RESOURCE SHARING AMONG UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Name of Student

: A.K Madugalla

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Table of Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... 3 Background Information .................................................................................................................. 4 Library IT Infrastructure and its current situation ........................................................................ 4 Other Countries ............................................................................................................................ 4 Importance of the Project ................................................................................................................. 6 Steps taken to Share Resources .................................................................................................... 7 Scope and Objectives of the Project ................................................................................................. 7 Requirement Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 8 Expenditure on Purchases............................................................................................................. 8 Total Expenditure ..................................................................................................................... 8 Expenditure- University wise ................................................................................................... 9 E-Resources .................................................................................................................................. 9 Coverage of required journals by fulltext databases............................................................... 12 Issues to be Resolved ..................................................................................................................... 13 Proper Funding Policy ................................................................................................................ 13 A Central Regulatory Body ........................................................................................................ 13 Altering attitudes of Library Staff .............................................................................................. 13 Alternatives to be Considered as Solutions .................................................................................... 14 Integration via Existing Library Management Systems ............................................................. 14 Open Source Library Management Systems .............................................................................. 14 ULibNet ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Developing a Unique Library Management System .................................................................. 15 Proposed Strategies and Recommendations ................................................................................... 16 Policy Endorsement .................................................................................................................... 16 Network ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Implementing as a Web 2.0 solution .......................................................................................... 16 Benefits of the Proposed Solution .................................................................................................. 17 Requirement Specific Solution ................................................................................................... 17 Easily Customizable ................................................................................................................... 17 Minimal Cost .............................................................................................................................. 17 Improved user interaction ........................................................................................................... 17 Improved Security and Ease of Access ...................................................................................... 17 Addresses all Sectors of Information Resources ........................................................................ 18 Funding and Authority will not be abused ................................................................................. 18 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Literature Survey ............................................................................................................................ 20 References ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Appendix 01 ................................................................................................................................... 22

Page 2

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

List of Figures

Figure 1: Libraries Using Evergreen ILS in USA and Canada ........................................................ 5 Figure 2: Total expenditure of the University Sector ....................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Actual Expenditure for items purchased (01.01.2008- 31.12.2008) ................................. 9 Figure 4: Total Expenditure on Online Databases.......................................................................... 10 Figure 5: Expenditure of Colombo University Library on Full text Databases ............................. 10 Figure 6: Expenditure of Colombo University Library on Full text Databases ............................. 11 Figure 7: Expenses in Purchasing the Emerald Database............................................................... 11 Figure 8: University Libraries Based on the Library Management Software Type ....................... 14

List of Tables

Table 1: Coverage of Required Journals by full text databases... 12 Table 2: Library Usage on the regularity of Usage17

Page 3

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Background Information
Sri Lanka is a developing country with a population of 190 million (Department of senses and Statistics, 2001) where within 250002 km there are more than 6557 libraries which can be categorized as national libraries, academic libraries, special libraries and public libraries. The term academic libraries indicate libraries belonging to higher educational institutes such as universities, colleges, technical and vocational training institutions, etc Among these libraries the university libraries are universally considered as the highest level educational institute in which students study for degrees and academic research are being done (OED, 1998). Over the years universities have become a center of excellence for knowledge and their libraries have become an integral part of them. Hence the university library has been invariably named as the heart of all university fractions (Sharma, 1978) and it is this heart that is focused in this study.

Library IT Infrastructure and its current situation

It was as early as in 1986 that the Sri Lankan university libraries started contemplating on possibilities of automating university libraries (IUCL, 1987). Later in complying with the technological advancements, they shifted from manual library management to automated library management software. As at 2011 the university libraries around the island employs the service of four major library management software (Appendix 01). These libraries have also utilized the OPAC, a new and sophisticated catalogue format that has simplified the task of searching and accessing library resources. Rapid growth in world literature along with problems such as shrinking budgets, steady increase in document prices has made it increasingly difficult for an individual library to become selfsufficient. Therefore most libraries have started considering a resource sharing initiative. In confirming with this tendency the Sri Lankan university libraries have also established a yahoo group named as Library Friends in order to facilitate resource sharing.

Other Countries
The INFLIBNET, India is the resource sharing network that is managed by the UGC of India. It is involved in creating an infrastructure for sharing of library and information resources and services among Academic and Research Institutions. INFLIBNET works collaboratively with Indian university libraries to share the information resources and among the libraries.

