INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAPPLIEDENGINEERINGRESEARCH,DINDIGUL Volume1,No 4,2011 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingAssociation RESEARCHARTICLE ISSN 09764259

EffectofH2SConcentrationonthereaction furnacetemperatureand sulphurrecovery

Asadi.S,Pakizeh.M,PourafshariChenar.M,Shanbedi.M,Amiri.A ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,EngineeringFaculty,FerdowsiUniversityofMashad, Mashad,P.O.Box917751111, Iran samerasadi@yahoo.com ABSTRACT In this sulfur recovery unit (SRU), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is converted to elemental sulfur usingmodifiedsulfurrecoveryunit.Inthepresentstudy,firstthesimulationofClausprocess has been considered using a process simulator called TSWEET then the effect of H2S concentration, H2S/CO2 ratio and acid gas flow of AG splitter in three different concentrations of oxygen (in input air into the unit) on the main burner temperature and sulfur recovery have been studied and compared. It is shown that temperature of the main burnerincreasesuptomaximumtemperatureincreasingfractionofAGsplitterflowtomain burnerthenitisreducedbyasharpslopethisistrueforallthreeconcentrationsofoxygen. However, if two other parameters (concentration of H2S and H2S/CO2 ratio) increase, temperature of main burner increases monotonically this increase has different slopes dependingonoxygenconcentrationininputair.Alsointhispaperitisshownthatrecovery rate of sulfur increases up to a maximum value then decreases as H2S concentration and H2S/CO2 ratio(in all three concentrations of oxygen) increase. If 7085% acid gas feed are entered the main burner, more optimal sulfur recovery rate than other flows would be achieved. Keywords:Acidgas,H2SConcentration,H2S/CO2ratio,Sulphurrecovery 1.Introduction Sulphurrecovery isan importantrefineryprocessingunit(SRU).ItremovesH2S fromacid gas streams before they can be released into the atmosphere (Bishtawi & Haimour, 2004). Furthermore, in industrial world H2S exists mainly as an undesirable byproduct of gas processing(Zarenezhad,2009).DifferentprocessesareusedforrecoveringsulphurfromH2S. ThemostwidelyusedprocessisClausprocess(Bishtawi&Haimour,2004,Polasek&Bullin, 1993). Recently, a number of studies have been performed on main burner and sulfur recovery in thisprocesswhicharementionedbelow.Wenet.al(1987)studiedempiricalpredictionofCO, COS,CS2andH2 throughminimumequilibriumcalculationsoffreeenergy.Thereisastudy byDowling in1990 from CalgaryUniversityof Canada,ondecompositionreactionofH2S into hydrogen and sulfur which is one of reactions occurring in main burner and its kinetic was determined indicating that this reaction is performed very quickly and that in low temperatures the forward reaction and in high temperatures reverse reaction occur. Kinetic obtainedforforwardreactionisfirstorderanalysisreactionofH2S(ingeneralsecondorder) andforreversereaction(productionofhydrogensulfide)isfirstordertoo.

