Telecommunication

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY PROFILE

COMPANY NAME:TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd.
About Company: TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO 9001:2008
Certified Company is a provider of Telecommunication based Solutions,including
Network Solutions,System Integration service,Corporate Solutions and Telecom
Education.
The team at Telcoma Technologies is well-qualified and strongly motivated and

committed to providing the high level of personal service and customer satisfaction. All
processes within Telcoma Technologies are aligned towards the highest quality standards
and formally certified to ISO 9001:2008. Company "Believe in the Best", be it people,
products or services.
Company’s solutions include 2G & 3G telcom network solutions, Network
deployment & integration, Performance, RF optimization and Drive testing, Value added
services, Next generation networks, New technologies and Telecom education.Our
experienced engineers make sure that you get the best possible solutions.
Company’s approach to everything emanates from this corporate philosophy.
With every new day the quest for acquiring new competencies continues. Forever
searching, experimenting, innovating, learning, moving ahead with our sincere efforts and
dedication, shaping the future, and challenging our competencies to create new
opportunities, is a never-ending process. TELCOMA is a globally recognized name in the
field of telecommunication training, and engineers with TELCOMA Certified Wireless
Expert - GLOBAL (TCWE-GLOBAL) certification are recognized by industry
worldwide.
GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Page 1

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TRAINING ON LIVE PROJECTS:

Company’s Live Projects include 2G & 3G telcom network solutions, Network
deployment & integration, Performance, RF optimization and Drive testing, Value added
services, Next generation networks, New technologies and Telecom education. We
provide cost effective and most reliable soultions for business. Company is always ready
to face new challanges and deadlines. Quality is the first and foremost thing that company
take care of.
CURRENT PROJECTS: TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd has tie up with

RELIANCE and ALCATEL-LUCENT.
RF Optimization and Drive Testing Project for Reliance Communications in Punjab

Circle (Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Patiala).
 Physical Site verification Drive Test.
 Physical & Parametric Optimization.
 Monitoring KPI Statistics.
 Reporting & MIS for site acceptance.
 Program Management.
Company partner with you to build and implement innovative strategies and solutions
to help you remain competitive, improve performance, and transform the way you
conduct business.

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PROJECT UNDERTAKEN
BSS COMMISSIONING & CONFIGURATION
About Project:It is about creating a site by adjusting some paramaters.If we want to
create a site of a 1/1/1 means one TRx card in each sector then we adjust the parameters
Site Type,Syn Source,Site id,BSC id etc. and create a site.By using this way,we can
create many sites like 1/2/3,2/2/2,2/3/1 etc.If we are creating a site of 4/4/4 means 4 TRx
in each sector then we will use frequency hoping which averages the interference.
All radio-related functions between mobile stations and network are performed in the
base station subsystem (BSS).
The BSS consists of:
• One base station controller (BSC) and
• All base transceiver stations (BTS) under the BSC.
Tool Required:ICM Integrating Configuration Management Software
Requirement of the Project:
 To create a new BSS(BTS & BSC)
 To create a new site or new BSC in the network or new network.
 To increase the Capacity.
 For Swap site(BSC,BTS):The cells come under BCS1 having Location Area Code
1.If we create a new site with BSC2 which overlap the BSC1 so the cells of BSC1
will come under BSC2 and their Location Area Code will become 2.
 For Expansion:It means increases the TRx card.For example4/4/4 site will be convert
into6/4/4.
Requirements for Project:
 Deep study of GSM Basic.
 Deep study of BTS And BSC hardware
 Understanding with BTS,BSC,OMC-R connectivity.
 Steps for comissiong BSC
 Steps for configuring BSC
 Steps for configuring BTS
Department:Configuration Department which comes under OMC-R . The project I have

dealt with comes under the OMC-R department.
OMC Department
OMC-R OMC-S

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Operation and Maintenance Center for BSS(OMC-R): OMC-R guarantees the

integrity of this data, which is always aligned with the network elements. Moreover, the
OMC-R is responsible for consistently distributing any configuration change brought by
the operator to the relevant network element.This is a department which handles the
parameters of radio part.Like if new site is going to be launched and that is the work of
BTS engineers but they cannot directly launch the site.Before that RF Engineers will do
the Frequency Planning and OMC-R Engineers will set other parameters like Site id,BSC
id,Site Type etc. OMC-R provides a set of northbound standard interface, which allows
external application to access the management information, providing an easy integration
into the Network Management of the operator.
OMC-R Modules:
The project I have dealt with comes under the OMC-R department.
OMC-R has different modules. They are as shown below:
 Fault Management.
 Configuration management.
 Performance management.
 Security management.

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Main Modules of BTS:

 CMM:Controller & Maintenance Module .
 TRM:Transceiver Module .
 AEM:Antenna Equipment Module.
 FCM:Fan Control Module.
 PDM:Power Distribute Module .
Main MODULES FUNCTIONS OF BSC:

 SCM (System Control Module): The SCM processes the signaling interaction
between the whole BSC system and MSC/SGSN. The system provides one SCM.
 RMM (Radio Management Module):RMM processes the signaling flow on the Abis
interface, and the system can provide 1 to 8 RMMs.

