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Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials
STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid 1. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid. SO3(g)+H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l) H2S2O7(l)+H20(l) 2H2SO4(aq)
Uses
To produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plant
Sulphuric Acid
Contact Process
2. The two reactions in stage 3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water. SO3(g)+H20(l) H2SO4(aq) 3. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction is vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, a large cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur 1. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2
S(s)+O2(g) (sulphur) SO2(\g)
2. Sulphur dioxide is dried and purified. STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide 1. The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over vanadium (V) oxideV2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO3
2SO2(s)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)
2. The optimum used are: a) Temperature: 450-500C b)Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres c)Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide 3. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the converter.
sulphur (S)
-affects human health when it is breathed in -irritates the nose and throat -irritates airways to cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a tight feeling around the chest.
oxygen (O2)
-the effects are felt very quickly and most people would feel the worst symptoms in 10 or 15 minutes after breathing it in.
acid rain
The main source is coal-fired power stations and metal working industries
-Sulphur dioxide reacts with water vapour and sunlight to form sulphuric acid. -Likewise NOX form nitric acid in the air. - These reactions take hours, or even days, during which polluted air may move hundreds of kilometres. Thus acid rain can fall far from the source of pollution.
* Acid rain can increase the acidity of lakes, dams and streams and cause the death of aquatic life. * Acid rain can increase the acidity of soil, water and shallow groundwater. * Acid rain has been linked with the death of trees in Europe and North America. In spite of a great deal of research, no one yet knows exactly how acid rain harms forests. Most of the forests of Europe consist of huge areas of one tree species. This encourages the spread of plant pests and diseases. It seems likely that acid rain weakens the trees, perhaps helped by other pollutants such as ozone, and then leaves the trees open to attack by disease. Acid rain also disrupts the availability of soil nutrients. The final death of a tree may result from a combination of stresses such as heat, cold, drought, nutrient disruption and disease. It seems that the slow-growing, longer lived forests of the North may be more susceptible than the faster growing, shorter lived forests of South Africa. * Acid rain erodes buildings and monuments. Acid particles in the air are suspected of contributing to respiratory problems in people.
Uses of Ammonia
Most of the ammonia used in the world is used in fertilizer either in salt or liquid form. Almost all synthetically derived nitrogen is made from ammonia. Nitric acid is used in fertilizers and explosives. Household ammonia is used as a surface cleaner in a diluted form. It most commonly used to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel as it leaves no streaks. Ammonia is the main ingredient in most oven cleaners. Ammonia is used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks as it has favourable vaporization properties. It is used in geothermal power plants in an ammonia-water mixture that is boiled. Ammonia is used to scrub Sulphur dioxide from the burning fossil fuels used in power plants. It is also used to neutralize the nitrogen oxide produced by diesel engines. It is used in animal feed as an antimicrobial. It is also used to disinfect beef products before sale. Liquid ammonia is used in textiles to treat cotton materials and in the pre-washing of wool. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon
Chemical Properties
Property Chemical Formula Type of Base Affinity (Water) Corrosiveness Oxidation Power Reactivity Volatility
Value or Detail NH3 Weak High Corrosive to Some Metals Strong Reducing Agent Quite Reactive Increasing with increases in pH
Physical Properties
Property Molecular Mass Colour Odour Physical State Melting Point Boiling Point Flash Point Decomposition Point Density (Gas) Density (Liquid) Vapour Density Critical Temperature Critical Pressure Heat of Fusion Heat of Vaporization Heat of Combustion
Value or Detail 17.03 g/mol Colorless Sharp, Intensely Irritating Gas (at room temperature) -77.7C -33.35C 11C 500C 0.7710g/L 0.6818g/L 0.5697 (air has a vapour density of 1) 132.4C 111.3 atm 58.1 kJ/mol 23.3 kJ/mol -316 kJ/mol
Some notes on the conditions The catalyst The catalyst is actually slightly more complicated than pure iron. It has potassium hydroxide added to it as a promoter - a substance that increases its efficiency. The pressure The pressure varies from one manufacturing plant to another, but is always high. You can't go far wrong in an exam quoting 200 atmospheres. Recycling At each pass of the gases through the reactor, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen converts to ammonia. (This figure also varies from plant to plant.) By continual recycling of the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen, the overall conversion is about 98%.
D)MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY 1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3. 2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas, CH4with steam. CH4(g)+H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
3. The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas. i. Temperature: 450-500C ii. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres iii. Catalyst used: Iron fillings N2(g)+3H2(g) 2N3(g)
4. Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber
Anhydrous ammonia
ii) How to measure the effectiveness of ammonium fertilisers? It could be measured through determining its percentage of nitrogen content
Plants need nitrogen to grow. Usually nitrogen is absorbed by plants in soluble nitrate ions from soils. Ammonium fertilisers consist of ammonium ions. Bacteria in the soils convert ammonium ions into nitrate ions which absorbed by plants together with water. Fertiliser with higher percentage of nitrogen content is more effective. As an example, urea, CO(NH2)2 Molar mass of urea = 12+ 16 + 2[14+ 2(1)] = 60 Percentage of nitrogen in 1 mol of urea = 2(14)/60 x 100% = 46.67%
iii) How to prepare ammonium nitrate by using ammonia and nitric acid.
5.
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Discussion:1) The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder and stronger is the material 2) The average diameter of the dent made on the surface on the cooper block is bigger than the bronze block. 3) Based on the result, bronze is harder than cooper. Conclusion:- The hypothesis is accepted.
Enhance the hardness of a metal: An alloy is harder than its components. Pure metals are generally soft. The hardness of a metal can be enhanced by alloying it with another metal or nonmetal.
Lower the melting point: Pure metals have a high melting point. The melting point lowers when pure metals are alloyed with other metals or nonmetals. This makes the metals easily fusible. This property is utilized to make useful alloys called solders
Enhance tensile strength: Alloy formation increases the tensile strength of the parent metal
Modify color: The color of pure metal can be modified by alloying it with other metals or nonmetals containing suitable color pigments.