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Reactionkineticof formationofcarbonylsulfidehasbeendeterminedthroughcombination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Zarenezhad and Hosseinpour (2008) compared real data and data obtained from Gibbs minimization free energy and concluded that data obtainedfromthismodelisconsistentwithrealdata. Claus process was developed by Carl Friedrich in 1883 (Fisher, 1974) in which an overall sulfurrecoveryof9497%wasachieved.Severalmodificationsweredevelopedonthemain processinordertoincreasetheoverall sulfurrecoverywhich is mentioned here.Thesulfur recoveryrequirementsrangefrom97.5%to99.8%orhigherforgasprocessingandrefining facilitiesprocessing10LT/dandgreater(Blevins,1993).Thehigherrecoveryof99.8+%is required for most facilities with 20 LT/d and higher (Polasek & Bullin,1993, Covington & Mcintyre,2002).Changingthenumberandtypeofbedsintherichacidgasfeed,thesulphur recoveryrateincreases from96.1%to99.3%while, inthecaseof leanacidgas feed,using modificationssuchasacidgasbypassandacidgasbypasswithoxygenenrichment,causesto enhancementofthesulphurrecoveryfrom96.1%to96.6%(Mcintyre&Lyddon,1997,Lins &Guimaraes,2007). In the present paper, at first Claus process, then concentration effectof H2S, H2S/CO2 ratio and acid gas flow of AG splitter were studied. Forthe purposesof this article, intake air is classifiedintothreedifferentcategoriesintermsofcompositionandtypesofacidgasbypass with hot gas bypass Claus processes. The firsttypeof intake air is diluted air, or intake air containing 21 mole % O2. The second Type is medium air, or intake air containing 50 mole%O2.Thelasttypeisenrichedair,orintakeaircontaining85mole%O2. 2. Methodologies ResearchmethodologyconsistsofreviewandcomparisonoftheeffectofH2Sconcentration, H2S/CO2 ratio andfractionofacidgasflowtomainburnerinthreedifferentconcentrationsof oxygen on the reaction furnace temperature and sulfur recovery using a process simulator calledTSWEET. Figure1showstheflowdiagramoftheClausunit.Inthisprocess,theacidgas(acidgas+ fuel gas) enters SRU and is divided intotwo streams (in the AG splitter). A partof stream comes to main burner, and another part comes to acid gas heater (for hydrolyzing sulphur componentstoH2S).1/3H2SintheacidgasisoxidizedtoSO2at themainburnerusingoutlet airofairblower: H2S+3/2O2 SO2 +H2O (1)

Thiscombustiongeneratesalargeamountofheat.Further,thecombustionproductsundergo ClausreactionbetweenH2SandSO2. 2H2S+SO2 3/nSn +2H2O (2)

Where n is in the range of 68. Reaction (2) is exothermic and reversible, thus, processing under adiabatic conditions increases temperature. The effluent gas from the main burner st passes through the first pass waste heat boiler (1 pass WHB) to recover heat and produce

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high pressure steam (Bishtawi & Haimour, 2004, Boussetta, Lanoiselle, BedelCloutour & Vorobier,2009).

Figure1: Flowdiagramof simulatedClausprocess. ThesecondpassofthewasteheatboileriswheretheredistributionofS2toS8 istheprimary reaction. Furthermore, side reactions involving hydrocarbons and CO2 in the acid gas feed canresultintheformationofcarbonyl sulphide(COS),carbondisulfide(CS2)intheoutput nd ofthemainburner(Zarenezhad&Hosseinpour,2008).Theeffluentstreamsfromthe2 pass WHB and acid gas heater is cooled in condenser 1 to condense and recover sulphur. The effluent gas of the condenser 1 is preheated in the reheater 1 and is sent to three catalytic converterswhereClausreactionoccursatlowertemperature.Thisleadstohigherequilibrium conversionbecauseClausreactionisexothermic. Typically,COSandCS2 arealsohydrolyzed inthe firstcatalyticconverteraccordingtothe followingexothermicreactions(Zarenezhad& Hosseinpour,2008): COS+H2OCO2 +H2S CS2 +2H2O CO2 +2H2S (3) (4)