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BTS BSC
TRx & CDU

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Chapter
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to TELECOM

1.1.1 TELECOM history
1.1.2 Generations
1.2 TELECOM Companies
1.1.1 Operators
1.1.2 Vendors
1.1.3 Sub-Vendors
1.3 TELECOM Departments

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1.1 Introduction to TELECOM

1.1.1 TELECOM HISTORY
The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in
Africa, the Americas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems
emerged in Europe; however it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication
systems started to appear..
IN INDIA ,TELECOM is the the real sense means the transfer of information between
two distant points in space. India is the world’s fastest growing industry in the world in
terms of number of wireless connections after China, with 811.59 million mobile phone
subscribers.Therefore, the history of Indian telecom can be started with the introduction
of telegraph. In early1881, Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England opened
telephone exchanges at Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) and
Ahmedabad. On the 28th January 1882 the first formal telephone service was established
with a total of 93 subscribers. From the year 1902 India drastically changes from cable
telegraph to wireless telegraph, radio telegraph, radio telephone,
MODERN POLICIES:
 All villages shall receive telecom facilities by the end of 2002.

 A Communication Convergence Bill introduced in the Parliament on August 31,
2001 is presently before the Standing Committee of Parliament on Telecom and
IT.
 National Long Distance Service (NLD) is opened for unrestricted entry.
 The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to
competition.
 The basic services are open to competition.
 In addition to the existing three, a fourth cellular operator, one each in four metros
and thirteen circles, has been permitted. Cellular operators have been permitted to
provide all types of mobile services including voice and non-voice messages, data
services and PCOs utilizing any type of network equipment, including circuit
and/or package switches that meet certain required standards.
 Policies allowing private participation have been announced as per the New
Telecom Policy (NTP), 1999 in several new services, which include Global
Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite (GMPCS) Service, digital Public
Mobile Radio Trunked Service (PMRTS) and Voice Mail/ Audiotex/ Unified
Messaging Services.
 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) has been introduced to provide telephone
connections in urban, semi-urban and rural areas promptly.
 Two telecom PSUs, VSNL and HTL have been disinvested.
 Steps are being taken to fulfill Universal Service Obligation (USO), funding, and
administration.
 A decision to permit Community Phone Service has been announced.

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1.1.2 GENERATIONS
The Journey of “G” from 1 to 5 th Generation
Until the controversial spectrum scams were brought up in the lime light many were
ignorant of what 1G, 2G or 3G stood for and all of a sudden a hike was found out
amongst laymen so as to be knowledgeable about it. Still a number of people are unaware
of 1G or 2G when the world has moved on to 4G.
6 billion people own a mobile phones so we are going to analyze the various generations
of cellular systems as studied in the evolution of mobile communications from 1st
generation to 5th generation .Now almost all the service providers as well as the
customers seek for availing these 3G and 4G services.
In the present time, there are four generations in the mobile industry. These are
respectively 1G the first generation, 2G the second generation, 3G the third generation,
and then the 4G the forth generation. Ericson a Swedish company is launching this high
tech featured mobile into the market. It is being first introduced in the Swedish Capital
city, Stockholm.
1G(FIRST GENERATION)
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in
Japan by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan
area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole
population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network.
1G refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were
introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone
systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G
networks are digital.
2G(SECOND GENERATION)
2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland
by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.[1] Three primary benefits of 2G networks
over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G
systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile
phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS
text messages.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively
dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks
are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to
the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G;
however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world. 2G technologies can be
divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type
of multiplexing used

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EVOLUTION OF 2G
2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have
implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does
not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-
switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services
such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web
access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while
data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection
time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle
state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153.6 kbit/s,
delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial
network.It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access.
2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS1 networks evolved to networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE),Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier
(IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was
deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the
United States.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that
provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The
specification achieves higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more
sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.
3G (THIRD GENERATION)
3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones
and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union.Application services include wide-area wireless voice
telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile
environment.
Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G,
indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services
advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards
for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide
mobile broadband. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT
DoCoMo in Japan in 1998[8], branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a
pre-release of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by
NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in

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scope;broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its
reliability.
The following standards are typically branded 3G:
 The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in
Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions
predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS
and GSM hybrids.
 The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used
especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95
2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest
release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.
4G(FOURTH GENERATION)
In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a
successor of the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2009, the ITU-R organization
specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced)
requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at
100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and
1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication
LTE(Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard,
formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to
be released in 2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU
requirements.LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new
technology but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path
makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced
which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will
also make use of additional spectrum and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data
speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to
help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the LTE
Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which
is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.
5G(FIFTH GENERATION)
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a name used in
some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile
telecommunications standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards effective since
2011. At present, 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification or in any
official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization
bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or ITU-R. New standard releases beyond 4G are
in progress by standardization bodies, but are at this time not considered as new mobile
generations but under the 4G umbrella.
Were a 5G family of standards to be implemented, it would likely be around the year
2020, according to some sources.[ A new mobile generation has appeared every 10th year
since the first 1G system (NMT) was introduced in 1981, including the 2G (GSM) system
that started to roll out in 1992, 3G (W-CDMA/FOMA), which appeared in 2001, and
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"real" 4G standards fulfilling the IMT-Advanced requirements, that were ratified in 2011
and products expected in 2012-2013.
1.2 TELECOM COMPANIES
1.1.1 OPERATOR COMPANIES:These are those companies which provide the
sevices to us.Operator Companies also make money by providing the network
connectivity to other companies.
OPERATOR COMPANIES
AIRTEL RELIANCE BSNL TATA DOCOMO MTS
1.1.2 VENDOR COMPANIES:These provide the services to Operator based on

signed contract.These companies also manufacturesBTS for Operator Companies.
VENDOR COMPANIES
NOKIA SIEMEN ERICSON ZTE HUAWEI TELECOM
1.1.3 SUB-VENDOR COMPANIES:These companies provide the services to the

