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LS4 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Spring 2011 04/19/2011 MIDTERM I

Please circle your TAs name: BLAKE KEVIN WEN-YUN ZHE

Instructions: 1. This exam has 8 pages. Before starting, make sure you have all the pages. 2. Clearly write your name on every page. Be sure to write clearly. Only legible answers will be graded. 3. We will not grade the backs of pages. 4. All books, notes, and cell phones (turned off) must be put in zipped backpacks. 5. Calculators may be used. NO GRAPHING CALCULATORS ARE ALLOWED!

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1. (3 points) Two individuals who appear normal have a child showing polydactyly-a dominant condition. Explain how this might be so.

2. (4 points) A is the allele for the enzyme involved in making melanin and a is the allele that codes for the inactive form, resulting in albinism in a mouse with two non-functional copies and no functional copies. a) What is the genotype of a mouse not showing albinism? b) If you encounter a non-albino mouse, how can you determine what their genotype is?

3. (3 points) An individual is deaf (an autosomal dominant condition). What can you tell about this persons parents?

4. (4 points) Genetically speaking, brown eyes (B-) are dominant to blue eyes (bb). However, an individual can wear colored contacts in order to change his or her eye phenotype. Suppose a man with blue eyes (bb) marries a woman who appears to have blue eyes and together they have five children. Three children have blue eyes and two have brown eyes. Predict the womans genotype.

5. (4 points) Suppose that a single gene controls fruit color in mango. Yellow fruit (Y-) is dominant to red fruit (yy). Suppose a true breeding yellow mango plant was crossed with a redfruited plant and the resulting F1 was selfed. The F2 segregated as expected. If one of the yellow-fruited plant was randomly selected and selfed, what is the probability that its progeny would segregate for fruit color? Show your work and Circle your answer.

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6. (4 points) How many different types of gametes can an individual with the genotype AaBBccDdEeFf form?

7. (3 points)Why are rare X-linked recessive diseases more common in males than in females?

8. (3 points) A rare dominant trait, when exhibited in men, is transmitted to half their sons and to half their daughters. The gene for this trait is carried: a) on the X chromosome. b) on an autosome. c) on the Y chromosome. d) in the mitochondria. e) None of the above. 9. (4 points) A trihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for three genes. For example: AaBbCc x AaBbCc. Assuming these three genes are unlinked and assorting independently, what segregation ratio would be observed? Circle your answer.

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10. (4 points) A cross is carried out between genotypes AaBBCcddEeFF and AaBbccDDEeff. How many genotypes of progeny are possible?

11. (4 points) Consider a gene with four alleles a1, a2, a3 and a4. In a cross between a1a2 and a3a4, what is the probability that a particular offspring inherits either a1 or a4 or both?

12. (7 points) A woman of blood group AB marries a man of blood group A whose father was of group O? Show your work and circle your answers. What is the probability that a) Their two children will both be of group A?

b) Their first child will be a son of group AB and the second child a son of group B?

c) One child will be of group B, one child of group A, one child of group AB and one child of group O

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13. (6 points) Consider the following pedigrees from human families containing a male with Klinefelter syndrome (a set of abnormalities seen in XXY individuals; indicated as black boxes). In each, A and B refer to codominant alleles of the X-linked G6PD gene. The phenotypes of each individual (A, B, or AB) are shown in the pedigree. Indicate if non-disjunction occurred in the mother or the father of the child affected with Klinefelter syndrome for each of the three examples. Can you tell if the non-disjunction was in the first or the second meiotic division? Fill answers into the provided boxes. AB A. B nondisjunction in mother or father, or can be in either non-disjunction in meiosis I or II, or can be in either

AB

AB

14. (8 points) A locus in mice is involved in pigment production; when parents heterozygous at this locus are mated, of the progeny are colored and are albino. Another phenotype concerns coat color; when two yellow mice are mated, 2/3 of the progeny are yellow and 1/3 are agouti. The albino mice cannot express whatever alleles they have at the independently assorting agouti locus. a) When yellow mice are crossed with albino, they produce F1 mice consisting of albino, 1/3 yellow, and 1/6 agouti. What are the probable genotypes of the parents? Explain your answer.

b) If yellow F1 mice are crossed among themselves, what phenotypic ratio would you expect among the progeny? Show your work and circle your answer.

c) What proportion of the yellow progeny produced from part b) would be expected to be true breeding? Show your work and circle your answer. 5

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15. (5 points) Duroc Jersey pigs are typically red, but a sandy variation is also seen. When two different varieties of true-breeding sandy pigs were crossed to each other, they produced F1 offspring that were red. When these F1 offspring were crossed to each other, they produced 108 red, 72 sandy, and 12 white pigs. Explain this pattern of inheritance (including the genotypes).

16. (12 points) Four patterns of inheritance and four pedigrees are shown below. Assume that individuals marrying into the family are homozygous for the wild-type allele. (i) Match each of the inheritance patterns with a pedigree. Autosomal Recessive __________ Y-linked Trait __________ X-linked Recessive __________ Autosomal Dominant __________ I. II.

III.

IV.

(ii) In pedigree IV, circle all individuals that MUST be heterozygous 6

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17. (6 points) A snapdragon that bred true for white petals was crossed to a plant that bred true for yellow petals. All the F1 had white petals. The F1 individuals were then crossed, giving F2 plants with the following phenotypes: White 245 Yellow 61 Spotted 19 Propose a genetic and biochemical explanation of these results, showing the genotypes of all generations. Be sure to define all the symbols that you use.

18. (6 points) Suppose you have a plant with petals that are normally blue. Suddenly you see some white-petaled plants. You cross the white with the blue and you get all an F1 population that is all blue. In the F2 generation you see a ratio of 101:33 blue to white-petaled plants. a) What conclusion might you draw upon finding these results?

b)Another line of flowers shows pink petals. You cross the pink with the blue and once again the F1s generation shows all plants with blue petals. However in the F2 generation the ratio is 192:63 blue to pink-petaled plants. Next, you cross the pink and the white. You get all blue in the F1 generation! In the F2 generation you see a segregation of are 272:121:89, blue to white to pink-petaled plants. Explain the ratio you obtained in this last cross. What can you deduce is going on here?

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19. (6 points) Suppose that in your lab you occasionally get mice that have some sort of bizarre mutationbent ears. You determine that the bent-ear trait is recessive. You then find out that someone else in your lab has isolated mice with bent ears as well and that they have also determined that bent ears are a recessive trait. Imagine that you cross one of your bent-eared mice with one of your lab mates. The results yield something other than bent-eared miceall normal ears. The ratio you get from the crossing the F1 is 9:7 (normal to bent). a) How do you explain these findings?

b) Draw a hypothetical biochemical pathway that would explain these findings.

20. (4 points) The following pedigree shows the expression of a dominant mutation. What is the probability that the child of IIc and IId will express this trait? Circle your answer I II a b c ? d e f