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ThefirstconvertertypicallyoperatesattemperaturehighenoughtohydrolyzeCOSandCS2. Usually, the catalysts, based on Al2O3 or TiO2, are applied in the process (Zagoruiko & Matro,2002).Sulphateisformedonthe Al2O3 catalystwhenamixtureofH2S/SO2 orH2S andSO2,separately,arepassedonthecatalystatindustrialconditions(Clarke,2001). Sulphurisrecoveredaftereachcatalyticstagebycoolingconvertereffluentgasinasulphur condenser.EffluentgasfromtheprocessisincineratedtoSO2 andventedtoatmosphere.The simulation was performed using the TSWEET (copyright2007, Bryan Research & Engineering,Inc.)version2.0(PROMAX). PROMAX is a powerful and jack of all trades stream based process simulation pack. It is used by engineers around the world to design and optimize gas processing, refining, and chemical facilities. PROMAX is built on technology proven over the past 30 years. Its predecessors, TSWEET and PROSIM, are comprehensively recognized by the industry for their authenticity and efficiency. TSWEET and PROSIM , the predecessors of PROMAX, are renowned in gas processing, refining and chemical industries for their accuracy, efficiencyandeaseofuse.TSWEEThasoftenbeenusedastheindustrystandardforamine sweetening,sulfurrecoveryandtailgascleanupmodelingwhilePROSIMhasbeenusedfor itsmultifacetedcommonpurposesimulationcapabilities. TSWEET will assume that the Claus beds operate at 95 percent of equilibrium conversion and4(lb)sulfur/100Molesofgasareentrainedinthesulfurcondensers(Mattsson&Lyddon, st nd 1997).TSWEET usedthree unit operations (main burner, 1 pass WHB, 2 pass WHB) to model the burner/waste heat boiler (Lins & Guimaraes, 2007, Mattsson & Lyddon, 1997). Theburnerunitoperationsimulatesthecombustionofacidgas,withCOSandCS2 formation being calculated by NSER 1993 correlation this correlation predicts the concentration of COS,CS2,CO,H2,and/orS2 outoftheburner.Thecorrelationappearstobemostaccurate whennosourgas(NH3)ispresent. The reaction furnace (modeled as the first pass of the waste heat boiler) is where large amountsoffreesulfur,hydrogenandwaterrecombineintoH2SandSO2.Thetypicaloutput temperature is about 1200F (600C) since all significant reactions other than sulfur nd redistributionhaveceased in1200F.The2 passWHB iswheretheredistributionofS2to S8istheprimaryreaction,whichthetypicallyoutlettemperatureisabout600F. 3.Resultsanddiscussion ThefirstroleoftheClausunitreactionfurnaceistopartiallyoxidizeH2Sintheacidgasfeed toSO2 anditwillalsoproduceasignificantsegmentofthetotalsulphurproduct.Asecond roleofthereactionfurnaceistoensuredestructionofmanycontaminantsintheacidgasfeed stream.Thiswillensurethatthesecompoundsdonotbreakthroughthedownstreamprocess unit, where they can have a significant detrimental effect on the Claus catalyst activity. Therefore, it is critical to understand the effect of furnace operating parameters on the reactionfurnacetemperatureandoverallsulphurrecoveryintheconcentrationsofoxygen. There are different techniques to change the furnace temperature and sulphur recovery, including,concentrationofH2Sintheacidgasfeed,H2S/SO2 ratioandfractionofAGsplitter

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flow to main burner. The usefulness of all of these methods in changing the furnace temperature and sulphur recovery are investigated by a process simulator at three different concentrations of oxygen (diluted, medium and enriched) in the input air to the simulated Claus unit. Of course, all results of this paper wereobtained in constant conditions of flow rateofacidgas(108 ). 3.1Acidgasenrichment In this section, using TSWEET, concentration effect of H2S and H2S/CO2 ratio in acid gas feed in different concentrations of oxygen (in input air) ontemperatureof main burner and sulfurrecoverywerestudied. With the adventof selective amine systems, it is possible to enhance the quality of an acid gasstreaminanaminetreatingunit(Maddox,1998). Acidgasenrichmenthastwoimportantadvantages: 1. ProvidingahighqualityacidgasforprocessinginaClausSRU. 2. ReducingtheacidgasflowrateandsizeofSRU. Enrichmentofacidgasshouldbeutilizedwithcare,consideringtheClausprocessfeatures.If alackofairoccurred,lessthan1/3ofH2SwouldreactandtheH2Swouldthenbeinexcess. While in contact with a H2S environment there are different forms of carbon and stainless stillcorrosionsnamely,sulfidestresscracking,hydrogenstress,cracking,hydrogenblistering, localized corrosion(Roberge, 1999, Chen, Liou & Shih, 2005, Ramos, Mainier & Pimenta, 1982)andcrackingintheweldedregion.H2Sincreasesthespeedofthehydrogenabsorption in steel (Vagapov, Frolova & Kuznetsov, 2002). Hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron in the presenceofwaterandtheproducedhydrogenmovestothehighstressconcentrationregions inthemetal.Whenthereishydrogeninsteel,itfacilitatesthemotionofthelineareffectsin thecrystallinestructureofmetal. Sowefixedtheratiooftailgasin2.0inordertonotchangingtheratioH2S/SO2 andbeing constantin2.0inallinputconcentrationsofH2S.Theratioiscontrolledbymanipulatingthe flowrateofinletairfromtheblowertothemainburner(Mcintyre&Lyddon,1997). TheeffectofincreasingtheH2Scontentoftheacidgasonthemainburnerispredictedbythe processsimulatorinFigure2aandb.ItisobviousthatincreasingtheH2Scontentoftheacid gaswillsignificantlyincreasethemainburnertemperature. As seen in the Figure 2a and b, when concentration of H2S in acid gas feed is 5 mole%, temperatureofmainburnerinallthreeconcentrationsofoxygenininputairisthesameand equal to 1000 F and as H2S concentration increases the difference between lines are increased. AsconcentrationofoxygenincreasesinconstantconcentrationofH2S,thedistancebetween three diagrams becomes low or temperature difference of main burner becomes less. For example when concentration of H2S in the acid gas feed is 50% mole,temperatureof main burneris2900F(21%moleoxygen),4020F(50%moleoxygen)and4450F(85%mole 965

