Basic Knowledge for Bankers

Md. Mahbubul Alam, EO

Background of Basel-II What is BIS ? The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international organization which fosters international monetary and financial co-operation and serves as a bank for central banks. The BIS fulfils this mandate by acting as: i) a forum to promote discussion and policy analysis among central banks and within the international financial community; ii) a centre for economic and monetary research; iii) a prime counterparty for central banks in their financial transactions agent or trustee in connection with international financial operations. The Head Office is in Basel, Switzerland, Established on 17 May 1930. The BIS strongly advises caution against fraudulent schemes. What is BASEL-I ? Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) brought out the guidelines for calculation of capital charge on Loans & Advances and Investments based on the Risk Weights applicable to the counter party / borrower- constituent. What is BASEL-II ? Basel II is recommendatory framework for banking supervision, issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in June 2004. The objective of Basel-II is to bring about international convergence of capital measurement and standards in the banking system. What are three pillars? Pillar-1: Minimum Capital Requirements- Deals with the maintenance of regulatory capital calculated for three major components of risk that a bank faces: Credit Risk, Operational Risk and Market Risk. Pillar-2: Supervisory Review Process- Deals with regulatory response to the first pillar, giving regulators much improved tools over those available to them under Basel-I. Pillar-3: Market Discipline Requirements- The third pillar greatly increases the disclosures that the bank must make. WHAT IS MONEY LAUNDERING? Money Laundering means - Properties acquired or earned directly or indirectly through illegal means; Or, Illegal transfer, conversion, concealment of location of property, acquired or earned directly or indirectly, through legal or illegal means or providing assistance to such activities.
STAGES OF MONEY LAUNDERING

Placement Illegal funds or assets are first brought into the financial system. Layering Illegal funds or assets are moved, dispersed and distinguished to conceal their illegal origin Integration Illegal funds or assets are entered into the economy appearing as normal business funds.

Credit Risk Grading (CRG): It is an effective tool based on pre-specified scale

reflecting the credit risk for an exposure. CRG is mandatory from March2006 according to BRPD Circular No.18 of December2005
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Usage of CRG: Obligor level analysis Credit Selection & Pricing Monitoring & Internal MIS History of CRG: LRA introduced in 1993 suffers from subjectivity Risk Grade Score Card introduced in 2003 is not comprehensive CRG introduced in 2005; simplified & user-friendly Categories of CRG for commercial client: Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grading Superior Score Fully cash secured, secured by government/International Bank Guarantee Good 85+ Acceptable 75-84 Marginal/Watch 65-74 list Special Mention 55-64 Substandard 45-54 Doubtful 35-44 Bad & Loss <35

A. Financial Risk (50%) : Probability of failure to meet obligation due to financial distress. 1. Leverage: Debt-Equity Ratio: 15 for less than 0.26 & 0 for more than 2.75 (15%) Current Ratio: 15 for greater than 2.74 & 0 for less than 0.70 2. Liquidity: Operating Profit margin: 15 for greater than or equal to 25% & 0 for less (15%) than 1%. 3. Profitability: Interest Coverage Ratio: 5 for greater than or equal to 2 & 0 for less than (15%) 1. 4. Coverage: (5%) B. Business/Industry Risk (18%) : Adverse Industrial situation /Unfavourable business
condition.

1. Size of Business (5%) [5 for Sales 60 crore & 0 for Sales less than 2.50 crore ] 2. Age of Business (3%) [3 for >10 years & 0 for < 2 years] 3. Business Outlook (3%) [3 for favorable & 0 for Cause for concern ] 4. Industry Growth (3%) [3 for Strong & 0 for No Growth] 5. Market Competition (2%) [2 for Dominant Player & 0 for Highly Competitive] 6. Entry/Exit Barriers (2%) [ 2 for Difficult & 0 for Easy ] C. Management Risk (12%): Probability of default due to poor management ability. 1. Experience (5%) [5 for >10 years & 0 for no experience] 2. Second Line/ Succession (4%) [4 for ready succession & 0 for succession in question] 3. Team Work (3%) [3 for Very Good & 0 for Regular Conflict] D. Security Risk (10%) : Probability of default due to poor quality of security.

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1. Security Coverage (Primary)- 4% [4 for Fully pledged/substantially cash covered/Reg. Mortg & 0 for no security] 2. Collateral Coverage (Property Location) 4% [4 for Municipal/Prime Area & 0 for no collateral] 3. Support (Guarantee)- 2% [2 for high networth & 0 for no guarantee] E. Relationship Risk (10%): Risk areas in terms of Borrower-Lender relationship. 1. Account Conduct (5%) [5 for >5 years faultless record & 0 for Irregular dealings in account] 2. Utilization of Limit (2%) [2 for >60% & 0 for <40%] 3. Compliance of Covenants/Conditions (2%) [2 for full compliance & 0 for No compliance] 4. Personal Deposits (1%) [1 for significant personal deposit & 0 for No deposit] Major risk components: 5 Total number of risk components: 20 Limitation of CRG: One Size does not Fit All. CRG REVIEW Credit Risk Grading for each borrower should be assigned at the inception of lending and should be periodically updated. Frequencies of the review of the credit risk grading are mentioned below; Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Risk Grading Superior Good Acceptable Marginal/Watchlist Special Mention Sub-standard Doubtful Bad & Loss Short SUP GD ACCPT MG/WL SM SS DF BL Review frequency (at least) Annually Annually Annually Half yearly Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly

Categories of CRG for NBFI: Number Grading 1 Superior 2 Good 3 Acceptable 4 Marginal/Watch list 5 Special Mention 6 Substandard 7 Doubtful 8 Bad & Loss

Score 85+ 75-84 65-74 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 24 & below

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Principal Risk Components Quantitative Factor Capital Adequacy Asset Quality Earnings Quality Liquidity & Capacity of External Fund Mobilization Size of the Company & Market Presence

Total Points 60 15 15 15 10 5

Principal Risk Components Qualitative Factor Management Regular Environment & Compliance Risk Management Sensitivity to Market Risk Ownership (Share holding Pattern) & Corporate Governance Accounting Quality Franchise Value

Total Points 40 10 10 5 5 5 3 2

EEF (Equity & Entrepreneurship Fund ) i. To iincrease investments in two promising industrial sectors viz .,