Page 4

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Open source integrated library systems such as Evergreen and Koha are the solution United States of America has come up with. These are deployed by many libraries around USA and since by default they have resource sharing capabilities, the information resources are shared via these systems.

Figure 1: Libraries Using Evergreen ILS in USA and Canada

Page 5

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Importance of the Project

In spite of the utilization of advanced technologies, the Sri Lankan university libraries are still struggling in respect of catering to the growing needs of their users. The access to internet and vast amount of resources available on World Wide Web has led the university library users to expect their library to be also competent in providing more relevant, up to date and timely information to a wide range of users. The potential user groups of a library are not restricted only to university students. The library information resources will be utilized even by the lecturers to enhance knowledge on current affairs and to find assistance in compiling researches. To satisfy these varying needs the libraries require availability and accessibility to a variety of information resources and formats. Yet unfortunately theres a deficiency in these information resources in the Sri Lankan university libraries. Like the other libraries in most of the developing countries, this condition has arisen in Sri Lanka as well mainly due to the inadequate funding and stringent budget cuts that the libraries are subjected to. This has affected the level of services offered to users both in terms of quality of collection degree of staff support. This situation is aggravated by the large-scale reconstruction and development projects Sri Lanka is undertaking as a result of ending the 26 years of conflict with the LTTE. As the librarians of these libraries are stating, the Sri Lankan university libraries have received sufficient funds while the war lasted. Yet with the end of it and the governments concentrations shifting on to alleviating poverty and such projects the library funds have suffered immensely. If possible in the past few years, the funds were cut down even due to 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Under these circumstances it is apparent that there are few or no university libraries in Sri Lanka that can cater to cater to a wide range of information resources. Therefore it is cannot be recommended to duplicate the information resources among the libraries and resource sharing is the only feasible solution to this lack of resources or lack of access to resources. Resource sharing among libraries is long standing and takes a number of forms including interlending, co-operative acquisitions, shared storage facilities, staff education, sharing of human and computer facilities and information networks (Edwards, 1994). As a developing country, resource sharing holds a strong potential for the Sri Lankan university libraries.

Page 6

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Steps taken to Share Resources

In realizing the importance of resource sharing the university libraries have attempted to exercise a successful resource sharing mechanism over the years. The E-Consortia was one such project initiated few years back focusing on conceiving a library consortium and yet it failed due to insufficiency of funds. The e-resources were shared under the gift subscription of three full text databases from International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) in 2002. This was followed by funding and training from the Sida/SAREC Library Support Project coordinated by Colombo university library. In 2000 JSTOR database came with a special concessionary price and from 2009-2010 the INASP is funding the e-resources under the PERII project. In practice resource sharing is basically restricted to interlibrary lending and document delivery activities. The Sri Lankan university libraries also follow a Inter-Library loan service under a loose network within the local universities and utilize the British Document Supply Center as a mechanism to obtain foreign resources. Yet both these suffer from long response time, unfamiliarity with the system and high cost and therefore the requests for resources tend to get prioritized. Thus the need for an efficient and effective resource sharing mechanism that focuses on all aspects of information sharing and maximizes the availability of resources while minimizing the expenses has come in to consideration.

Scope and Objectives of the Project

This study is based on a literature survey of published and unpublished documents (e.g: Annual reports, circulations, researches, project reports, etc) on all libraries within Sri Lankan university system and a number of interviews with the librarians, staff members as well as with some past members of the University Library Association (ULA) and National Institute of Library and Information Sciences (NLIS). A more detailed knowledge on individual library expenses was gained by paying special attention to the University of Colombo and University of Moratuwa libraries. The current economic status of the country and information on resource sharing initiatives adopted by other countries were uncovered by browsing through the web and referring to newspaper articles. The objectives of this investigation are to unearth the need of embarking on a information sharing program among libraries, to evaluate the attitudes and opinions of the library staff towards such a program, to discover the barriers in implementing the program and finally to propose a feasible solution for effective utilization of resources within Sri Lankan university libraries.

Page 7

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Requirement Analysis
University libraries such as Moratuwa and Colombo have mass resources waiting to be tapped by their university students. Yet with the development in the fields of information technology and such, none of these libraries can call themselves self-sufficient anymore and there is a grave need to have information sharing methodologies among these universities. Upon having few discussions with these university library staffs and referring the circulations published by the UGC following statistics were found.