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oxygen)respectively, inwhichtemperaturedifference inthe firstandsecondcases isabout 1120Fandinthesecondandthirdcasesis430F. When concentration of oxygen in input air into simulated Claus unit is 21% mole, by changing concentration of H2S in the range 5 95%, temperature of main burner increases from 1000F to 3387F, indicating an increase of 2390F. However in the cases in which oxygen concentrations in input air are 50% and 85% ,temperature of the main burner (by risingconcentrationofH2S)hasincreasedfrom1000Fto5041Fand1000Fto5700Fin which the increase extent of the main burner is 4041F and 4700F respectively. So, as oxygenconcentrationincreases,temperatureofthemainburner(bychangingH2S)increases more. AsstudiedinFigure2aandb,thetemperatureofmainburnerinconsistentlyincreasesasH2S concentrationexistinginacidgasfeedincreaseswhilerecoveryrateofsulfurincreasesupto a maximum value then decreases by different slopes (as seen in Figure 2c and d). Here column graphs (Figure 2d) are used to shed light on variability of recovery rate of sulfur relative to H2S concentration. As seen in the graph, maximum recovery percentof sulfur is 98.58%(21%moleoxygen),98.64%(50%moleoxygen),and98.66%(85%molaroxygen) thismaximumrateshavebeenobtainedinH2Sconcentrationsintherange2530%mole(in allthreeconcentrationsofoxygen).Alsoasseen inFigure2d, inconcentrations lowerthan 35% mole, recovery rate of sulfur in the case of 58% mole oxygen has been doubled with respecttotheothertwo.However,inconcentrationshigherthan35%moleforH2Scontained inacidgasfeed,recoveryrateofsulfurin21%moleoxygenismorethantheothertwo.Of course,otherresultscanbederivedfromthisfigureswhichareobvious. AsseeninFigure3aandb,asH2S/CO2 ratioincreasesinacidgasfeed,temperatureofmain burner in all three concentrations of oxygen in air increases proportionally and also temperatureofmainburnerinH2S/CO2 ratioof0.05isthesameforallthreeconcentrations of oxygen and equal to 1000 F. When oxygen concentration is 21 mole%, temperature of mainburnerincreasesrapidlyuntilH2S/CO2 ratioreaches0.8thisincreaseis1800Fbutin ratioshigherthan0.8,temperaturesofmainburnerhaschangedslightlywhichisanincrease of 583F. However, for oxygen concentration of 50 %, temperature of main burner has increased rapidly until the ratio of 1.0 which is 329F. But in H2S/CO2 ratios above 1.0, temperature of main burner has increased from 4290F to 5041 F. In the case oxygen concentration in input air into Claus unit is 85%,temperatureof main burner has increased rapidly as ratio H2S/CO2 increases to ratio of 1.223 but in ratios above this, an increase of 1000F was obtained for the temperature of main burner. Also seen in Figure 3a and b, as oxygenconcentration in inputairtoClausunit increases inaconstantH2S/SO2ratio inacid gas feed, the distance of each diagram respect to pervious one was shortened or in other words, temperature difference of main burner has become less as oxygen concentration increased.Forexample,temperatureofmainburnerinH2S/CO2 ratioof4.0,inthefirstcase (21mole%oxygen)is3270F,inthesecondcase(50mole%oxygen)4760Fandinthethird state(85mole%oxygen)isabout5380F. The output value of H2S and CO2 from stripper tower of gas sweetening unit is different depending on amine type used in this unit so that the effect of the ratio H2S/CO2 on the recoveryrateofsulfurwasexaminedtooptimizeH2S/CO2 ratioandrecoveryrateofsulfur accordingtothisratio(Figure3candd).Asseeninthisfigures,recoveryrateofsulfurfirst 966