Vendor Companies.They provide the man-power to install the BTS.
SUB-VENDOR COMPANIES
GTL

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1.1.4 Departments in TELECOM

TELECOM
RF Transmission BSS(BSC+BTS) NSS(MSC+OMC-S) VAS IN
Planning Survey Drive Test Optimization
 RF Department:
 RF engineers do the survey that where site should installed.thet select the location
for site installation.
 After that frequency planning is done and frequency planning should bedo in such
a way that there should be no interference.
 Transmission Department:
 Transmission of the signals of antenna and reception comes under this
department.
 BSS Department:
 Deal with Radio Part.
 If BTS is faulty, so that is duty of BTS engineers to find the fault and rin the site in
proper condition.
 NSS Department:
 Switching of calls is handled by msc which comes under NSS.
 To handle the parameters of HLR.VLR,MSC etc.
 VAS Department:
 The services like GPRS,EDGE is inclided in this department.
 IN Department:
 If we are on a call and our balance is going to be vanish,then there is abeep before
30 seconds which indicates that your is balance is going to be vanish,that beep is
done by IN.
 Charges of call is cut by OCS which is inside the IN network

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 When balance is less or call is on waiting,all the instructions which is given to user
Is given bu IP which us the part of IN hardware.
 Internet Charging is done by GGSN which is inside the IN network.
Chapter
GSM BASICS
2.1 GSM System.
2.2 GSM Architecture.
2.3 Number PLAN.
2.4 GSM Channels.
2.5 Frequency Planning
2.5.1 Analyzing Planned Frequency in MCOM and TEMS

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2 .1 GSM SYSTEM
GSM is the most successful digital mobile telecommunication system in the world today.
It is used by over 800 million people in more than 190 countries including INDIA. In the
early 1980s, Europe had numerous coexisting analog mobile phone systems, which were
often based on similar standards, but ran on slightly different frequency. To avoid this
situation for a second generation fully digital system, the Groupe Speciale Mobile
(GSM) was found in 1982. This system was soon named the Global System for Mobile
communications (GSM).
As with all systems in the telecommunication area, GSM comes with a
hierarchical, complex system architecture compressing many entities, interface, and
acronyms. There are various departments in GSM which play an important role in
communication.
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by
searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM
network—macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell
varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells
where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top
level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level, they are
typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few
dozen meters, they are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells designed for use in
residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network
via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions
of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.
Services Provided By GSM:

From the beginning, the planners of GSM wanted ISDN compatibility in terms of the
services offered and the control signalling used. However, radio transmission limitations,
in terms of bandwidth and cost, do not allow the standard ISDN B-channel bit rate of 64
kbps to be practically achieved.
Using the ITU-T definitions, telecommunication services can be divided into bearer
services, teleservices, and supplementary services. The most basic teleservice supported
by GSM is telephony. As with all other communications, speech is digitally encoded and
transmitted through the GSM network as a digital stream. There is also an emergency
service, where the nearest emergency-service provider is notified by dialing three digits
(similar to 911).
A variety of data services is offered. GSM users can send and receive data, at rates up to
9600 bps, to users on POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Switched
Public Data Networks, and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks using a variety of
access methods and protocols, such as X.25 or X.32.

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2.2 GSM ARCHITECTURE
Mobile Station (MS):

The MS comprises all user equipment and software needed for communication
with a GSM network. An MS consists of user independent hardware and software and of
the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which stores all user specific data that is
relevant to GSM. While MS can be identified by International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI). MS can also offer some other types of interface to users with display,
loudspeaker, microphone, and programmable soft keys.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
The Base Transceiver Station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting
and receiving of radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and
decrypting communications with the Base Station Controller (BSC). A BTS is controlled
by a parent BSC via the Base Station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is implemented
as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations. The BCF
provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network Management
System (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software
handling and alarm collection.
The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the cellular
telephone provider. There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver which
receives information from the MS (Mobile Station) through the Um (Air Interface) and
then converts it to a TDM ("PCM") based interface, the Abis, and sends it towards the
BSC.
The function of BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals from a mobile unit via air
interface.the signals are encided,encypted and then fed to antenna system.In order to keep
mobile synchronized,,BTS transmits synchrinisation signal and frequency over a a
frequency correction channel(FCCH).