Expenditure on Purchases Total Expenditure

Millions

LKR 120.00
LKR 100.00 LKR 80.00 LKR 60.00 LKR 40.00 LKR 20.00 LKR 0.00

101.1806962 83.51646567

11.09

0.09 Braille Material

Books

Periodicals

Non Print

Figure 2: Total expenditure of the University Sector

Page 8

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Expenditure- University wise

Millions

16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 Books Periodicals Non-Print Braille Materials

Figure 3: Actual Expenditure for items purchased (01.01.2008- 31.12.2008)

As depicted in the above graph it is evident that millions are spent annually by each university on purchasing books, periodicals, non print materials and braille materials. Yet most of these expenses are born due to replication of resources. The books and periodical articles purchased by the colombo university is much the same as those purchased by the peradeniya university. The approximately 9 milliion spent by colmbo university and the 7 million spent by the peradeniya university can be avoided and reduced if all the universities had a resource sharing mechanism.

E-Resources
The e-resources include all forms of articles in the digital format. Out of these resources the online journal databases such as Emerald, IEEE take up the majority of library expenses. The expenditure on e-resources is analyzed using the data gathered from the Colombo and Moratuwa University libraries within 2009, 2010 and 2011.

Page 9

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Thousands

$18,000.00 $16,000.00 $14,000.00

17232.74448

16272.057

$12,000.00
US $ $10,000.00 $8,000.00 $6,000.00 $4,000.00 $2,000.00 $0.00 2010 Year 2462.09117

10,309.54 Colombo University

Moratuwa University

2011

Figure 4: Total Expenditure on Online Databases

This is the total expenditure of Moratuwa and Colombo Universities on the online databases. Each of these expenses can then again be categorized based on the databases they have purchased as follows.
$7,000.00 $6,000.00 $5,000.00

US $

$4,000.00 $3,000.00 $2,000.00 $1,000.00 $0.00 H.W Wilson JSTOR 2009 2010 2011

Emerald Databases

Hein Online

Figure 5: Expenditure of Colombo University Library on Full text Databases

Page 10

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Hundreds US $

$500.00 $450.00 $400.00 $350.00 $300.00 $250.00 $200.00 $150.00 2009 2010

$100.00
$50.00 $0.00 ACM Digital Library Emerald Grove Art Online Databases IEEE Xplore Science Direct

2011

Figure 6: Expenditure of Colombo University Library on Full text Databases

Above are the expenses born by Colombo and Moratuwa universities with respect to purchasing of databases. Since Colombo university users are much more management oriented than the Moratuwa university users, they have purchased databases such as JSTOR, HW Wilson and Hein Online (Law). Where as Moratuwa university has focused on IEE and ACM Digital library, etc Yet both these have purchased the emerald databases even though Moratuwa university has purchased the 175 title package while the Colombo university has selected the 200 title package due to its varying users.

$8,000.00 $7,000.00 $6,000.00 $5,000.00 US $ $4,000.00 $3,000.00 $2,000.00 $1,000.00 $0.00 2010 5145

6700

6500

7035

Colombo University Moratuwa University

2011

Figure 7: Expenses in Purchasing the Emerald Database Page 11

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

The $5145 amount spent by Colombo University and the $6700 amount spent by Moratuwa University adds up to the fact that both these universities have spent a total of $1, 1845 on purchasing the same database in 2010. And in 2011 they have spent a total of $13, 535 for the same purpose. If resources were shared, both these universities could have shared the same database and thus instead of a total of $1, 1845 they would have to have paid only $6700 in 2010 and instead of $13, 535 they could have spent only $7035 in 2011. This is only a single instance of financial resources that can be saved from information resource sharing. And when this is applied to the whole university sector the total of Rs. 101180696.15 spent on books and Rs. 83516465.67 spent on periodicals and Rs. 11088497.28 spent on non-printed articles could be reduced in millions.

Coverage of required journals by fulltext databases

Database Percentage of available no. out of required total no. EBSCO-HOST HW WILSON JSTOR WILEY-BLACKWELL SCINCE DIRECT SAGE CAMBRIDGE OXFORD EMERALD PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 43.62 41.51 15.24 10.07 9.11 5.94 3.36 2.49 0.86 0.29 Percentage of available no. out of e-available total no. 64.27 61.16 22.46 14.83 13.42 8.76 4.94 3.67 1.27 0.42

Table 1: Coverage of Required Journals by full text databases

This table depicts the percentage of available number of titles in each database as a percentage of the required list of titles. Most of the university libraries are not able to purchase all the titles they wish to purchase due to budgetary constraints. This situation can be avoided if the resources were shared aong the libraries and a central agency would be funding the purchasing of resourcs.