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increases up to a maximum value then decreases by different slopes (in proportion with differentconcentrationsofoxygen).Maximumvalueofsulfurrecoveryineachconcentration of oxygen is 98.58% (21% mole oxygen), 98.64% (50% oxygen) and 98.66% (85% mole oxygen), respectively. These values have been obtained in ratios of 0.45, 0.33 and 0.33 respectivelywhichisthesameintwoconcentrationsof50%and85%moleoxygen. TheresultsdiscussedastotheeffectofH2Sconcentrations(Figure2aand b)andH2S/CO2 ratio (Figure 3a and b) on the reaction furnace temperature were comprehensive. But there arelimitationsinusingFigure2aandbsincethetemperatureofreactionfurnacesusedinthe Claussulphurrecoveryunitsareatleast~1700F(forflamestability)andmaximum~2700 3000 F (Zarenezhad & Hosseinpour, 2008). So according to the Figures, concentration variations of H2S should be almost in the range 1555 mole% (21 mole% oxygen), 1125 mole%(50mole%oxygen)and1022mole%(85mole%oxygen).Asoxygenconcentration increasesintheinputair,rangeofH2Sconcentrationisreduced.

Figure2:EffectofH2Sconcentrationonthereactionfurnacetemperature(a,b),andoverall sulphurrecovery(c,d).

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Figure3:EffectofH2S/CO2 ratioobtainedfrommainstripperofaminesweeteninguniton thereactionfurnacetemperature(a,b),andsulfurrecovery(c,d). 3.2AcidgasflowofAGsplitter Modified Claus process has different arrangements. Different kinds of chain arrangements include reaction furnace, condenser, WHB and converter. The difference among different arrangementsisinthewaytheytransportfeedflowofprocess.Thearrangementusedinthe present paper is bypass. The reason is that it is used in most of available processes in Iran (Because of low concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in acid gas feed). In this arrangement,partofacidgasispassedacrossmainburnerandWHBandtheresidueofacid gas(asbypass)ismixedwithoutputgasesfromconverter(WHB). In the previous sections, 1/3 acid gas entered the main burner and the other 2/3 entered condenser accompanied with output gasof converter (WHB) in orderto reuse sulfur in the