1. Software industry, and 2. Food processing and agro-based industry (excluding the conventional sub-sectors such as rice mills/flour mills/fishing trawlers, cold storage for potato etc.). and also to encourage entrepreneurs in these sectors 1. The project will have to be a new one and belong to either of the sectors viz., software industry or food processing and agro-based industry. 2. The sponsors/entrepreneurs applying for EEF support will have to be a private limited company registered under the Companies Act, 1994 and established old companies can also apply for EEF support by setting-up a subsidiary new private limited company. But in case of a software company registered on or after 01 January, 1997 will be treated as a new company. 3. The total project cost (including net working capital) of the proposed project will have to be of minimum 0.50 (half) crore. 4. The project shall have to be viable technically & financially. It should be environment-friendly. Importance shall be given on the appraisal of the entrepreneurship such as: educational qualifications in the relevant discipline, knowledge in the technology / process involved, skill in marketing of the products/services, proven track record in implementing and operating such project, track records in financial conduct specially with Banks/FI. In case of ratio analysis the project has to offer minimum IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of 15%, Return on equity (ROE) of 15%, Debt service coverage Ratio 1.50:1, Current ratio 1.50:1 and Fixed asset coverage ratio 1.50:1 and SWOT analysis should have to be acceptable. 5. The non-resident Bangladeshis will be given preference subject to the fulfillment of the terms & conditions mentioned in the above paragraphs. 6. Any defaulter (as defined by Bangladesh Bank) cannot apply for EEF. 7. Where a sponsor of a project needs term-loan and/or working capital loan from any Bank/FI and also equity support from the EEF, he has to submit application to the Bank/FI concerned. The Bank/FI will have to be satisfied that the project has fulfilled all the terms and conditions required. Where the sponsors/entrepreneurs need only equity support from EEF without any bank loan a Bank/FI will be nominated as representative of EEF for appraisal of the project by Bangladesh Bank (EEF). To nominate such Bank/FI, previous business relationship of entrepreneur with the Bank/FI will be considered. The Bank/FI may determine their project examination fee according to their existing rules. The sponsors/entrepreneurs will have to deposit 15% of their equity in the Bank/FI after the approval of the project by EEF
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ii. Eligibility for equity support from the EEF:

Unit

iii How much EEF assistance can you get ? . The amount of equity support from the EEF to the project, which needs finance from a

bank/FI, will be of max. 49% of the total equity of the company provided that such percentage of equity support will not exceed 33.33% of the total cost of the project (including net working capital) of the company concerned. But if the company does not take any loan from bank/FI, EEF support will be of max. 49% of the total project cost from EEF. Projects whose total costs equal or exceed 20.00 crore have to take loan from Bank/FI on the existing debt-equity ratios.

iv What to be done by the entrepreneurs? . 1. Apply for EEF through a Bank/FI (Bangladesh Bank will assist you in selecting Bank if no
bank loan is sought for) 2. Deposit 15% of your proposed equity to Bank/FI after the approval of the project by Bangladesh Bank 3. Execute Investment Agreement with the Bank/FI after approval of the project 4. Entrepreneurs will have to amend Memorandum & Articles of Association as per requirement of the conditions of Bangladesh Bank 5. Issue shares in favor of GOB, EEF Unit, Bangladesh Bank before fund is disbursed. 6. Buy-back the issued shares within eight years either at the face value or at the break-up value whichever is higher.

v. Steps to be taken by the Bank/FI :

1. Bank/FI will appraise the project and if it seems acceptable to Bank/FI, they will send the project profile with their recommendations including relevant papers to Bangladesh Bank EEF unit. 2. Bank/FI will preserve the issued share certificates received from the company on behalf of Bangladesh Bank. 3. The Bank/FI shall nominate its representative, on behalf of the Bangladesh Bank (EEF unit) on the company's Board of Directors to attend the meetings as well as in the meetings of the company's shareholders. 4. The Bank/FI will monitor the business of the company regularly and send quarterly report to EEF

EDF (Export Development Fund ) Export Development fund available at Bangladesh Bank for export at a lower rate of interest. This fund administrated by the Department of Banking Operation and Development of Bangladesh Bank. BTB LC will be opened on deferred basis. Interest/additional amount the usance period shall not exceed LIBOR or the equivalent interest/additional in the currency of settlement. After opening BTB LC, statement should be sent to Bangladesh Bank. Then Bangladesh Bank will provide fund for payment of BTB LC subject to availability of the fund with them. The fund allotted in favour of AD branch for a period of 180 days to 270 days. On execution of export as well as realization of proceeds the same to be refunded to BB with additional amount plus interest as per rate quoted by BB. The rate of additional amount is LIBOR + 2.5%. If the exporter fails to execution export, the AD will repay the same to Bangladesh Bank. What is security? Security means things deposited as a guarantee of an undertaking/loan, to be forfeited in case of default.
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What is charge? It is a legal transaction as a result of which the lender acquires certain rights over the property and the borrower is refrained from dealing in them. What is charge creation over securities? Charging a security means making it available as a cover for an advance. What is document? It means written record which serves as an evidence in respect of a transaction. What is documentation? Documentation is the process of execution of documents in right form and in lawful manner. Obtainment of document properly is called documentation Why documentation? 1. To cover the risk 2. Acceptable to court 3. To identify the borrower What is Pari-passu charge? Pari-passu charge over the assets of the borrower means that the lenders are entitled to have equal rights over the assets as per the agreed share. Method of creating charge on security: (i) Pledge, (ii) Hypothecation, (iii) Mortgage, (iv) Lien, (v) Assignment & (vi) Set-Off. The method of charging used depends upon: The type of property to be charged The nature of the advance The degree of control over the debtors property required by the banker. Pledge: Pledge is the bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise. Bailment: Bailment is the delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, under a contract the goods shall, when the purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of, according to the directions of the person delivering them. Always based on contract. Movable properties only (Money is excluded) Delivery of goods is essential (Transfer of possession) Ownership is not transferred but only special right of retaining the goods until payment of debt. Bailment : Transfer of goods & produces or any properties for s specific purpose.[safe custody/repair/prepare & productions] Goods & produces: h hB eemv Ki mB eemvi inventory nQ goods & produces | Hypothecation: Hypothecation is a charge against property for an amount of debt where neither ownership nor possession is passed to the creditor. It is floating charge, it is rather precarious & Borrower binds himself to give possession of the hypothecated goods to the bank when called upon to do so. Mortgage: Mortgage is transfer of interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of
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securing the payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan, an existing or future debt or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability. Sub-mortgage: A mortgage of a mortgage. The original lender borrows money against the security of his mortgagors mortgage. The original mortgagee becomes the sub-mortgagor and the bank becomes the sub-mortgagee. Types of Mortgage: Si mple Conditiona l Sale Usufruct uary English Anomalous