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Base Station Controller (BSC):

The Base Station Controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind
the BTSs. Typically a BSC has 10s or even 100s of BTSs under its control. The BSC
handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones,
controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in
which case control is in part the responsibility of the Anchor MSC). A key function of the
BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs
(with relatively low utilisation) become reduced to a smaller number of connections
towards the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation). Overall,
this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions
near their BTSs which are then connected to large centralised MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a
BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with
connections to the MSC and SGSN (when using GPRS). It also provides all the required
data to the Operation Support Subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance measuring
centers.
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC):

MSC’s are high performance digital ISDN switches. They setup Connections to
other MSCs and to the BSCs via the A interface and form the fix backbone network of
GSM system. A gateway MSC (GMSC) has additional connections to others fixed
network, such as PSTN and ISDN. Using additional interworking functions (IWF), an
MSC can also connect to public data network (PDN) such as X.25. An MSC handles all
signaling needed for connection setup, connection release and handover of connections to
other MSCs. The standard signaling system number no. 7 (SS7) is used for this purpose.
Operation and maintenance Center (OMC):
The OMC monitors and controls all other network entities via the O interface.
OMC management functions are traffic monitoring, statues report of network entities,
subscriber and security management or accounting and billing. OMCs use the concept of
telecommunication management network as standardize by the ITU-T.

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Home Location Register (HLR):

The HLR is the most important database in a GSM system as it stores all user
relevant information. This comprises static information, such as the Mobile Subscriber
ISDN number (MSISDN), subscribed services, and the international mobile subscriber
identity (IMSI). Dynamic information is also needed e.g. the current location area (LA) of
the MS, the mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN) the current VLR an MSC. As
soon as MS leave its current LA the information in the HLR is updated. This information
is necessary to localize a user in the worldwide GSM network
Functions Of HLR:
 Home Location Register [HLR] handles permanent subscriber data.
 Identification IMSI, MS-ISDN.
 Subscription Information: Teleservices, Bearer Services, Supplementary Services.
 Service Limitation: Roaming Limitation.
 Handling of temporary subscribers data.
 Current VLR address where the subscriber roams.
 Provide VLR with five ciphering items.
 Dialogue with AUC.
Visitors Location Register (VLR):
VLR stores all important information needed for the MS users currently in the LA
the is associated to the MSC. If a new MS comes into a LA the VLR is responsible for, it
copies all relevant information for this user from the HLR. Some VLRs in existence, are
capable of managing upto 1 million customers.
Functions of VLR:
 When a mobile station enters the LA borders, it signals its arrival to the MSC that
stores its identity in the Visitor Location Register [VLR].
 The information necessary to manage the MS is contained in the HLR and is
transferred to the VLR so that it can be easily retrieved.
 Works with HLR & AUC on authentication.
 Controls allocation of new TMSI numbers that can be periodically changed to
secure a subscribers identity.
 Supports Paging.
 Tracks the state of all mobile in its area.
Authentication Center (AuC):

AuC has defined to protect user identity and data transmission. The AuC contains
algorithm for authentication as well as the keys for encryption and generates the values
needed for user authentication in the HLR.

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Functions of AuC:
 The Authentication Center [AUC] is a database that contains the secret
authentication key Ki of each subscriber and generates security related parameters
to protect the network operator and subscribers against fraud.
 The same Ki is to be found in the subscribers SIM-Card and is used to generate
these Ciphering Items:
1. A RANDom Number RAND.
2. A Signature RESponse SRES using A3 algorithm.
3. A Ciphering Key Kc using A8 algorithm and computed each time authentication is
performed.
4. Software Keys SRES and Kc are never passed over the air interface.
5. The two algorithms A3 and A8 are operator dependent.
6. For Security reason AUC has often an internal interface with the HLR.
Equipment identity Register (EIR):

The EIR is a database for IMEIs with valid SIM, any one could use the stolen MS.
The EIR has a black list for stolen devises. The EIR also contains the list of valid IMEIs.
Functions of EIR:
 Equipment Identity Function [EIR] is a database that performs a screening function
within the Network. It keeps track of all valid and invalid Mobile Equipment by
storing their International Mobile Equipment Identities [IMEI].
 Manufacturers provide complete list of IMEI of Mobile Stations that they produce.
 EIR actually maintains three lists of International Mobile Equipment Identities
[IMEI].
 The Black List contains a list of Mobile Equipment that are barred from using the
Network.
 The While List contains a list of IMEI that have been allocated in Global System
for Mobile Communication.
 The Gray List contains a list of faulty Mobile Equipment. This equipment will be
logged but not barred.
2 . 3 NUMBER PLAN
 ISDN number (MSISDN) of mobile subscribers
 A MSISDN number is the number dialed by the caller subscriber in PLMN.
 Composition of a MSISDN number.
Country code +valid national ISDN

number
International mobile subscriber ISDN number

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 MSC/VLR number
 MSC/VLR number is used in the No.7 signaling.
 MSC/VLR number structure : CC+NDC+

 HLR number
 HLR number is used in the No.7 signaling .
 HLR number structure : CC+NDC+……
 International mobile subscriber identification number (IMSI)
 IMSI is an unique number that can identify a mobile subscriber in the PLMN
network.
 Composition of an IMSI number
MCC MNC MSIN

