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Circular motion Circular motion: When the particle moves on the circular path then the motion of particle is
known as circular motion. Type of circular motion 1. Uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) 2. Non uniform circular motion (N.U.C.M.) U.C.M. when the particle moves on the circular path with constant speed then the C.M. of particle is known as U.C.M. N.U.C.M. when the particle moves on the circular path with variable speed then the C.M. of particle is known as N.U.C.M.
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Instantaneous angular velocity: The instantaneous angular velocity at an instant is defined as the limit of the average angular velocity as the time interval ( ) becomes infinitesimally small. In other word limiting value of average angular velocity when is known as instantaneous angular velocity or angular velocity at time t. or time derivative of angular position is known as instantaneous angular velocity or angular velocity at time t.
Circular motion
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Angular acceleration o Average angular acceleration: It is defined as the change in angular velocity ( intervals ( ) divided by the time ), in which the change in angular velocity occurs.
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Instantaneous angular acceleration: The instantaneous angular acceleration at an instant is defined as the limit of the average angular acceleration as the time interval ( ) becomes infinitesimally small. In other word limiting value of average angular acceleration when is known as instantaneous angular acceleration or angular acceleration at time t. or time derivative of angular velocity is known as instantaneous angular acceleration or angular acceleration at time t. =
Circular motion
s.k.singh
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Kinematical equation
Let the particle moves on a circular path with constant angular acceleration . At time particle have angular position and angular velocity are and respectively. Let angular position, angular velocity and angular acceleration at time t are respectively. From definition =
= =
= + (B)
= +
= +
+ (C)
= + + =
= =
=
= + (E) If particle starts at = with angular position = having angular velocity . then = + = + = + = +
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Radial unit vector ( ): unit vector which is directed along position vector in the
sense of increasing radius is known as radial unit vector. Let ( ) is polar co-ordinate of p with respect to O as pole and OX as initial line. Position vector = +
= +
Unit vector along position vector =
= +
unit vector which is perpendicular to the position vector in the sense of increasing is known as tangential unit vector. We get tangential unit vector from radial unit vector by substitute + in place of . = + + + = +
Relation between radial unit vector ( ) and tangential unit vector ( ) We know = + (1)
From (2) = = +
= (4)
Circular motion
s.k.singh
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) be the polar
= (1) = =
= + = + (3) =
(4)
So in C.M. direction of acceleration is always toward the concave side of path. In case of U.C.M. =
Circular motion
s.k.singh
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In C.M.
Tangential force:
Force required for producing tangential acceleration is known as tangential force, or component of force along the tangent at curved path. =
where =
where =
Normal force:
Force required for producing normal acceleration is known as normal force, or component of force along the centre of curvature of curved path. = = =
Centripetal force:
Force required for producing centripetal acceleration is known as centripetal force, or component of force along the centre of circular path. = = =
Circular motion
s.k.singh
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Where = = =
= Centripetal force
Type of problem
Uniform circular motion (U.C.M.) Let a particle of mass m moves on a circular path of radius R with a constant speed v. there is only one component of acceleration which is directed toward the centre of circular path. Equation of motion = = =
Centripetal force
We know
= = =
= =
Circular motion
s.k.singh
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Conical pendulum
Let an inextensible string of length , which is fixed at one end A, the other end is attached with a particle P of mass m. the particle move on circle of radius R with constant angular velocity . Component of T gives required centripetal force for C.M. = = Result (1) =
< >
Circular motion
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(3)
Let = = = = =
(4)
So the car can moves with speed = without any tendency to skid or slip and this speed is called design speed of the track. If > then insufficient to provide the required centripetal force, Thus the car will tend to slip outward (skid) from circular path and friction force will opposes this tendency. The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal components of N and f. + =
(1)
Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the net force along this direction must be zero. = (2) From (1) and (2) =
+ and =
We know
If < then gives greater acceleration. In this case the car will tend to slip downward the banked track, and friction force will opposes this tendency. The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal components of N and f. =
(1)
Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the net force along this direction must be zero. + = (2) From (1) and (2) =
+ and =
We know +
Circular motion
s.k.singh
Page 10 of 13
Non uniform circular motion (N.U.C.M.) The velocity of particle p travelling on a circular path with variable speed is changing both in magnitude and direction. So the particle has two acceleration components. 1. Toward the centre of circle. Its magnitude at any instant is = = where . = . It is not constant because v and are variable. 2. In the direction of motion i.e. along the tangent to the circle. Its magnitude is
nd
(B)
(1) gives velocity at specific position. (2) and (1) gives N at that position. (3) gives tangential acceleration at that position. (1) If the particle attached to one end of a light rod, which is free to rotate about a smooth fixed axis through the other end of the road, then N is replaced by T. (2) If the particle rotating at the end of a light string whose other end is fixed. In this case R is replaced by T. (3) Equation (1), (2) and(3) are same if the particle rotating on the inside of smooth circular surface.
Circular motion s.k.singh
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From (1) = = = Because the bead cannot leave the wire, the only condition necessary for it to describe complete circles is that, its velocity is greater than zero at the highest point. Situation is same if particle is attached to a light rod.
= (1)
(2) and =
(3)
(B)
For complete circle the string the string must be taught in the highest position. i.e. From (B) = +
Circular motion
s.k.singh
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For oscillation the particle comes momentarily to rest at a point C or below the level O. i.e. = . From (1) = = = But
If u is the velocity at the lowest point, the ranges of u for which the string never goes slack and the particle therefore never leaves a circular path are =
Circular motion ceases at the instant when the string becomes slack. i.e. when From (2) =
= +
= =
= = =
This situation arises only if < < < > < < <
<
(2)
= =
. (3)
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Circular motion
s.k.singh