Lien: A lien is the right of a creditor in possession of goods, securities or any other assets belonging to the debtor to retain them until the debt is repaid. Negative Lien: The banker sometimes asks a borrower to execute a letter declaring that his assets are free from encumbrance at the time advance is made. The borrower is also undertakes that the assets stated in the said letter shall not be encumbered or disposed of without the Banks permission in writing so long the advance continues. This undertaking is a Negative Lien. Set-Off: A set-off is a right which enables a creditor to adjust wholly or partially a debt balance in the debtors account with any credit balance lying in his (debtors) favour. Assignment: An assignment means a transfer of right of property or debt (existing or future) by one person to another person. The most common types of assignment in banks are: Contract Money, Supply Bills & Life Insurance Policy Assignment as security is not a good one due to following reasons: Breach of the terms of contract between assignor and his debtor may hamper the interest of Banker. Value of the assignment does not depend only on the integrity and credit worthiness of assignor but also on the assignors debtor. The assignors debtor can exercise his right of set-off; if the assignor has any debt to him. A lien differs in that while it is a creation of law under certain circumstances without any agreement whatsoever between the parties, all others originate as a result of agreement of the parties. Then, it is a defensive right, not enforceable at a court of law, while others are positive rights. Hypothecation Pledge Constructive delivery of possession Physical delivery of possession A hypothecatee cannot sell goods without obtaining a decree of the court. Possible to sell goods without obtaining a decree of the court after giving a reasonable notice to the pledgor.

Letter of arrangement: fwelZ terms & conditions cwieZb nj mUvK support `qv| Letter of disbursement: term finance-Gi DP Note-K support Kiv| Letter of continuity: continuous finance-Gi DP Note-K support Kiv| Letter of revival: Limitation Act-K face Kivi Rb|
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Artha Rin Adalat Ain, 2003: An act to amend and consolidate the existing law relating recovery of loans of financial institutions. Section-12: Sale of certain mortgaged property by the financial institutions. i. Subject to provision of sub-section 2 below, if a financial institution wants to sell any property of the defendant which have been mortgaged or kept lien or pledge when taking loan and plaintiff has legal rights to sell the same or the same has been placed under the disposal of the plaintiff, the plaintiff shall not file any suit in the Artha Rin Adalat until the same has not been sold or adjusted with the loan so granted to the defendant. ii. Despite the provision of sub-section (i), if any financial institution file any suit in the Artha Rin Adalat without selling any mortgaged property though it was not under his passion and control, and the same shall be sold according to system mentioned earlier and the amount so received by selling should be adjusted against the debt and the same should immediately be brought to the notice of the Court. iii. When any financial institution granted loan to a defendant under mortgage of immovable or hypothecated movable property and has been empowered to sell the aforesaid property by Power of Attorney at the time of mortgage, shall not file any suit in the Artha Rin Adalat until such property has been sold and has not been adjusted the sold amount so received against any debt or has failed to sell the property; Section-28: Time limit for execution of decree i. Despite any other provisions being contained in the Limitation Act, 1908 and the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, if the decree-holder wants the execution of decree, subject to the provision of Section-29, shall file an execution suit within the maximum period of 180 days for execution. ii. If the suit is filed for execution of decree after expiry of 180 days disregarding the provision as provided under sub-section (i), shall be barred by limitation and shall out right be rejected without being taken for any consideration. iii. If any second suit or any other subsequent suit is filed for execution after one year of rejection or disposal, the self same suit shall be barred by limitation and summarily be rejected without being considered. iv. If any new suit for execution of decree is filed after expiry of 6 (six) years of filing the first execution suit, the same shall be barred by limitation. Section-29: Special provision relating to time limit If the Court has fixed when passing the decree for making payment of decreetal amount at a time or in installments, the time limit as shown at Section 28(i) shall be effective after expiry of the said time limit. Section-46: Special provisions and time limit for filing suit i Anything otherwise contained in the Limitation Act, 1908 provisions of subject to the provision of subsection (ii) above, a financial institution shall file a suit after expiry of next one year, if a borrower fails to pay back the loan according to the terms of agreement after starting payment schedule as follows: a) Al least 10% amount of one years payable loan. b) At least 15% amount over the 2 years payable loan. c) Al least 25% amount over the payable 3 years loan. ii. If the financial institution, in the mean time, have made re-schedule for payment of loan within aforesaid time limit at shown at sub-section (i), subject to the necessary mutatis mutandis shall be effective a new.
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iii.

In case the duration of total repayment schedule is less than three years as provided under the provision of sub-section (i) and the amount of recovery in the said period is less than 20%, the financial institution shall file the suit after expiry of one year of that repayment schedule according to the provision of sub-section (iv). iv. Provided, the financial institution has rescheduled for making payment in the mean time, according to the provision of sub-section (iii), the provisions of the said sub-section(iii) subject to mutatis mutandis shall be effective, a new. v. If the suit is filed after expiry of the time limit as specified at sub-section (i) or (ii) as may be applicable, the court shall immediately communicate the matter to the Chief Executive of the concerned financial institution in writing and if the suit has not been filed for negligence of any officer of the said organization, the competent authority shall take disciplinary and penal action against the officer responsible for such lapse and the Govt. and the court shall be communicated within 90 days of being informed of the matter of the punishment so taken under the aforesaid sub-section. The provisions of this Section shall be effective after one year of coming this Act in force. Provided that, if any financial institution wants to implement the provisions of this sub-section before one year, shall be able to do this. Section- 47: Limitation in imposing claim i. Anything contained in any other laws now in force or whatever may contain in the agreement between the parties, no Artha Rin Adalat shall impose any claim upon any borrower shall not charge such interest which shall be equivalent to more than 200% (100+200=Tk.300) of the capital. ii. The Court shall not entertain any such claim which shall be more than 200% of the capital as described under the provision of this sub-section (i). iii. The provision of this section shall be effective after one year of enforcing the provisions of this Act. Provided that any financial institution is empowered to implement the provisions of this section before implementing the provisions of this Act. Cash flow: The statement is designed to identify all activities related with cash transactions and shows the net effect on the cash balance during a period of time. In other words, by cash flow statement we show inflow and outflow of cash and thereby net position of cash during a certain period. In cash flow statement all the activities are categorized into 3 groups:1. Operating Activities: Cash flow from Operating Activities are generally derived from the principal revenue producing activities of an enterprise. Therefore, they generally result from the transactions and other events that enter into the determination of net profit. 2. Investing Activities: Cash flows represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intend to generate future income and cash flows. 3. Financing Activities: It is useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of capital to the enterprise. Cash flow statement is prepared (basically operating activities) using two methods:i) Direct Method: whereby major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed. ii) Indirect Method: whereby net profit or loss adjusted for the effect of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash
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vi.