International
mobile subscriber
identification
National mobile
subscriber
identification
 MCC＝ mobile country code (MCC=460 in China )
 MNC＝ mobile network code(MNC=00 in China Mobile)
 MSIN＝ mobile subscriber identification number, a 10-digit equi-length number.
 IMSI is used in all signaling in a mobile communication network, stored in HLR,
 Temporary mobile subscriber identification number (TMSI)
 TMSI is an identification number assigned temporarily to a visiting mobile subscriber

by VLR for the secrecy of IMSI. It is a 4-byte BCD code, used only locally, and
assigned by each MSC/VLR independently.
 International mobile equipment identification number (IMEI)
 IMEI is an unique number that can identify a mobile device in the GSM network.
 TAC(Type Approval Code) : 6 digits, assigned by certain department;
 FAC(Final Assembly Code) : 2 digits,decide the place of manufacturing or

assembling, coding by manufacturer;
 SNR(Serial Number) : 6 digits, assigned by manufacturer in sequence;

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 Spare bit : 1 digit.
 Location area identification number (LAI)
 LAI is used to identify the location area.
 Its number structure is:
MCC＋MNC＋LAC
MCC and MNC : same as the MCC and MNC in IMSI.
 LAC is a location area code that uniquely identifies each location area in digital
PLMN. It is a 2-byte hexadecimal BCD code represented by L1L2L3L4 (with the
range of 0000～FFFF, able to define 65536 different location areas.)
 Mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN)
 MSRN is a number temporarily assigned by VLR to a called mobile subscriber which
it registers in according to the request of HLR (of called party) in each call for the
network to re-route.
 This number will be released and can be assigned to other mobile subscriber
afterward.
 Hand-over number (HON)
 HON is a number assigned to a mobile subscriber by the destination MSC/VLR
temporarily for routing during inter-office handover.
 This number is part of a MSRN number.
 It is used only during inter-office handover of a mobile subscriber. After the
connection, it is released and used by other subscribers.
2.4 GSM CHANNELS

 Number of channels required during call set-up (1)
 Channel to transmit information to help the mobile station to tune into the network.
 Channel to transmit the synchronisation information.
 Channel to tranmit information about the network to help mobile to know about the
frequencies being used in its cell as well as surroundings cells.
 Number of channels required during call set-up (2)
 Channel to transmit mobile station’s request to initiate call set-up.

 Channel to set up call
 Channel to transmit Handover information.
 Channel to page the called party.
 Channel to transmit measurements
 Channel to transmit actual conversations.

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 Channel Orgnization
1.Physical Channels:
 Each time slot o TDMA frame is called physical channel.
 The path used to carry information between mobile station and BTS is called Physical
Channel.
 Physical Channel can be used to transmit data or signaling information.
 A physical channel carry different messages depending on the information to be sent.
2.Logical Channels:
 The different informations carried on the Physical channel are classified as Logical
Channel.
Logical Channels
Control Channels Traffic Channels
They carry information used byMS to They carry either speech or data.
locate BTS and Synchrinize wiyh BTS
and receive information to call set-up.
2.5 Frequency Planning:

The frequency planning is to provide needed capacity and coverage within a given
frequency band. The frequency channels therefore need to be re-used, but it is wise not to
increase the interference level. Interference is caused when two network cells use the
same channel too close to each other; more precisely this is a co-channel interference
situation. When the interfering channels are consecutive there is some neighbor channel
interference, but this is less serious. The interference level cannot be high when building a
functional network. The interference level increases with high transmission power in a
close location.
The frequency re-use rate is simplest to explain using a hexagonal model. Frequency re-
use patterns are not used in practice because the cells are not hexagons, as already
explained in the coverage planning section. The cell shapes are different and cells do not
have equal sizes. Therefore the frequency re-use rate is not a constant throughout the
network, but varies from one place to another and can also vary between BCCH and TCH
layers. The available frequency band and the capacity plan give boundary conditions for
the largest possible frequency re-use rate.

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2.5.1 Analyzing Planned Frequency in MCOM and TEMS

Frequency planning is basically the logical planning of the assigned spectrum with
the help of various technologies defined so far. MCOM is the software which is used for
examine the frequency planning we did so far is correct or not.
 In the beginning we select the site of a particular are whose frequency planning is
need to be done. The window shown bellow shows the main interface of the MCOM
and also shows the sites where we plot the planned frequency.
Main Terminal Of M-COM

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 Plot the planned frequency on the sites and check whether that frequency is
interfering with other neighboring cells. Here we are plotting the frequency 34 on the
Site ID LUD152. The other sites with red color shows the same frequency as that of
this site and yellow color sites shows the adjacent frequencies. This is the problem we
face in frequency planning. These types of sites may cause interference later on.
Interfering Frequencies

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 To see the neighbor of a particular cell just click on the cell. The dark blue colored
cell is serving cell and green cells are assign as neighbor of that cell.
 To analyze that our planned frequency are working properly we perform drive test
and the data collected is put into TEMS. From this software we can see the proper
functioning of our site and its frequency. We can also see the other radio parameter by
this process.
Showing Neighbours

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Showing Radio Parameters
 We can also analyze other various parameters from TEMS like Layer 3 messages,
Layer 2 Message, Data Reports, Events, Mode Request.

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Chapter
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Requirement of the Project.
3.2 OMC-R Department.

3.2.1 Fault Management.
3.2.2 Cofiguration Management.
3.2.3 Performance Management.
3.2.4 Security Management.
3.3 BTS Hardware.

