LESSON PLAN

FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

Written by :

ARNIDA DEWANTARI (K3309016)

Chemistry Education Programm Departement of Mathematics and Natural Science Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

Sebelas Maret University

2012

LESSON PLAN FOR LEARNING

Education Unit Subject Grade/Semester Subject Matter Sub Subject Matter Standard of competence Base competence : SMA Negeri 1 Kudus : Chemistry :X/I : Stoichiometry : Fundamental Laws of Chemistry : To understand the fundamental laws of chemistry : To understand the Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisiers Law), the Law of Definite Proportions (Prousts Law), the Law of Multiple Proportions (Daltons Law), the Law of Combining Volumes (Gay Lussacs Law) and the Avogadros Hypothesis. Duration : 1 X 30 minutes (1 X meeting)

I. Indicator
A. Cognitive 1. Product a. Explain principle of the law of conservation of mass (Lavoisers Law) that mass of substance before reaction equals with mass after reaction b. Explain principle of the law of definite proportions (Prousts Law) that mass of two substance which make compound c. Explain the law of multiple proportions (Daltons Law) for elements forming than one compound d. Explain the law of combining volumes (Gay Lussacs Law) for chemical reactions that involved gases

2. Process a. Calculate the mass of particles based on the law of conservation of mass for chemical reactions b. Determine mass of compound that produced in a chemical reaction based on the law of definite proportion c. Calculate the mass of particles based on the law of multiple proportions for chemical reactions d. Determine ratio volume of compound that produced in a chemical reaction based on the law of combining volumes

B. Affective 1. Character a. Honest b. Curiosity c. Toil d. Creative

e. Discipline f. Confidence

g. Responsibility 2. Social Skills a. Skillful Cooperation b. Communicative

II. Learning Objective

A. Cognitive 1. Product

a.

Student can explain principle of the law of conservation of mass (Lavoisers Law) that mass of substance before reaction equals with mass after reaction

b.

Student can explain principle of the law of definite proportions (Prousts Law) that mass of two substance which make compound

c.

Student can explain the law of multiple proportions (Daltons Law) for elements forming than one compound Student can explain the law of combining volumes (Gay Lussacs Law) for chemical reactions that involved gases

d.

2. Process a. Calculate the mass of particles based on the law of conservation of mass for chemical reactions b. Determine mass of compound that produced in a chemical reaction based on the law of definite proportion c. Calculate the mass of particles based on the law of multiple proportions for chemical reactions d. Determine ratio volume of compound that produced in a chemical reaction based on the law of combining volumes

B. Affective 1. Character a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 2. Honest Curiosity Toil Creative Discipline Confidence Responsibility

Social Skills a. b. Skillful Cooperation / Teamwork Communicative

III.

Learning Matter
1. The Law Of Conservation Of Mass (Lavoisiers Law) Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794),a French chemist, was one of the first to insist

on the use of the balance in chemical research. Lavoisier demonstrated that when

hydrogen gas (H2 ) burns and combines with oxygen gas (O2) in a closed contAiner to yield water (H2O), the mass of water obtained is equal to the mass of hydrogen and oxygen gases consumed. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O The Lavoisiers experiment straightened the Priestleys observation and brought down the phlosgiston theory. From this experiment and man others, Lavoisier discovered that the total mass of the substances during a chemical reaction experiences no change. Based on this observation, he then formulated the law of conservation of mass (Lavoisiers Law) which states : In a chemical reaction, the total mass of substances before and after the reaction remains the same. Example : 254 g of copper and 128 g of sulfur react completely and form compound of copper sulfide. According to the law of conservation of Mass, how much copper sulfide can be obtained from the reaction? Answer : Mass of the substances before reaction = mass of the substances after reaction Mass of copper + mass of sulfur = mass of copper sulfide 254 g + 128 g = mass of copper sulfide Mass of copper sulfide = 382 g 2. The Law Of Definite Proportions (Prousts Law) The substances which were later called compounds, had elements with a fixed ratio regardless of whether the compounds were natural or are synthesized. In 1779 a French chemist, Joseph Proust (1754-1826) made an attempt to prove the general acceptance of this phenomenon. One of the experiments he conducted was by reacting hydrogen and oxygen. Proust found out that hydrogen and oxygen could combine and form water compound with a fixed ratio of 1 : 8. Mass of hydrogen : mass of oxygen = 1 : 8 Proust soon discovered that the compounds always contain elements with a certain fixed ratio. Based on this, he formulated the Law of Definite Proportions (Prousts Law) which states : A chemical compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass. Example :