receipts or payments, and items of income or expenses financing cash flows.

associated with investing or

A cash flow statement helps management in the area of financial planning and control. In other words, it can serve the following purposes:a) A cash flow statement gives management a better idea as to the nature of cash transactions and their impact on cash balance. b) In case of surplus of cash, it helps management to take investment decisions. c) In case of shortage of cash, it helps management to take financing decisions. Operating Activities: Net Earning Plus: Depreciation & Write-offs Plus: Appropriation items i.e. Dividend, Transferred to General Reserves etc. Plus/Minus: Other Non-Operating Adjustments (Increase)/Decrease in Receivables (Increase)/Decrease in Marketable Securities (Increase)/Decrease in Inventory Increase/(Decrease) in Accounts Payables (Trade) Increase/(Decrease) in Provision for Taxes (Increase)/Decrease in All other Current Asset (Except Cash & Bank Balance) Increase/(Decrease) in All other Current Liability Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities Investment Activities: (Increase)/Decrease in Land & Building (Increase)/Decrease in Plant & Machinery (Increase)/Decrease in Equipment (Increase)/Decrease in Furniture & Fittings (Increase)/Decrease in All other Current Asset Net Cash Flow from Investment Activities Financing Activities: Increase/(Decrease) in Capital Increase/(Decrease) in Long Term Loan, Debenture/Bond Increase/(Decrease) in Over Draft & Cash Credit Short Term Loans & Current Portion of Long Term Loans Increase/(Decrease) in All other Non-Current Liability Minus Dividend Paid Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities Net Cash Flow Plus Opening Cash & Bank Balacne Closing Cash Balance Project: Project is such activity to achieve some predetermined goal by using particular resources in a particular period. Aspects of a Project: (i) Management aspect, (ii) Marketing aspect, (iii) Technical aspect, (iv) Financial aspect & (v) Economical aspect

What is UCP?
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The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600 (UCP) are rules that apply to any documentary credit (credit) (including, to the extent to which they may be applicable, any standby letter of credit) when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules. They are binding on all parties thereto unless expressly modified or excluded by the creditUCP is the internationally recognized set of rules governing the use of letters of credit also known as documentary credits. UCP is written into virtually every letter of credit and accepted worldwide Why do the UCP rules change? The UCP rules were first published in 1933, and revised by the ICC in 1951, 1962, 1974, 1983 and 1993. This latest revision of the rules is the first to take place since 1993, and represents more than three years of work by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The ICC claims that UCP 600 will be modern rules for a changing world Who will be affected by the changes? The changes from UCP 500 will have a considerable effect on all those involved in trading internationally who use letters of credit to arrange their payments. Exporters, importers, bankers, lawyers and transporters of goods will all need to refer to the new rules come July What are the changes? The ICC summarises the changes as: A leaner set of rules, with a reduction in the number of articles from 49 to 39 A new section of definitions, containing terms such as honour and negotiation The replacement of the phrase reasonable time for acceptance or refusal of documents A new provision concerning addresses of the beneficiary and the applicant An expanded discussion of original documents Re-drafted transport articles aimed at resolving confusion over the identification of carriers and agents What are the new definitions? The new definitions are an attempt to avoid the various interpretations made by individual banks and/or their employees to delay or prevent acceptance of documents as well as clarify some terms. The definitions include: Confirmation: means a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank, to honour or negotiate a complying presentation. Honour: to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment to accept a bill of exchange (draft) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance

Negotiation: means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts (drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank) and/ or documents under a complying presentation, by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank. What is included in the expanded discussion of original documents?
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Article 17, entitled Original Documents and Copies includes a new clause, which states that at least one original of each document stipulated in the credit must be presented. What other key changes are there? Many of the articles have simply been reworded or amended to make the meaning clearer. Some of the articles from UCP 500 have been condensed while some have had extra clauses added to clarify certain points. One example is Article 7, entitled Issuing Bank Undertaking. This has a new clause (b), which states An issuing bank is irrevocably bound to honour as of the time is issues the credit. Article # Article-1 Article-2 Article-3 Article-4 Article-5 Article-6 Title of Article Application of UCP Definitions Interpretations Credits v. Contracts Article # Article-21 Article-22 Article-23 Article-24 Title of Article Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill Charter Party Bill of Lading Air Transport Document Road, Rail or Inland Waterway Transport Documents Courier Receipt, Post Receipt or Certificate of Posting "On Deck", "Shipper's Load and Count", Said by Shipper to Contain and Charges Additional to Freight Clean Transport Document Insurance Document and Coverage Extension of Expiry Date or Last Day for Presentation Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices Partial Drawings or Shipments

Documents v. Goods, Article-25 Services or Performance Availability, Expiry Date and Article-26 Place for Presentation Article-27 Article-28 Article-29 Article-30 Article-31

Article-7 Article-8

Issuing Bank Undertaking Confirming Bank Undertaking Article-9 Advising of Credits and Amendments Article-10 Amendments Article-11 Teletransmitted and PreAdvised Credits and Amendments Article-12 Nomination Article-13 Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangements Article-14 Standard for Examination of Documents Article-15 Complying Presentation Article-16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice Article-17 Original Documents and Copies Article-18 Commercial Invoice Article-19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport Article-20 Bill of Lading

Article-32 Installment Drawings or Shipments Article-33 Hours of Presentation Article-34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents Article-35 Disclaimer on Transmission and Translation Article-36 Force Majeure Article-37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party Article-38 Transferable Credits Article-39 Assignment of Proceeds
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In general, UCP600 is easier to read than UCP500. It is more direct and also addresses a number of issues that have been causing problems over the last few years.