3.3.1 BTS Hardware Configuration.
3.3.2 Main Modules Of BTS.
3.4 Connectivity of BTS,BSC and OMC-R Server.
3.5 BSC Hardware.
3.5.1 Functions Performed by BSC.
3.5.2 Rack Structure of BSC.
3.6 BSC Card Connectivity.
3.6.1 Abis Interface Unit (BBIU)

3.6.2 Radio and System Control Unit.
3.6.3 Network Interface Unit.
3.6.4 Transcoder and A Interface Unit.

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3.1 Requirement of the Project:

 To create a new BSS(BTS & BSC)
 To create a new site or new BSC in the network or new network.
 To increase the Capacity.
 For Swap site(BSC,BTS):The cells come under BCS1 having Location Area Code
1.If we create a new site with BSC2 which overlap the BSC1 so the cells of BSC1
will come under BSC2 and their Location Area Code will become 2.
 For Expansion:It means increases the TRx card.For example4/4/4 site will be convert
into6/4/4.
3.2 OMC-R Department:
Configuration Department which comes under OMC-R . The project I have dealt with
comes under the OMC-R department.
Operation and Maintenance Center for BSS(OMC-R): OMC-R guarantees the
integrity of this data, which is always aligned with the network elements. Moreover, the
OMC-R is responsible for consistently distributing any configuration change brought by
the operator to the relevant network element.
OMC-R Modules:
The project I have dealt with comes under the OMC-R department.
OMC-R has different modules. They are as shown below:
 Fault Management.
 Configuration Management.
 Performance Management.
 Security Management.
\

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 Login Window For OMC-R
 After filling the username and Password,click the ok Button theTree Window will
open.
Tree Window

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3.2.1 Fault Management (FM):

Fault Management performs tasks written bellow:
 Fault handling principles (alarm handlings include filtering, redefinition and relativity
judgment).
 Fault record query.
 Customization handling of faults.
 System test.
 Network Supervision.
3.2.1.1 Alarm Handling:
A summary alarm window, with five basic alarm counters like critical, major,
minor, warning and normal provides to the operator a synthetic view of the number of
alarms. These counters can be customized into user-defined alarm categories such as
equipment alarms, QoS alarms, etc.
Alarm Management
Alarm handling also allows a direct access to the alarms via a set of two alarm lists:
 The current alarm list containing the active alarms.

 The historical alarm list containing the archived alarms.
3.2.1.2 Network Supervision:

The OMC-R provides all necessary service for network supervision:
 Real time fault detection.
 Fault diagnosis and correction.

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 Management of the resource state.

The fault detection is performed by the network element, which reports alarms and state
changes to the OMC-R alarms. Faults are classified according to five level of severity. A
dedicated color is associates to each level, allowing operators to recognize the most
urgent alarm to be investigated.
In above figure there are multiple alarms in different sites in a particular BSC. Operator
can easily recognize the fault in Site.
3.2.2 Configuration Management (CM):

The OMC-R provides a comprehensive set of facilities for configuring the ZXG10.
 Topology management.
 Radio resources configuration management.
 Equipment configuration management.
 Software management.
 System synchronization.
3.2.2.1 Topology management:

It offers the management of the different network elements as Base Stations. The ZXG10
OMC-R topology management offers the following services:
 Base Station Creation.

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 NE list.
3.2.2.2 Radio Resource Configuration:
The Radio resources configuration management domain is the part of the system that
deals explicitly with the telecom resources of the system. The operator is able to
configure the telecom resources or to tune the network whenever they detect problem.
3.2.2.3 Software Management:

The software management activity consists in updating the software running on the
ZMG10 Network Elements either in case of release migration or in case of restoration of
a previous backup software version.The operator is able to manage software operation
through software plans time scheduled or manually triggered.
3.2.3 Performance Management (PM):

The Performance Measurement is based on the collection of counters calculated by the
Network Engineer and transferred to the OMC-R.

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The Performance Managements are basically used to satisfy four types of need:
 Efficiency Planning.
 Usage Statistics.
 Measurement job management.
 Observation job management.
 QOS threshold management.
 Network Performance report.
 Network Performance analysis.
Performance Mnagement Display
3.2.3.1 Network Performance Alerter:

In order to perform the OMC-R operator about any degradation of the quality of services,
network performance alerter have been defined based on performance counter. Abnormal

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behaviors, such as for example system congestion, are detected in the network element.
When a pre-defined threshold is crossed, a dedicated alarm is generated. The alarm field
“probable cause” allows the operator to identify quickly the QoS alarm .
3.2.3.2 QOS Monitoring:
For the Quality of Service monitoring at the OMC-R, and for back-office activities like
network optimization and network planning, periodical measurement on the radio traffic,
radio resource usage and handover behavior are collected from the network elements.The
permanent network wide QoS monitoring relies on the same performance counters on all
the network elements managed by one OMC-R. The raw measurements are stored in the
OMC-R database. With the help of these database (KPI) we analysis our network.
QoS Management Window