In an electrolysis process, 18.0 g of water is decomposed into 2.0 g of hydrogen and 16.0 g of oxygen. a. Determine the masses of hydrogen and oxygen that can be obtained from electrolysis of 50.0 g of water. b. What is the mass of water needed to obtain 100.0 g of oxygen ? Answer : a. The proportion by mass of hydrogen and oxygen in water = 2 g : 16 g = 1 : 8 electrolysis of 50.0 g of water will produced : - Mass of hydrogen = - Mass of oxygen =

1 x 50.0 g = 5.6 g 9

8 x 50.0 g = 44.4 g 9

b. Mass of water needed for electrolysis =

9 x 100.0 g = 112.5 g 8
3. The Law Of Multiple Proportions (Daltons Law) John Dalton (1766-1844) discovered a new law; a development Prousts

Law according to prousts law, a compound is composed of elements could combine and form more then one type of compound. Dalton observed a certain order related to the ratio of elements in at he compounds. To understand this, take a look at the experiment between nitrogen and oxygen that produces two types of compounds : nitrogen oxide I and nitrogen oxide II. in the first experiment, 0.875 g nitrogen reacts with 1.00 g of oxygen and produces nitrogen oxide I in the second experiment, the mass of nitrogen is increased to 1.75 g while the mass of oxygen remains the same. This reaction produces a different compound is nitrogen oxide II. In turned out that, with the same mass of oxygen, the ratio of the masses of nitrogen in the two compounds take the form of simple whole numbers. Mass of nitrogen in a nitrogen oxide I Mass of nitrogen in nitrogen oxide II = 0.875 g : 1.75 g = 1: 2

Based on his observation, Dalton formulated the Law Of Multiple Proportions (Daltons Law) : If two types of elements combine and form more than one compound, and it the mass of one of the elements in the compounds is same, then the ratio of the masses of the others element in a compounds will take the form of simple whole numbers. Example : A chemist reacted carbon with oxygen and obtained two different compounds. The composition of carbon and oxygen in the first compound was 42.9 % of carbon and 57.1 % of oxygen while the second compound contained 27.3 % of carbon and 72.7 % of oxygen. Verify that the proportion by mass of oxygen in both compounds supports the law of Multiple Proportion. Answer : Assume there are 100 g of compound I and 100 g of compound II. Mass of Mass carbon 42.9 g 27.3 g of Mass of Mass of carbon : mass of oxygen oxygen 57.1 g 72.7 g 42.9 g : 57.1 g = 1 : 1.33 27.3 g : 72.7 g = 1 : 2.66

compound Compound I Compound II 100 g 100 g

The ratio by mass of oxygen in both compounds for every gram of carbon = The ratio of oxygen in compound I = = 1.33 g 1 : : : The ratio of oxygen in compound II 2.66 g 2

The ratio by mass of the oxygen in both compounds takes the form of simple whole numbers, as state in the Law of Multiple Proportion. e. The Law Of Combining Volumes (Gay-Lussacs Law)

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) is a French scientist who conducted a study on gases with accurate quantitative measures. When studying the composition of oxygen in air, he was interested in the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases formed water vapor. Gay-Lussac then observed if measured at constant T and P, for every 2 volumes of hydrogen gas and 1 volume of oxygen gas, 2 volumes of water vapor is obtained. Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas water vapor

2 volumes

: 1 volume

: 2 volumes

From the observation, which was tested for its general validity, in 1808 Gay-Lussac formulated the Law of Combining Volumes (Gay-Lussacs Law) for reactions that involve gases : At the constant temperature and pressure, the ratio of the volumes of gases consumed or produced in chemical reaction takes the form of the simple whole numbers.

