Acute bronchitis

What is Bronchitis? An inflammation of the bronchi (large airways) in the lungs, occurring when an infection causes the thin mucous membrane linings of these airways to become irritated and inflamed. The result is the production of mucus in the lungs and a persistent cough that may last several days or weeks. The Two Types of Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis: - not necessarily caused by infection - is most often part of more serious lung conditions - characterized by a persistent cough that produces phlegm for at least three months a year for two consecutive years. Acute bronchitis: - is recognized as a cough and the production of phlegm accompanied by symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing, mild fever - commonly occurs after an upper respiratory infection such as a cold, influenza, or a sinus infection. - also experience other symptoms such as muscle aches, nasal congestion, and a sore throat in addition to bronchitis symptoms.

What Causes Bronchitis? generally caused by a virus such as those that cause the common cold and influenza. It is therefore common to develop bronchitis as a secondary infection which follows flu-like symptoms, or is accompanied by them. Other causes certain bacterial infections Clients with viral URI are more vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections, which can lead to ACUTE BRONCITIS. Most common causative agent: Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae

 environmental irritants cigarette smoke, pollution, dust, and chemical fumes People at risk Elderly people with a lowered immune system those who are continuously exposed to lung irritants (such as smoke) people working in certain occupational settings. Diagnosing Bronchitis Bronchitis generally clears up on its own after a few weeks, although sometimes the cough may be especially disruptive or complications may prompt the client to seek medical attention. treatment differs for chronic bronchitis and acute bronchitis, so the correct diagnosis can offer the most relief by addressing any underlying infections Generally if symptoms persist or clients are worried about their severity, its a good idea to seek medical attention. Auscultation of lung fields moist inspiratory crackles during inspiration-heard with auscultation Secretory cells of the mucosa produce increased mucopurulent sputum wheezing Chest X-ray to detect additional pathology Signs of consolidation Sputum culture (laboratory test to determine the presence of bacteria in the phlegm) if a more serious condition such as pneumonia or tuberculosis is suspected. Reasons to Seek Medical Attention for Bronchitis A severe cough that persistently disrupts sleep - -ACUTE RONCHITIS is heralded by a non productive cough that later becomes non productive. -The inflammatory response from the inhalation of irritants causes vasodilation and edema of the mucosal lining of the bronchi and

the mucosal irritation increases mucous production and then eventually initiates the cough reflex. Severe wheezing that makes it difficult to breathe Worsening cough symptoms after a week Blood-tinged phlegm - is due to the irritation of the airway mucosa with severe tracheobronchitis and coughing A mild fever that lasts longer than three days, or a fever over 101F Repeated bouts of bronchitis Client has a chronic lung or heart condition, as this increases the chance of developing complications Medical Treatment Antibiotics are not usually prescribed for bronchitis if it is ruled out that bacteria is not the causative agent. Natural Herbal and Homeopathic Remedies - Althea Officinalis (Marshmallow), Hyssopus Officinalis (Hyssop), and Sambucus Nigra (Elder) have long been used for their soothing effect on inflamed and irritated mucous membranes, while promoting respiratory health and vitality. - Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceous, Inula helenium and Withania somnifera are commonly used for their antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties, as well as their ability to support the immune system. These herbs work as a tonic for the immune system and are often recommended to prevent and assist recovery from illness or infection. - However, if your doctor suspects a bacterial infection, or if you are at high risk for developing complications (such as those people with a lung disease or asthma) antibiotics may be recommended as a precautionary measure. Remember, that as antibiotics rob your system of good bacteria it is important to take probiotics, such as live culture yogurt, after a course of antibiotics.

 Antipyretics - -antipyretics: aspirin or acetaminophen- relieve fever and malaise. Expectorants--expectorant for the day Antitussives --cough suppressant for the night to promote rest Increased fluids- 2-3 liters /day if with no contraindications Use of humidifiers --humidifiers assist in keeping the mucous membranes moist because dry air aggravates the cough. Broad spectrum antibiotics-:erythromycin or penicillin NURSING MANAGEMENT: NURSING CARE is supportive and is directed toward helping the patient meet he prescibed therapy and avoid future infection. Includes the following TEACHING TOPICS: Increase fluid intake to keep mucus thin and meet increased needs related to fever. The use and effects of any prescribed meds. Importance of smoking cessation. Auscultate breath sounds Monitor V/S every 4 hours. Encourage client to cough and deep breath every 2 hours. Instruct patient to expectorate rather than swallowing the sputum. Change beddings and clients clothes if damp with perspiration. Teach client and SO the proper handwashing and instruct to do it frequently. Emphasize the importance of covering the mouth when sneezing and coughing. Discard soiled materials in a plastic bag and to seal it. Tell the patient and family members to avoid sharing of utensils and personal articles. ASSISTING WITH COUGHING: 1. support chest (front and back) with open palm 2. tell pt. to take a deep breath 3. force the air out down 4. contract the diaphragm 5. exhale forcefully and then COUGH.

- To produce an effective cough, a deep inspiration must be followed by maximal respiratory effort against a closed glottis. This results in a tremendous increase in intrathoracic pressure. As the glottis opens , mucus and inhaled particles are forced out of the airways at a high velocity. ASSISTING WITH COMFORT: 1. Place pt. in a position of comfort. Semi-fowlers or high-fowlers Assist with ADL FACILITATE LEARNING