bottom of a fresh-water lake which is 22.0 m deep? Under what circumstances do you think it would be a good idea to use a fluid with a low specific gravity such as alcohol as the working fluid in the manometer? The diagram to the right shows water leaving a container. What is the exit velocity of the water?

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4.

Natural gas (methane) at a pressure(gauge) of 40 kPa and at a temperature of 320 K is flowing down a circular pipe of radius 0.40 m at a speed of 2.0 m/s. What are the mass and volume flow rates of methane down the pipe? The gas constant for methane is R* = 518.3 J/(kgK). A wooden cube with a specific gravity of 0.92 and side length 0.200 m is placed into a bucket of water and floats upright with its sides in a horizontal or vertical orientation. What is the mass of the cube, what is the buoyancy force acting on the cube and how much of the cube projects above the surface? The volume flow rate, Q, fluid moving in a laminar flow through a pipe is given by the equation

5.

6.

R 4 p Q= , 8L
where R is the pipe radius, L is the length of the pipe, is the viscosity and p is the pressure drop between the two ends of the pipe. Is this equation is dimensionally consistent?

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7.

Write down the equation of the Reynolds number for water flowing down a pipe and define all terms. What is the critical Reynolds number for the onset of turbulent flow? Name at least two factors (besides those inherent in the equation) that can influence the value of the critical Reynolds number? Oil with a viscosity of 0.20 Ns/m2 flows under laminar conditions down a narrow tube of radius 0.0040 mm at a flow velocity of 1.40 mm/sec. What would be the pressure drop along a 400 mrn length of the tube? What is the pressure at the nose point of the airplane shown in the diagram below?

8.

9.

The plane is flying at velocity of 60 m/s. The density of the air at the altitude the plane is flying is 1.080 kg/m3. The ambient atmospheric pressure at the altitude is 96,000 Pa. 10. Water flows steadily down a channel and experiences a hydraulic jump. Its velocity in the x-direction given by v(x) = 1.60 m/s v(x) = 2.00 - 0.10 x v(x) = 1.20 m/s 0.0 < x < 4.0 m 4.0 < x < 8.0 m x > 8.0 m

What is the horizontal acceleration of the water in these three separate regions?

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SECTION B
There are EIGHT (8) questions in this section and each question is worth FIFTEEN (15) marks. The total number of marks you can be awarded from the questions in Sections A and B cannot exceed 130 marks. 11. The diagram below shows the schematics of a dam wall. Determine the net Force acting on the dam wall given that the front of the dam is 20.0 m wide and rectangular in shape. Also determine the center of pressure for the dam wall. Draw a diagram clearly showing the direction of the pressure force and the location of the center of pressure.

(The centroid of a right angle triangle is located one third of the distance from the base to the apex.)

12.

The diagram shown to the right shows a tank containing oil with a bourdon Pressure gauge at the top of the tank and a mercury manometer connected to an outlet near the bottom of the tank. The reading on the pressure gauge at the top of the tank is 30 kPa. The vertical distance from the outlet to the base of the tank is 0.100 m. The distance h2 = 0.140 m and the distance h3 = 0.240 m. What is the total depth of oil (SG = 0.88) in the tank?

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13.

Water is being pumped from a low reservoir to a high reservoir at a rate of 0.140 m3/s. The loss of available energy for the pump/pipe combination is given by (units of m2/s2) loss = 5.0 v2 What is the shaft power, w needed to keep the water flowing at the designated rate? In terms of pressure heads, what is the shaft-head supplied by the pump and what is the head-loss?

14.

Water flows through drawn copper tubing of diameter 1.0 cm with roughness 0.0015 mm at a rate of 0.8010-4 m3/s. The water temperature is 50 oC and the viscosity of water at this temperature is 0.6010-3 Ns/m2. The kinetic energy factor for a threaded return bend is 1.5.

What is the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet for the pipe configuration shown in the above diagram? ENG243 Examination: Semester 1, 2006 Page 5 of 10

15.

The flow-rate for air flowing down a circular tube can be determined by placing a constriction in the tube and determining the pressure at the point of the constriction.

Given that the air temperature at the tube outlet is the same temperature as that of the atmosphere, namely, 15 oC, what is the volume and mass flow rate of air at the outlet?

16.

A hydraulic dredge is used to dredge sand from a river bottom. The sand/water slurry being pumped by the dredge has a specific gravity of SG = 1.20.

What thrust is required by the propeller to hold the dredge stationary?

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17.

The drag force, FD on a ball moving through a fluid at velocity u, can be reasonably assumed to depend on the radius of the ball R, the viscosity of the fluid , the mass density of the fluid , and the roughness , of the balls surface. Using the method of repeated variables demonstrate that

uR FD = H , R u 2 R 2
Experiments for a 0.60 cm radius smooth marble falling through fresh water ( = 1.1210-3 Ns/m2) reveal that the drag force is 1.8010-6 N at u = 0.020 m/s. At what speed would the marble have to travel through air at standard atmospheric conditions to be retarded by the same drag force?

18.

Discuss the following concepts or properties (using equations where relevant) and make a reference to at least one real-world situation where they have relevance. (a) (b) (c) Capilliarity. Cavitation and Vapour pressure Inviscid and viscosity

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SECTION C
There are THREE (3) questions in this Section. Each question is worth THIRTY (30) marks. The questions in this section are considerably more difficult than the questions in Section B. Relatively few marks are given for partial solutions in this section. Make sure any assumptions in your answer are given adequate justification.

19.

The diagram below shows a pumping system to pump water to an elevated tank. The next page shows the performance curve of a specific type of centrifugal pump.

The loss factors at the inlet and outlet are 0.50 and 1.0 respectively while the loss factor associated with the bend is 1.50. The diameter of the pipe is 0.050 m while the total pipe length is 400 m. In order to simplify the calculation you can assume that the friction factor is f = 0.032. Determine the duty point of this pumping system and thus determine the flow rate of the pump for an impeller diameter of 150 mm? Also determine the shaft power of the pump and give an estimate of the pumps efficiency at the duty point. Given that the pump is located 1.40 m above the water surface (1), and the pipe length from inlet to pump is 8.0 m, determine the NPSHA at the pump and state whether cavitation is likely to occur.

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19. (continued) Pump curve for question 19.

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20.

A sheet of water is sprayed outward through a semi-circular nozzle over 180o as shown in the diagram.

What is the horizontal anchoring force required to hold the jet housing in place?

21.

The diagram to the right shows a turbine connected to the base of a dam. The turbine generates energy by converting the kinetic energy of water passing through the turbine to electrical energy. The pipes leading into and out of the turbine have a diameter of D. The energy extracted per unit mass is largest (i.e. w) when the velocity drop between the turbine inlet and outlet is largest. However, a slow velocity at outlet also means that relatively little water may be flowing through the turbine and & the net power being generated (i.e. W ) may be small. Use the modified Bernoulli and continuity equations to show that the turbine generates maximum power when the outlet velocity,
2gH 3 Give an explicit expression for the maximum power generated by the turbine. v=

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