Page 12

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Issues to be Resolved
By studying the university library system and its history, certain issues were identified that have to be solved prior to the implementation of an effective resource sharing mechanism.

Proper Funding Policy

Each university library receives a meager annual budgetary allocation for their survival throughout a year. Therefore they cannot be expected to contribute to any resource sharing projects financially. A major reason for the E-Consortia to fail within few months of its inception was also its strategy to accumulate financial resources from within the university libraries themselves. Hence in order to make a resource sharing initiative a success, proper funding policies have to be established. Foreign agencies/programs, directly funding this project could not be encouraged because a foreign body can withdraw their funds at any time and the funding programs might also reach its end with time. Therefore it would be preferable if these funds are furnished by the government. And it should also be treated as a separate allocation under the title of Resource Sharing among University Libraries, rather than regarding it as a mere addition to the universities annual allowance.

A Central Regulatory Body

A central regulatory body responsible for the funding and accumulating of resources has to be established. It would be preferable to appoint UGC (University Grants Commission) or a UGC affiliated body as the responsible figure since it would give this particular regulatory body the authority to make decisions.

Altering attitudes of Library Staff

In a period of rapid and dynamic change in all fields of higher education, the place and function of the library have yet to be considered dispassionately by university librarians, who seem content to tackle the day to day problems of routine administration as they arise, without lifting their gaze to wider and purposeful horizons( Goonetilleke, 1975). The library staff tends to be satisfied as a mere provider of books and periodicals instead of widening their services to project a more dynamic image of itself to the undergraduates and lecturers. This conventionally comfortable view of providing the basic minimum services has to be altered. The library staff also tends to consider the resources under their direction as personal property. Sharing them among other universities tend to give rise to the doubt that the resources might not be available to their library users when they require them. Misconceptions such as these have to be eliminated to support a effective resource sharing mechanism.

Page 13

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Alternatives to be Considered as Solutions Integration via Existing Library Management Systems

The 15 university libraries of Sri Lanka use four different propriety library management systems to manage their information resources internally.

Libraries by Library Management Software

7% 29% 21% ALICE

43%

LibSys ISURU WINISIS

Figure 8: University Libraries Based on the Library Management Software Type

A According to the graph, since 6 libraries out of a total of 15 are using LibSys, it can be recognized as the mostly employed library management software. Yet it does not amount to even half the number of total university libraries. Therefore if it was attempted to install and configure the same Library Management Software in all the university libraries more than half of the existing library systems will have to be transformed and this would also demand more than half the universities to endure new purchasing and licensing costs.

Open Source Library Management Systems

Free and open source library systems such as Evergreen, NewGenLib and Koha also support integrated library information management. These come with user manuals with step by step guide to simplify installation procedure. Yet one major disadvantage they present with is that it is not easy to configure them to suit to the different requirements in each library and in case an error occurred while in the installation or afterwards, it requires a high level of technical knowledge to restore it to its previous condition.

Page 14

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

ULibNet
University Library Network (ULibNet) is a proposal that has been put forward bearing the resource sharing concept in mind and is still being considered by the UGC committee. Yet this proposal focuses only upon the sharing of books and other printed articles among the libraries. The sharing of e-resources such as databases and printed journals are completely disregarded in this proposal.

Developing a Unique Library Management System

In order to facilitate the resource sharing initiative a library management system can be developed specifically to cater to the Sri Lankan university libraries. A system that manages internal resources, that supports OPAC searching and indexing within and among the libraries and which would be having a central database with all the e-resources would be another alternative to be considered.

Page 15

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Proposed Strategies and Recommendations

The most feasible solution out of the alternatives stated above would be the development of a library management system designed specifically to cater to the function of resource sharing among Sri Lankan university libraries. Gathering requirements from each individual university, identifying the generic and specific requirements of each university and designing the database and a web based system that enables effective and efficient resource sharing are the steps to be followed in implementing this solution. In order to accomplish the goal of effective resource sharing following strategies can be followed while implementing the recommended solution.