3.2.4 Security Management:

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The ZXG10 OMC-R provide efficient solutions to guarantee security and integrity of the
exploitation and maintenance of the network, access to the HMI is regulated via an access
control mechanism, whereby the identity of every user is checked.
Access management on the sever based on security mechanisms embedded in UNIX and
encapsulated into the OMC-R application for a convenient use by the OMC-R
administrator
The access to the user sessions, managed from pc workstations running Windows, is
controlled via the native Windows mechanisms.Thanks to the privilege access rights, the
OMS-R administrator is able to declare and delete users, as well as to modify the
properties of any user such as HMI preferences.
Every OMC-R operator is identified by a user name and a password managed with an
expiration period. At any time, the OMC-R administrator can list all OMC-R operators
allowed to access the OMC-R application.
Security Management

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3.3 BTS Hardware:

A BTS comprise all radio equipment i.e. antennas, signaling processing, amplifiers
necessary for radio transmission. A BTS can form a radio cell or, using sectorized
antennas, several cells and is connected to MS via the Um interface and to the BSC via
the Abis interface. The Um interface contains all the mechanisms nesccery for wireless
transmission. The Abis interface consist of 16 or 64kbps connections. The GSM cell can
measure between some 100 m. and 35 km depending on the environment.
BTS

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3.3.1 BTS Hardware Configuration:
3.3.2 Main Modules of BTS:

 CMM(Controller & Maintenance Module):-It provides following functions:-
1. BS interface functions.
2. Providing various clocks needed by BS.
3. Remote operation & maintenance function of BTS.
4. Local operation & maintenance functions of BTS .
5. Equipment alarm collection.
6. Active/standby hot backup.
Physical View Of CMM

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 TRM( Transceiver Module):-It contains three units:-

1.TRU(Transceiver Process Unit):-It provides the transmission and reception of
radio frequencies.
2.RCU(Radio Control Unit):-It control the transmission of radio part i.e from MS to
BSC and vice-versa.
3.PAU(Power Amplifier Unit):-It amplifies he weak signal.
 CDU(Combining and Distribution Unit):-It provides the interface between
transceiver Module and Antenna system.
 FCM(Fan Control Module):-It provides the following functions:-
1.Temperature monitoring.
2.Fan control and inspection.
3.Communication with TRM.
 PDM(Power Distribution Module):-
PDM distributes the -48 V power to CMBs, DTRUs and FCMs, and provides
overload protection via circuit breakers. In addition to a circuit breaker for each
module, a main switch circuit breaker is placed at the -48 V input end on the top of
the BTS cabinet.
3.4 Connectivity of BTS,BSC and OMC-R:

E1 cables are used for the connectivity of BTS,BSC,OMC-R that is standard for
measuring signals.It has 32 time slots.TS0 is used for synchronisation and TS16 is used
for signalling.Each slot carries 8 bits at a speed of 64 kbps so the total spped of carrying
data by E1 is 2Mbps.
Frame Structure Of E1 Cable.

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3.5 BSC Hardware:

The Base Station Controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the
BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC
handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and
controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in
which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC).
A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low
capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become reduced to a
smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high
level of utilization). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have many
BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large
centralized MSC site
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS
controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with
connections to the MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It
also provides all the required data to the operation support subsystem (OSS) as well as to
the performance measuring centers. The databases for all the sites, including information
such as carrier frequencies, frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels receiving
levels for cell border calculation, are stored in the BSC.
Physical View Of BSC

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3.5.1 Functions Performed by BSC are:

 Radio Resource [RR] management of the cells under its control, it assigns and
releases frequencies for all MSs in its own area.
 Supervision of inter cell handovers for MSs moving between BTSs in its control.
 Control of Power for information transfer between MS and BTS.
 Time and frequency synchronization signal broadcast for each BTS.
 LAPD signaling transmission for BTS and TCU.
 CCS7 signaling for MSC.
 TCP/IP signaling for connection with OMCR.
 Traffic Handling.
 PCM Switching.

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3.5.2 Rack Structure of BSC:
There are six shelves (backplane) in a BSC rack. They are:

 Abis interface layer (BBIU):This is the first layer of BSC rack.The BTS is
connected is connected with this layer of BSC.It provides the abis interface between
BTS and BSC.
 Control layer (BCTL-RMU): This is the second layer of BSC rack.This is the
backplane for controlling Radio Management.The alarms related to BTS is handled
like BTS is downn no RTR detected etc are handled in this block.
 Control layer (BCTL-SCU): This is the third layer of BSC rack.This is the
backplane for controlling System Conyrol Unit.
 T-net and clock layer (BNET):This is the fourth layer of BSC rack.This is the
backlane for Network Layer.The two layers communicate with each other using
BNET.
 A interface and TC layer (BATC):The last two layers of BSC are BATC.This is the
backplane for A interface transcoder.The BATC is connected with MSC.The work of
MSC is too large so we use two BATC.