Export and Import Policy 2006-09

Highest Priority Sector Software & ICT products Agro products & processing Light engineering Shoes & Leather products Pharmaceuticals products Textiles products Special Priority Sector Finished Leather Frozen Food Electrical Goods Fresh Flower Jute Goods Herbal Medicine

Import Policy 2006-09 Import Procedure Procurement of IRC Signing purchase contract Open LC an Irrevocable Advise LC Shipment of Goods Negotiation of the documents Payment and Settlement HS code no. Pre-inspection Country of origin Enlistment of Importers name, Address, TIN Use of Letter of Credit Exception of Use of Letter of Credit Origin of Goods and Shipment Antropo Trade Import for Re export No IRC required for import of Capital Machineries for New Industry Import at a Competitive Rate Import Restricted Items Harmful journals, books, audio, video etc. Reconditions Office equipment Disposable products. Products harmful for the religion Egg Pig and Pig related products. Documents to be submitted to obtain IRC
Income Tax Certificate Certificate from Chamber of Commerce Bank Solvency Certificate Copy of Trade License Any other documents required by CCI&E Asset Certificate Affidavit from 1st class Magistrate Partnership Deed,MOA and AOA

Export Policy 2006-09

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Objective of Export Policy Liberalization of Trade Encourage labour intensive industry Ensuring availability of raw materials to produce exportable goods Increasing productivity and diversification Use environmental friendly technology Assistance for developing backward linkage Disseminating information regarding rules and procedure of international trade. Export Procedure Procurement of ERC Registration Renewal Securing Order Signing the Contract Receiving Letter of Credit Procuring Materials Shipment of Goods Preparation of Export documents Submission of Documents fro Negotiation.

List of Prohibited Goods for Export Onion Petroleum and Petroleum Products Jute seed, Wheat seed, Pulse, Living animals and Skins, Bon etc. Fire Arms, ammunitions Radio Active Materials Archeological Objects Raw and wet blue leather Urea fertilizer All kinds of bamboo, wood, cane

Acts: vii Negotiable Instrument Act . vii Bank Company Act i. ix. Financial Institution Act x. xi. xii . xii i. xi v. xv. Company Act Bankruptcy Act Anti Money Laundering Act Artha Rin Adalat Ain Transfer of Property Act Money Loan Court Act

6 (six) Core Risks 1881 Investment (Credit) Risk 1991 1993 1994 1997 2002 2003 1882 2003
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Foreign Exchange Risk

Asset Liability/Balance Sheet Management Internal Control and Compliance Money Laundering Information Technology (IT) Risk

xv Foreign Exchange 1947 i. Regulation Act Chain of documents i. Original Title Deed. ii. Bia-Deed (if applicable). iii. C.S (1936-1946), S.A (1962) and R.S (Bangladesh) Parcha., Math Jarip/ Parch (Latest) iv. Mutation Parcha with D.C.R.[Rgv fvMi iwk`; Gwm (jv)-Gi ^vi _vK] v. Up to date rent receipt. vi. Municipal Tax receipt (if applicable). vii Non-Encumbrance Certificate with Govt. receipt. . vii Succession Certificate, if required i. cPvt Certified copy of volume book

1. eKx `wjj iwRkbi Rb mevP wd 5,000.00 UvKv Ges mewbg wd 200.00 UvKv wbaviY Ki `qv nqQ (section 78 A(c) of Registration Act) A_vr
wewbqvM mxgv 5.00 j UvKvt ch wewbqvM mxgv 5.00 j t UvKvi D 20.00 j UvKv ch wewbqvM mxgv 20.00 jt UvKvi D iwRkb wd mewbg 200.00 UvKv; mevP 500.00 UvKv iwRkb 1500.00 2000.00 iwRkb 3000.00 5000.00 wd mewbg UvKv; mevP UvKv wd mewbg UvKv; mevP UvKv

*Deed-Gi date _K 120 w`bi ga gUMR Kiv hvq| 2. iwRwKZ eKx `wjj ewZiK Kvb eK AvBbZt ea ne bv| ZvQvov eKx Kvb mw eK MnxZvi wjwLZ mwZ ewZiK weq ev wZxq evii gZ eK c`vb Kiv hve bv ggI weavb Kiv nqQ (Section 53D of Transfer of Property Act)| Dciv mskvabx AvBb `ywU 1jv RyjvB 2005Bs ZvwiL KvhKi ne|
Stamp for Mortgage i. Up to Tk 10,00,000/ii. Tk 10,00,001/- to Tk 50,00,000/iii. Tk 50,00,001/- and above 1,500/3,500/3,500/- + 0.1% maximum 48,000/Page 15 of 26 Last saved by Mahbub

Stamp for other documents i. Power of attorney (including affidavit) ii. Deed of agreement iii. Deed of redemption iv. Letter of Indemnity v. Letter of guarantee vi. Letter of undertaking vii Letter of hypothecation . vii Letter of pledge i. ix. Letter of continuity x. Stock ownership declaration Stamp for other documents xi. Stock delivery letter xii Affidavit . xii Certified copy i. xi D.P. (Demand Promissoryv. single) Note xv. D.P. (Demand Promissoryjoint) Note xv Balance confirmation i.

250/150/150/150/150/150/150/150/150/150/150/50/20/20/20/4/-

In case of company charge shall be created with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies & Firms (RJSC) within 21 days from the date of execution of the relative charge documents. 1st charge 1st charge to be created within 21 days from the date of execution of documents. Fresh Form-XVIII i. Form -XIX ii. Enhancement/Modification Form -XXVIII iii. Redemption Expenditure Value of Forms 5.00 Stamp 150.00 Charge creation fee 5,00,000.00 50.00 i. 10,00,000.00 90.00 ii. 15,00,000.00 130.00 iii. 20,00,000.00 170.00 iv. 25,00,000.00 210.00 v.
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vi. vii . vii i. ix. x. xi. xii .