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flow (formed in main burner). However, in this section by changing fraction of AG splitter flowtomainburner,theeffectofmainburnertemperatureandsulfurrecovery(inthecase31 mole%H2Sinacidgasfeed)hasbeenstudied. As seen in Figure 4a and b, by increasing fraction of acid gas flow to main burner, temperatureofmainburner(inallthreeconcentrationsofoxygen)increasesuptomaximum thendecreasesbysharpslope. Inthecaseallacidgasflowenterbypassflowfollowingsplitter,temperatureofmainburner is constant for all three concentrations of oxygen and is equal to 220F. Since oxidization reaction of H2S in the main burner isn't performed, temperature of main burner should be equaltooutputtemperatureofairblower(220F).AlsoseeninFigure4aandb,whenoxygen concentrationininputairis21%,temperatureofmainburnerhasincreasedrapidlyto2296F (maximum) which has been obtained in 35 mole% of acid gas to main burner. In concentrationsabove35mole%,temperatureofmainburnerhasdecreasedwithasharpslope changing from 2296F to 1363F. When oxygen concentration in input air is 50 mole%, maximum temperature of main burner in 30 mole% of acid gas to main burner has been obtainedtobe3223F.However, inconcentrationsabove30%,temperatureof main burner has been decreased from 3223F to 1562F. Again, in oxygen concentration of 85 mole%, temperatureofmainburnerhasincreasedupto3607F(at30%ofacidgasflowenteredinto themain burner)thendecreasedto1565.58F.Itisalsoconcluded fromtheFiguresthatby increasing acid gas flow to main burner in concentrations lower than maximum (by increasingoxygenconcentration),largerdistancebetweendiagramsmightbeobservedandin higher concentrations (temperature difference of main burner) the distance has become shorter. So far the effect of fraction of AG splitter flow to main burner (Figure 4a and b) on the reactionfurnacetemperature(intherangeof0100%)wasinvestigatedandtheresultswere analyzed. But there are limitations in using Figure 4a and b which was mentioned in the previous section. So the fraction of AG splitter flow to main burner must be in range 17 100%(21mole%oxygen),722%and3780%(50 mole%oxygen),515%and4085%(85 mole%oxygen). As said previously, increases in fraction of AG splitter flow to main burner might lead to increase in temperature of main burner up to maximum temperature then it decreases by different slopes (depending onoxygen concentration). However, recovery rateof sulfur has decreased to a minimum value then increased by a deep slope which is different for each concentrationofoxygen(asseeninFigure4candb).However,thisincreasecontinuesbya deep slope to a fraction of AG splitter flow to main burner then increases by a very slow slope (slight increase in recovery rate of sulfur). This increase is more than the other two concentrations in the case 85mole% (21 and 50mole% oxygen). Recovery rateof sulfur in fractionofAGsplitterflowlowerthan30%(70%splitterflowenterbypass)inconcentration of21%moleoxygenishigherthantheothertwo.However,inconcentrations30%andmore of AG splitter flow fraction, recovery rate of sulfur in concentration 85% mole oxygen is higherthanthetwoother. Overall, recovery rate for each concentration of oxygen has increased from 98.66% to 98.62%(21%moleoxygen),from97.60%to98.70%(50%moleoxygen)andfrom97.56% 969

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to 98.72% (85%oxygen),respectively. Also it is seen in the Figure 4c and d, if total flow (withoutbypass)entermainburner,recoveryrateofsulfurislessthanthecaseinwhichflow is7085%(inthelowconcentrationsofH2S).

(a)

(b)

(c)(d) Figure4:EffectoffractionofAGsplitterflowtomainburner(%acidgasflow)onthe reactionfurnacetemperature(a,b),andsulfurrecovery(c,d). 4.Conclusion Many Claus sulphur recovery units suffer from poor flow stability and hydrocarbon destructioninthereactionfurnaceduetoalowflamtemperatureinreactionfurnace.Inorder to reduce this problem, various techniques were investigated by a process simulator, TSWEETtooptimizethefurnacetemperature,including,changingtheconcentrationof H2S,