Policy Endorsement
It is crucial for the success of the project to endorse a policy at the governmental or ministerial level. The proposal to share informational resources need to be agreed upon by both the ministry of higher education and ministry of finance and it needs to be included as a revision to the countrys development plan. It also needs to be accepted by all the university librarians and library staff. The UGC or one of its affiliated bodies has to consent to act as the regulatory authority coordinating all university libraries and the terms of the funding policy, the role of each university and

Network
The proposed web based system needs to be accessible within the universities with a minimum delay and has to be inaccessible to outsiders. To facilitate these ease of access and security features its recommendable to host the developed system in LEARN. LEARN is the NREN (National Research and Education Network) of Sri Lanka, which interconnects Educational and Research institutions across the country, and provide network related services to them (Lanka Education and Research Network | Lanka Education and Research Network. 2011). Currently it interconnects all of the UGC funded state universities, the University Grants Commission, the Ministry of Higher Education and many other educational institutes affiliated to the state.

Implementing as a Web 2.0 solution

The term Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web (What Is Web 2.0 - O'Reilly Media. 2011). Implementing the proposed web based system as a web 2.0 would enable sharing personal archives of information. Lecturers and likewise personal can share articles, papers in their possession with the other users of the system. Forums and commentary on shared resources would improve the knowledge of the users by helping them to critically review the scholarly articles. Page 16

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Benefits of the Proposed Solution Requirement Specific Solution

The development of a web based system to endorse resource sharing is recommendable to the Sri Lankan library system mainly because it would be developed specifically to facilitate to meet the requirements of the of university library system. Since this would involve a requirement gathering and requirement analysis phase it would identify each university libraries requirements precisely.

Easily Customizable
Unlike open source library systems, this system would be unproblematically customizable. Maintenance would not require high technical expertise and therefore libraries will not need to recruit new technical staff members.

Minimal Cost
Unlike in using the already installed library systems, the proposed solution would not give rise to licensing and maintenance cost. Since it can be developed another library user, there would be zero development cost.

Improved user interaction

Minimal user involvement is yet another problem the Sri Lankan university libraries are facing.

Table 2: Library Usage on the regularity of Usage

Implementation of the system as a web 2.0 would ensure active participation of all users within the library users network via forums and comments.

Improved Security and Ease of Access

Since LEARN interconnects all the state funded universities, the deployment of the system in LEARN would improve speed of access. And since LEARN is IP restricted it would be impossible for outsiders to access the system thus the shared information resources would not be abused or mismanaged.

Page 17

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Addresses all Sectors of Information Resources

Since in contrast to the ULibNet, the proposed solution focuses on all aspects of resource sharing, ranging from printed articles to e-resources, it is expected to enable sharing of each and every resource within the university libraries.

Funding and Authority will not be abused

By establishing a central regulatory body presumably UGC, would ensure the success of this project since UGC is the best authority to influence the state funded universities. Establishing a proper funding policy would guarantee long term success of the project and would ensure that the monetary resources would not run out untimely.

Page 18

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Conclusion

Sri Lankan libraries have been in the forefront of technology since 1986 which was the year when they started focusing on the automation of university libraries. In complying with the technological advances of the world the university libraries implemented propriety library management software. Yet they had to face difficulties with this implementation due to the high cost in licensing the library management software, and as the libraries of a developing country, Sri Lankan universities were not able to afford it. Therefore the need for a novel mechanism to manage library information has arisen. Along with this, the need of resource sharing has also arisen in the libraries due to budgetary constraints, libraries inability to store all resources in one place and their inability to cater to the varying needs of the users (both undergraduates as well as lecturers. Over the years university libraries have attempted many resource sharing mechanisms and some of them have failed drastically while the others are still functioning unknown to many of its users. E-Consortia was one such project that failed due to lack of funds and interlibrary loans and British Document supply Centre systems are used with a loose network of no established procedure. In this study, the need for resource sharing is identified by gathering data about all the university libraries. A special attention is paid to Moratuwa and Colombo University libraries by interviewing their staff members and accessing their documents. The study depicted that by having a resource sharing mechanism to share all printed, electronic documents as well as non printed materials (Audio, Video) annual expenditure of each university library can be reduced drastically and it would also help to improve user satisfaction. The solution suggested to share resources is the development of a web based system specifically targeting the Sri Lankan university libraries. Yet in order to make it a success a central regulatory body such as UGC has to be established for this network and proper funding policies have to be endorsed. The library staff members attitudes also have to be altered to help implement a resource sharing initiative. And finally it is recommended to host the proposed web based system in the LEARN and to integrate the characteristics of a web 2.0 in to the system to improve its success.