Example : 100 volumes of gas X is decomposed into 50 volumes of gas Y and 75 volumes of gas Z. a. Calculated the proportion by volumes of the gases involved in the reaction. b. For every 2.0 L of gas X, calculated the amount of gas Y and gas Z produced. Answer : a. Proportion by volume Gas X 100 volumes 4 volumes Gas Y + Gas Z : 50 volumes : 75 volumes : 2 volumes : 3 volumes

b. Given that, gas X : gas Y : gas Z = 4 : 2: 3 For every 2.0 L gas X produced : Volume of gas Y formed =
2 x 2.0 L = 1.0 L 4

Volume of gas Z formed =

3 x 2.0 L = 1.5 L 4

IV. Learning Method

Approach : Constructivism Model / Learning Methode : Cooperative model with type of Make A Match

V. Learning Activities

Learning Step

No. A.

Activity Initial Activity a. Apperception Teacher burn a piece of paper that already known the mass and then asking the student, Are the mass of the dust is same with the piece of paper?. We can finding the answer in this material today.

Time

Character

Curiosity

5 minutes

b. Orientation Inform learning objective today Told to apply type of Make A Match c. Motivation Outlined the benefits of learning that materials for the future B. 1. Main Activity Exploration Teacher explain material about the Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisiers Law), the Law of Definite Proportions (Prousts Law), the Law of Multiple Proportions (Daltons Law), and the Law of Combining Volumes (Gay 10 minutes Curiosity, Toil Creative, Toil Discipline

Lussacs Law)

2.

Elaboration a. Teacher informing the way of doing cooperative with Make A Match type b. Teacher divide student into some heterogeneous group c.Teacher prepare some of card content concept, one part is question card and the other is answer card then give that cards to the each group d. Each of group thinking the answer/question from the card which is gotten e.Each of student stick each of card in the whiteboard f. Each of group which can finish for matching that cards firstly given the point Toil, Discipline Discipline, Toil Toil, Teamwork, Communicative Confidence, Teamwork, Toil 10 minutes Confidence Communicative

3.

Confirmation a. Teacher check all the answer 2 minutes

Curiousity, Responsibility

C.

Final Activity a. Students with guidance from the teacher concludes lesson material today b.Teacher gives homework for doing Evaluation page 145 3 minutes Responsibility, Toil, Discipline Creative, Communicative

book of Theory and Application of Chemistry c.Teacher suggest the student to study about the material for the next meeting Responsibility

VI.

Learning Sources, Tools and Materials

A. Learning Sources Prof. Effendy, Ph.D. A- Level Chemistry For Senior High School Students. published by Bayumedia Publishing. Purba, Michael. 2004. Kimia untuk SMA utuk Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga Sunardi. 2008. Kimia Bilingual SMA/MA Kelas X. C V Yrama Widya Susilowati, Endang. 2009. Teory and application of Chemistry 1. Surakarta: PT. Tiga Serangkai B. Tools and Materials Powerpoint of Fundamental Laws, Cards, Whiteboard, Markers, LCD

VII. Assessment
1. Kind of Assessment Essay question (Cognitive) Student activity in discussion and tourmanent (Affective)

2. Instrument a. 1 gram of sodium exactly to react with 1.54 grams of chlorine gas produce sodium chloride. Calculate mass of chlorine gas required to produce 7.62 grams of sodium chloride. ( max score 5) b. 4 grams of copper exactly to reacts with 2 grams of sulfur to form copper sulfide. What is gram of copper sulfide can be formed if 10 grams of copper and 10 grams of sulphur are reacted? ( max score 7.5) Answer a. Because of sodium exactly to react with chlorine, then, Sodium chloride produced = Sodium mass + Chlorine mass = 1 g + 1.54 g = 2.54 g To produced 7,62 grams of sodium chloride is required chlorine:

7.62 x 1.54 g = 4.62 g 2.54

Thus, chlorine requires as much as 4.62 grams. If the answer is correct entirely, the point is 5 If the answer just correct partly, the point is 2.5 (just show the mass of Cl) b. The ratio of mass of copper : mass of sulfur = 4 g : 2 g = 2 : 1 So, Mass copper: mass of sulfur 2 10 g : : 1 5g

Point 2.5 Mass of copper sulfide = mass of copper + mass of sulfur = 10 g + 5 g = 15 g Point 2.5 Total point 5

Final value =

p x100 , where p = number of score obtained q

q = total score (10)

The assessment of cognitive also can be gotten from score in matching the answer/question when doing games of Make A Match. Each of student in group will be given score 100 if the match is correct et al.

Surakarta, April 3rd 2012 Lecture Student

Prof. Dr. Ashadi NIP. 130 516 325

Arnida Dewantari K3309016