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H2S/CO2 ratioandfractionofAGsplitterflowtomainburner.Alsothisprocesssimulatoris used for simultaneous prediction of overall sulphur recovery and the predicted results are comparedinthreeconcentrationsofoxygen. Inthisarticleitisconcludedthattemperatureofthemainburnerincreasesuptoamaximum temperatureasfractionofAGsplitterflowtomainburnerincreasesthenitisdecreasedbya sharp slope(in all three concentrations of oxygen). However, if two other parameters (concentration ofH2SandH2S/CO2 ratio)areincreased,temperatureofmainburnerincreases monotonicallythisincreasehasdifferentslopesdependingonoxygenconcentrationininput air.Ingeneral,concentrationofoxygenincreasesininputairintoClausunitleadingtoalittle changeintemperatureofmainburner(allparametersareconstant).Concentrationchangesof H2S should be in the range 1555 mole% (21 mole% oxygen), 1125 mole% (50 mole% oxygen) and 1022 mole% (85 mole% oxygen). As oxygen concentration in the input air increases,permissiverangeofH2Sconcentrationisreduced.ThefractionofAGsplitterflow tomainburnermustbeinrange17100%(21mole%oxygen),722%and3780%(50mole% oxygen),515%and4085%(85mole%oxygen). Alsoitisconcludedthatrecoveryrateof sulfur increases up to a maximum value then decreases as H2S concentration and H2S/CO2 ratio(inallthreeconcentrationsofoxygen) increase.If7085%acidgas feedentered main burner,moreoptimalsulfurrecoveryratethanotherflowswouldbeachieved(inthetailgas ratioof2.0). 5.References 1. 2. Bishtawi, R. E., Haimour, N. (2004), Claus Recycles with Double Combustion Process,FuelProcessing,86,pp245260. Zarenezhad, B. (2009), An Investigation on the most Important Influencing Parameters Regarding the 3. Selection of the Proper Catalysts for Claus SRU Converts,JournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry,15,pp143147. Polasek, J., Bullin, J. (1993), Effect of Sulphur Recovery Requirements on OptimizationofIntegratedSweetening,SulphurRecovery,andTailgasCleanup Units,ProceedingsoftheSeventySecondGPA Annual Convention,Tulsa,Gas Processors,pp170174. Fisher,H.(1974),Burner/FireBoxDesignImprovesSulphurRecovery, HydrocarbonProcessing,pp27 30. Blevins,S.K.(1993),ProceedingoftheGas ConditioningConference,Norman, Oklahoma. Covington, K., Mcintyre, G. (2002), Investigate Your Option, Hydrocarbon Engineering,pp8184. Mcintyre, G., Lyddon, L. (1997), Claus Sulphur Recovery Options, Petroleum TechnologyQuarterlySpring,pp5761.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

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8.

Lins,V.F.C.,Guimaraes,E.M.(2007),FailureofaHeatExchangerGenerated by an Excess of SO2 and H2S in the Sulphur Recovery Unit of a Petroleum Refinery,JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,20,pp9197. Boussetta, N., Lanoiselle, J. L., BedelCloutour, C., Vorobier, E. (2009), Extraction of Soluble Matter From Grape Pomace by high Voltage Electrical Discharges for Polyphenol Recovery: Effect of Sulphur Dioxide and Thermal Treatments,JournalofFoodEngineering,95,pp192198.

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10. Zarenezhad,B.,Hosseinpour,N.(2008),EvaluationofDifferentAlternatives for Increasing the Reaction Furnace Temperature of Claus SRU by Chemical EquilibriumCalculations,AppliedThermalEngineering,28,pp738744. 11. Zagoruiko,A.N.,Matro,Y.S.(2002),MathematicalModellingofClausReactors undergoing Sulphur Condensation and Evaporation, Chemical Engineering Journal,87,pp7388. 12. Clarke,D.(2001),LauranceReidGasConditioningConference,Norman, February,pp2528. 13. Mattsson, B. K., Lyddon, L. (1997), Using a Process Simulator to Improve SulphurRecovery.SulphurJan/Feb,pp3741. 14. Maddox, R. N. (1998), Gas Conditioning and Processing: Gas and Liquid Sweetening,CPS,fourthEd. 15. Roberge, P. R. (1999),Handbookof Corrosion Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York. 16. Chen,Y.Y.,Liou,Y.M.,Shih,H.C.(2005),MaterialsScienceandEngineering, 407,pp114126. 17. Ramos,M.A.,Mainier,F.B.,Pimenta,G.S.(1982),CorrosoporH2SeCO2 Em SistemadeProducodePetrleo,Petrobrs,RiodeJaneiro. 18. Vagapov,R.K.,Frolova,L.V.,Kuznetsov,Y.I.(2002), ProtectionofMetals,38, pp12731.

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