Page 19

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Literature Survey
Resource Sharing Resource sharing is a concept that is discussed and focused upon in many of the libraries around the world today. It is considered to be the pillar of library modernization and is accepted to be an essential step that has to be followed if the libraries intend to stay in tune with the modern world and its expectations. Swift growth of modern literature along with rapidly diminishing budgets as well as growing information requirements has made resource sharing a must in todays context.

Situation of Sri Lankas Libraries Sri Lankan libraries have attempted to stay in the forefront of the technological advances since the 1980s. Currently the university libraries are using propriety software such as ALICE for Windows, ISURU and LibSys. The Sri Lankan university libraries had survived in the past few years mainly due to the foreign aid projects such as Sida/SAREC. Yet since these projects were mainly focused on funding the purchases of e-resources, it has resulted in the library users getting used to the e-resources and therefore the users are expecting the libraries to facilitate this requirement as well. Over the years library staff has got used to play the role as a mere provider of books and periodicals and are content with tackling their day to day problems instead of attempting to focus on wider vistas of knowledge.

Sri Lankas Economical Situation With the end of the war Sri Lankan government has started focusing on reconstruction and development projects to improve the living condition of the country. Therefore the higher education and educational institutes are given a secondary importance where the budget only addresses the traditional costs of education and are not attempting to launch any educational reforms that would increase the annual allocation on education.

Status in Other Countries USA has moved over to resource sharing with the implementation of open source library management systems and has succeeded in achieving this goal due to their high availability technical expertise. Malaysia and Kuwait are considering resource sharing initiatives and yet are facing problems due to similar conditions such as lack of financial resources as in Sri Lanka. Yet they are attempting to overcome this problem and implement a resource sharing mechanism with the use of foreign aids and so on.

Page 20

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

References

1. Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka. 2011. Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.lk. [Accessed 8th August 2011]. 2. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1998), 4th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 3. Sharma, J.S (1978), Library Organization, Vikas publishing house, New Delhi. 4. Inter University Committee on Librarians (1987). Report on computerization of university libraries in Sri Lanka. Unpublished report submitted to University Grants Commission by university librarians. 5. Edwards, H.M. (1994), Library cooperation and resource sharing in South Africa; considerations for the future. South African Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 62 No. 2, pp. 113-16 6. Goonethileke, HAI 1975, P130, A University, its library, and the undergraduate, in Oshavari Corea (ed), Libraries and People, Colombo Public Library, Colombo 7. Lanka Education and Research Network | Lanka Education and Research Network. 2011. Lanka Education and Research Network | Lanka Education and Research Network. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ac.lk/. [Accessed 10 August 2011]. 8. What Is Web 2.0 - O'Reilly Media. 2011. What Is Web 2.0 - O'Reilly Media. [ONLINE] Available at: http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html. [Accessed 16 August 2011]. 9. Jayasuriya, S, 2011. University Library Services in Sri Lanka: A Historical Perspective. Journal of University Librarians Association, Sri Lanka, Vol 15, Issue 1 10. Marimuthu, V, Paraman, V, 2011. Analysis of Informatin Technology (IT) applications in academic libraries in Kuwait. Library HiTech News, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Number 2, 1-6. 11. Majid, S, Anwar, M..A, 1999. Resource sharing among Agricultural Libraries in Malaysia. Library Review, Volume 48, Number 8, 1. 12. University Grants Commission, Sri Lanka, UGC, 2008. Sri Lanka, a Statistical Profile of University Libraries. 1st ed. Sri Lanka: UGC.

Page 21

Resource Sharing among University Libraries

Appendix 01

ALICE for Windows

University of Colombo University of Peradeniya University of Sri Jayewardenepura

LibSys

University of Moratuwa University of Kelaniya University of Jaffna Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka Open University, Sri Lanka Eastern University of Sri Lanka

ISURU

University of Ruhuna Wayamba University of Sri Lanka South Eastern University of Sri Lanka Rajarata University

WINISIS

University of Visual and Performing Arts

Page 22