30,00,000.00 35,00,000.00 40,00,000.00 45,00,000.00 50,00,000.00 Then Tk 20.00 for each 5.00 lac Redeemption fee Tk 20.00

250.00 290.00 330.00 370.00 410.00

For classification, entire Investments are divided as under: 1. Continuous 2. Demand Upto 5 years 3. Term Above 5 years 5. Short Term Agricultural and Micro-Credit Basis for Investment classification: Objective (overdue) criteria Qualitative Judgement Determination of Investment classification status: Nature of Investment Term Loan Up to 5 years Above 5 years Below 3 months of overdue installment Below 3 months of overdue installment Status Short Term Agricultural and MicroCredit Below 3 months of overdue installment 3 to below 12 months of overdue installment 12 to below 36 months of overdue installment 36 to below 60 months of overdue installment 60 & above months of overdue installment

Continuous & Demand Below 3 months of overdue 3 to below 6 months of overdue

STD (Standard)

3 to below 6 months 3 to below 12 of overdue installment months of overdue installment 6 to below 9 6 to below 12 months 12 to below 18 months of of overdue installment months of overdue overdue installment 9 to below 12 12 to below 18 18 to below 24 months of months of overdue months of overdue installment overdue installment 12 & above 18 & above months 24 & above months of of overdue installment months of overdue overdue installment

SMA (Special Mention Account) but UC SS (SubStandard)

DF (Doubtful)

BL (Bad & Loss)

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Charging of Profit and treatment thereagainst: STD SMA SS DF BL Profit to be charged in the Investment account and the same to be transferred to Income account. Profit to be charged in the Investment account and the same to be transferred to suspense account. No profit to be charged in the Investment account.

Rate & Formula of Provisioning: STD Outstanding X 1% (Other than Housing Finance and Consumer Financing). Outstanding X 2% (Housing Finance) Outstanding X 5% (Consumer Financing ). (Outstanding-Profit Suspense) X 5% (Outstanding-Profit Suspense-Eligible Securities) X 20% (Outstanding-Profit Suspense-Eligible Securities) X 50% (Outstanding-Profit Suspense-Eligible Securities) X 100%

SMA SS DF BL

0.50% of outstanding amount of Non-funded facility to be kept as provision for December07. 1% of outstanding amount of Non-funded facility to be kept as provision for each quarter Securities to be considered as Eligible: i. Against pledged & lined Deposit ii. Against gold & gold ornaments iii. Against pledged & licensed Government Bond iv. Against guarantee of Government body or Bangladesh Bank, Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) v. Against market value of easily saleable pledged goods vi. Against market value of mortgaged land & buildings (excluding semi pucca building) Facility may be/must not be allowed STD May be allowed if otherwise in order. SMA May be allowed if otherwise in order. SS Must not be allowed. DF Must not be allowed. BL Must not be allowed. Rate of down Payment against Re-scheduling: i. Term Investment 1st time 15% of overdue or 10% of outstanding, which ever is lower. nd 2 time 30% of overdue or 20% of outstanding, which ever is lower.
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100% 100% 100% 100% 50% 50%

3rd time ii. Continuous to Continuous Investment 1st time

iii. Continuous to Term Investment

Subsequent resched uling st 1 time 20% of outstanding. Subsequent 50% of overdue or 30% of outstanding, which ever is lower. resched uling

50% of overdue or 30% of outstanding, which ever is lower. Up to Tk 1.00 15% crore Tk 1.00 crore to 10% but minimum Tk Tk 5.00 15.00 lac. crore Tk 5.00 crore & 5% but minimum Tk 50.00 above lac. 30% of outstanding,.

Write Off: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. At any time in case of Bad & Loss account; but mandatory in case of 5 years elapsed as Bad & Loss account and is duly provisioned 100% thereagainst. If provision in less than 100%, the Bad & Loss account may be written off by debiting Income account of the year. All efforts to be continued for realization of written off investment. Legal action to be taken against the account to be written off, if not done earlier. Responsibilities to be transferred to a separate Debt Collection Unit of the Bank. External Firms may be engaged for expediting the settlement of lodged cases or recovering the written off investment. The accounts of written off investment to be maintained in separate ledger and the accumulated as well as current years written off investment to be incorporated in the Balance Sheet of the Bank separately under notes to the accounts Though written off, reporting to be made to CIB, Bangladesh Bank as Defaulter. Permission to be taken from Bangladesh Bank, in case of Directors related Investment (present/previous).

vii . vii i.

CIB Inquiry Forms: i. CIB-1A (For Individual/Institution) ii. CIB-2A (For owner information if borrower is Institution) along with Undertaking Ka iii. CIB-3A (Information of group/related business concern) CIB Reporting Forms: i. CIB-1 (Borrower Information-Borrowers only) ii. CIB-2 (Borrower Information-Owners only)
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iii. iv. v.

CIB-3 (Borrower Information-Group only) CIB-4 (Credit Exposure Matrix) CIB-5 (Guarantor Information)

Ljvcx FY MnxZv A_ Kvb ew ev cwZvb hvnvi wbRi ev ^v_ mswk cwZvbi AbyK~j c` AMxg, FY ev Dnvi Ask ev Dnvi Dci AwRZ my` evsjv`k evsK KZK RvixKZ msv Abyhvqx gqv`vxY nIqvi 6 gvm AwZevwnZ nBqvQ| Ze, kZ _vK h, Ljvcx FY MnxZv Kvb cvewjK wjwgUW Kvvbxi cwiPvjK bv nBj A_ev D KvvbxZ Zvnvi kqvii Ask 25% Gi AwaK bv nBj, D cvewjK wjwgUW Kvvbx ^v_ mswk cwZvb ewjqv MY nBe bv| Aviv kZ _vK h, cvewjK wjwgUW Kvvbx eZxZ Ab Kvb cwZvb FY MnxZvi kqvii Ask AbwaK 20% nBj D cwZvb GB `dvi Aaxb ^v_ mswk cwZvb ewjqv MY nBe bv|
Large Loan/Investment:

en`v wewbqvM myweav c`vbi DbZZi SyuwK eevcbv wbwZKiYi j Ges wewbqvMi K`xf~ZKiY ivaK evsjv`k evsK weAviwcwW mvKzjvi bs-05 ZvwiLt 09/04/2005Bs Ges ciewZZ mvKyjvi bs-06 ZvwiL 26/04/2005Bs gvidZ GKK MvnKi AbyKj mevP cwigvb wewbqvM myweav c`vbi evsjv`k evsK Master Circular Bmy KiQ, hvi GKwU Ki Kwc m`q AeMwZi Rb mshy Kiv njv| GB mvKzjvi `ywUi gvag en`v wewbqvM c`vbi weAviwcwW mvKzjvi bs-8 ZvwiL 18 gvP 2003 G ewYZ eZgvb bxwZgvjv cwieZb Ki GKK MvnKi AbyKj gvU wewbqvM myweavi mevP mxgv evsKi gvU g~jabi 50% _K Kwgq 35% G wbaviY Kiv nqQ| AvjvP Master Circular-wUZ ewYZ g~j cwZcv` welq wbgict
1.

Kvb ew ev cwZvb ev Mcf~ cwZvbi AbyKj Kvb evsK Kvb mgqB Zvi gvU g~jabi 35% Gi ekx AwZg Kie bv| Ze kZ _vK h, mevP cZ (Funded facilities) wewbqvM myweav Kvb gB gvU g~jabi 15% Gi ekx AwZg Kie bv| Kvb ew ev cwZvb ev Mcf~ cwZvbi AbyKj civ (Non-Funded facilities) wewbqvM myweav hgb Gjwm, MvivwU BZvw` c`vb Kiv hve Ze Kvb gB cZ I civ (Funded and Non-Funded facilities) wewbqvM myweav Kvb mgqB evsKi gvU g~jabi 35% AwZg Kie bv| Ze ivbx LvZi Master Circular-wUZ wKQy ewZg AvQ| GB LvZ wewbqvMi Kvb GKK MvnKi AbyKj gvU wewbqvM myweavi mevP cwigvb c~ei bvq evsKi gvU g~jabi 50%-B ejer _vKe| Ze cZ (Funded facilities) wewbqvM myweavi mevP cwigvb 25% Gi cwieZ 15% ne|
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2.

3. Kvb ew ev cwZvb ev Mcf~ msvK D evsKi gvU g~jabi 10% ev Z`ya cwigvb gyixKZ wewbqvM myweav en`v wewbqvM wnmve MY ne| 4. evsK mg~n ^-^ evsKi kYxKZ wewbqvMi wfwZ wbg ewYZ mxgv Abyhvqx en`v wewbqvM myweav gyi KiZ cviet bxU kYxK gvU wewbqvM I AwMgi mv_ Z wewbqvMi en`v wewbqvMi mevP nvi wbavwiZ nvi 5% 56% 5% Gi ekx wK 52% 10% ch 10% Gi ekx 48% wK 15% ch 15% Gi ekx 44% wK 20% ch 20% Gi ekx 40%

5. h mKj cvewjK wjwgUW Kvvbxi cvewjK Bm~R Gi cwigvb 50 kZvsk ev ZZvwaK m mKj cvewjK wjwgUW Kvvbx Mc Gi AvIZv ewnf~Z ne| h me wewbqvM myweavi wecixZ bM` A_ I bM`vqbhvM RvgvbZ (Encashable security) iqQ m me wewbqvM myweavi iwZ bM` A_ I bM`vqbhvM RvgvbZ h_vt GgwUwWAvi (GdwWAvi) ev` w`q wbiwcZ A_B cKwZ wewbqvM myweav wnmve MY ne| 7. Kvb Ljvcx wewbqvM MnxZvi AbyKj hvZ Kvbic wewbqvM myweav c`vb Kiv bv nq m welqwU wbwZ Kivi j en`v wewbqvM gyi, bevqb ev cybtZdwmwjKiYi c~e evsjv`k evsKi wWU Bbdigkb eyiv (CIB) _K MvnK mK nvjbvMv` (60 w`b c~ei) wewbqvM Z_ msMn Kiv evsKi Rb evaZvg~jK ne| 8. en`v wewbqvM myweav gyi ev bvevqb cve weePbvKvj, Abvbi ga Ab evsK I Avw_K cwZvbi mv_ `vq`bvi cwiwwZ chvjvPbvi wfwZ wewbqvM MnxZvi mvgwMK wewbqvM cwikvai mvg_ weePbv KiZ ne|
6.

wewbqvM MnxZv Ave`bKZ FY cwikva KiZ cvie wKbv Zv wbwZ nIqvi Rb wewbqvM MnxZvi bM` cevn weeiYx (Cash Flow Statement), wbixwZ wwZc, Avq weeiYx I Abvb Avw_K weeiYxmg~n evsK chvjvPbv Ki `Le|
9.
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Required documents to be submitted by the branch i. Papers/information to be submitted by the client. ii. Branchs Proposal Form. iii. Statement of account for the last 1 (one) year. iv. Valuation certificate of collateral in Banks standard format. v. Photocopy of the Financial Obligation. vi. Copy of opinion from Banks Legal Advisor (BLA). vii CIB Inquiry Forms along with Angikarnama Ka . vii Certificate regarding compliance of documentation formalities. i. ix. Investment Risk Grading x. Assessment of working capital requirement. xi. Liability position of the client and its allied concern with our bank/other bank/Financial Institutions. Major Terms of a Sanction Letter i. Type of investment : ii. Amount : iii. Purpose : iv. Margin/Debt Equity ratio v. Pricing : vi. Mode of disbursement vii. Mode of repayment : viii. Validity : ix. Tenor : x. Security : Documents completed by BLA: (i) Legal opinion, (ii) Deed of mortgage, (iii) Power of Attorney, (iv) Deed of Agreement, (v) Personal Guarantee, (vi) Undertaking, (vii) Declaration, (viii) Letter of satisfaction. Type of Investment: (i) Bai-Murabaha, (ii) Bai-Muajjal, (iii) Musharaka, (iv) Mudaraba, (v) Leasing (Ijara)/Hire Purchase, (vi) Istisnaa and (vii) Bai-Salam. Finance against Shares/Debentures: Value of Shares/Debentures: Average value of last 6 months. Group B Maximum facility (Taka in lac) Other than Member of Stock : Group A Exchange Limited Group B Maximum facility (Taka in lac) 60% 100.00 60% 60% 35.00
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Precaution/con i. Pledge i.e. full control over the shares/debentures duly verified the trol & genuineness. securities ii. Irrevocable authority to transfer the shares/debentures in favour of 3rd party. iii. Transfer Deed (Form-117) iv.Memorandum of deposit of shares/ debentures. v. Original license in favour of member issued by Securities & Exchange Commission.

Contract of Indemnity 1 . 2 . In a contract of indemnity there are two parties to the contract, namely, the indemnifier (promisor) and the indemnified (promisee). In case of an indemnity, the promisor (indemnifier) is primarily and independently liable to the promisee (indemnified), if the loss occurs in the transaction.

Contract of Guarantee 1 In a contract of guarantee, there are three . parties to the contract, namely, the debtor, the creditor and the guarantor. 2 In the case of guarantee, the liability of the . principal debtor is primary, that of surety is secondary or collateral, which arises if the principal debtor makes a default in fulfilling his obligation or promise. 3 In the case of guarantee, there is an existing . debt or obligation, the performance of which is guaranteed by surety. 4 In the case of guarantee, the surety undertakes . his obligation at the request of third party (principal debtor).

3 . 4 . 5 .

In the contract of indemnity the liability of the indemnifier arises only on the happening of a contingency. In the contract of indemnity, indemnity is given or, obligation is undertaken, without any request, expressed or implied, of the debtor. In a contract of indemnity, the indemnifier 5 A guarantor can file a suit against the debtor, cannot file a suit. . if he pays the debt or performs the obligation.

Required papers/documents for CNG Station: 1. Lease permission of Roads & Highways Department for the land of proposed CNG Station. 2. Copy of lease agreement duly signed by Roads & Highways department and the party on every page. 3. Permission letter of RPGCL for installation of the proposed CNG station. 4. Lay out plan of the CNG station approved by RPGCL. 5. Permission letter of Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution Co. Ltd for gas line connection of the proposed CNG station at their letterhead pad. 6. Lay out plan of the proposed CNG station approved by Roads & Highway Department. 7. Permission of Explosive Department for installation of the proposed CNG station. 8. Permission of Fire Service & Civil Defense.
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9. Site location map of the proposed CNG station and property offered as collateral security. evsKi MvnK wjwRs Kvvbx mg~ni m`i Dci cvwicvmy PvR mwi wbwg Abvcw c`vbi Rb eevcbv cwiPvjKK gZv c`vb Kiv nq| NBFI Gi MvnK gqv` c~wZi c~e wewbqvM myweav cwikva Kij h Penalty Charge Kivi kZ wQjv Zv cqvRbxq gIKzd KiZ eevcbv KZcK gZv c`vb Kiv nq| cl`i 14 Zg mfv| ZvwiLt 21.07.2002Bs wbevnx KwgwUi 259 Zg mfv ZvwiLt 25.07.2007Bs

A/c:- Bay Leasing & Investment Ltd, Dhaka Main Branch Liability position (as on 22/01/2007) of the client as under: Facility Limit Outstanding Bai-Muajjal(Term)-01 238.86 101.67 Bai-Muajjal(Term)-01 500.00 420.52 Bai-Muajjal(Term)-01 500.00 443.53 Total 1238.86 965.72 The Branch has recommended for issuance of NOC respecting creation of charges over the assets of the company on Pari passu sharing basis with other financial institutions. We have been apprised that the client desire to avail term investment facility of Tk.500.00lac from NCC Bank Ltd, Tk.500.00 lac from Uttara Bank Ltd & Tk.1000.00 lac from Dhaka Bank Ltd. As such they are in need of the said NOC. If proposed said investment facility availed by the client; security value will be against our investment as follows: Total Assets Total Liability 17533.90 lac 12923.23 lac x x = Our Banks Investment 965.72 lac 1310.26 lac

Mention goes hereby to the effect that the Board of Directors the bank in its 14 th meeting held on 21.07.2002 has conferred discretionary power to honble Managing Director for issuance of NOC for creation of Pari-passu charges of leasing companies. Add Confirmation: Adding of Confirmation. By way of additional protection, the beneficiary of LC may ask for the additional confirmation to a LC by an internationally reputed bank located in beneficiarys country. In such a case, the
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opening bank will request the advising bank to add its confirmation to the credit being opened. After adding confirmation, the negotiation becomes restricted to the bank who has added their confirmation to the credit. Definition of Accounting: Accounting is an information system that identifies records and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users. Income Statement: Presents the revenues & expenses and resulting net income/net loss for a specified period of time. Balance Sheet: Reports the assets, liabilities and owners equity at a specific date. Cash Flow: Summarizes information about cash in flows & out flows for a specific period of time. Assets= Liabilities + Owners Equity Assets: Are resources owned by a business. Liabilities: Are creditorship claim on total assets. Owners Equity: Is the ownership claim on total assets. Depreciation: The allocation of the cost of an asset to expense over its useful life in a rational & systematic manner. Amortization: The allocation of the cost of an intangible asset to expense over its useful life in a systematic & rational manner. Intangible assets mean long-lived assets that do not possess physical substance. For example, patents (official recognition of right of invention), copy right, trade mark, goodwill etc. Depletion: The allocation of the cost of natural resources (standing timber, underground deposits of oil, gas & minerals) to expense in a rational & systematic manner over the resources useful time. Unabsorbed Depreciation: Where profits are not enough to take care of / absorb the depreciation amount, the same is carried in the balance sheet in subsequent years. Such amount carried forward is called unabsorbed depreciation. The Accounting Cycle/Process: The accounting process is a series of activities that begins with a transaction and ends with the closing of the books. Because the process is repeated each reporting period, it is referred to as the accounting cycle and includes these major steps: 1. Identify the transaction 2. Making entries in the appropriate journal. 3. Post general journal entries to the ledger accounts. 4. Prepare the trial balance. 5. Prepare the financial statements (Income statement, Balance sheet, Statement of retained earnings, cash flow statement) 6. Analysis of the financial statements.

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