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3.6 BSC Card Connectivity: Entire BSC can be described into six functional
blocks:-
 Abis Interface Unit.
 Radio Management Unit.
 System Control Unit.
 Network Interface Unit.
 TranscoderUnit and A Interface Unit.
Logical Structyte Of BSC

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3.6.1 Abis Interface Unit (BBIU) :It has four cards in it. These comprised of
1. TIC: TIC stands for Transmission interface card. It provides E1 cables.TIC
converts the 8M rate PCM stream into E1 stream for remote transmission; and
converts the E1 stream sent by the remote end into the 8M rate PCM stream.
Meanwhile, it provides the RS485 asynchronous serial interface for communication
with the GPP board.
Physical View Of TIC Card
 Basic functions of TIC card:-

Transcoder: - The digital trunk interface unit converts the incoming pseudo ternary
code into NRZ code, and converts the NRZ code into HDB3 code, then sends it out of
the exchange. This is the X-coding function in simplest form.
Clock Extraction: - The TIC extracts a clock out of the input data stream as the
reference clock of the input data stream and as the external reference clock source of
the local system clock.
Frame Synchronization:- The Frame Alignment of the Drive and Receive signals is
done in this unit by obtaining the frame aligning signal of the input signal from the
input PCM stream at the receiving end, then generates timeslot pulses in respective
lines at the receiving end and aligns them with the frame timeslot pulses in respective
lines beginning with TS0 (timeslot 0) at the transmitting end, so that signals in
different lines sent from the transmitting end can be correctly received in different
lines at the receiving end, thus realizing frame synchronization.
Control, Detection and Alarm: - Control includes the initialization of interfacing
circuits and execution of reset commands. Detection involves the detection and hence
commands for BER, loss of trunk signal, out of frame etc.Alarm includes detection of
fault at the local O & M equipment in a certain mode and through certain channel and
sending of information to remote exchange.

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2. POWRB:
POWRB works on MOSFET Technology. The -48V feed circuit consists of capacitive
load and large power MOSFET.
RC combination controls the grid potential of MOSFET, controlling the drain-source
channel width. As source voltage at recharge grid increases, the channel becomes wide,
increasing the input current and also slows down channel widening.
MOSFET is also responsible for controlling the output switch of -48V feed circuit. As the
right and left power board are in parallel each line of output voltage of power boards need
to be isolated by isolation board connected in reverse bias state.
The -48V voltage is fed from large power MOSFET soft start circuit and Pi filters to DC-
DC circuit. Over/under voltage detection is carried out manually as well as by software
switch. Ripple is removed by large capacity electrolytic capacitor and noise between
primary power supply and secondary power is suppressed by a common mode
inductance.
 POWRB is integrated power supply for
1. Control layer.
2. Network layer.
3. Trunk layer.
It supplies 30A and +5 V power. It can provide power ranging from +5V 3A to +5V 27A
reliably.
 POWRB comprised of
1. Switch.
2. Monitoring circuit.
3. Power supply.
4. Control line.
5. Input and Output filters.
3. BIPP:
It is used on the ABIS interface, and manages and controls such boards as TIC,
POWERB and COMI. The BIPP hardware is the same as that of GPP. BIPP carries out
the integrated management of the Abis interface, and integrates and sends the LAPD
channels switched from BTS to the RMU for processing through COMI. Therefore, what
the switching network receives are mostly the service channels, and the switching
network resources can be fully utilized.
 Components of BIPP: -
CPU: - It provides for the processing for the switching network and active/ standby
change over. QMC of CPU processes two HDLCs for MP-PP communication, eight
HDLCs for managing SMB and one HDLC for active/standby board communication.
Therefore, on the BIPP board, QMC of CPU must process 11 HDLCs when having SMB,
and three HDLCs when having TIC board.
Clock Processing Unit: - It derives two clocks 8M, 8K from the T-net and provides for
the various clock requirements of switching circuit and Drive/ Difference drive isolation.
A clock is provided for six TIC boards and two COMI boards in this unit, and for eight
SMB’s.

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HDLC protocol processing: -It is done for processing of communication information

between BIPP card and MPPP card over HDLC protocol.
Difference drives isolation: -It allows the communication channel data between
switching circuit (4K x 4K) and T-net and also provides status info for cascaded BIPP
over 4 x 8M interface. Two 8Mb/s differential HW inputs/outputs are connected with T-
net to separate the up-link signals from T-net: The communication information is
separated transparently and connected to CPU for processing. Two lines of 8Mb/s HWs
connected with T-net provide two MP-PP communication channels (Two 64Kbps
HDLCs) for maintaining and managing six TIC boards (or eight SMB boards) and two
COMI boards. Eight 8Mb/s differential HW inputs/outputs are respectively connected
with eig eight SMBs. Six TIC boards and Two COMI boards are managed through the
RS485 bus.
Drive: - It allows flow of service channel data between switching circuit (4K x 4K) and
TIC cards, COMI cards and opposite board. Six 8Mb/s single polarity HW inputs/outputs
are respectively connected with six TIC boards. Two 8Mb/s single polarity HW
inputs/outputs are respectively connected with two 2 COMI boards. One 8Mb/s single
polarity HW inputs/outputs are connected with another BIPP in this unit, providing one
HDLC communication channel for these two AIPPs in the same unit, which are mutually
active and standby.
Switching circuit (4K x 4K): - It connects the appropriate service channel time slots to
MUX/ DEMUX for multiplexing de-multiplexing function.
MUX/ DEMUX:- MUX/ DEMUX provides for the multiplexing, de-multiplexing
function of data
MUX Rack

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4. COMI:
COMI is used for HW connection between BIU and RRU. In two RRU four messages are
sent from BIPP in two BIU to maximum of six COMM boards through HW.
It implements signal and clock conversion as follows:
Conversion of 8 Mbps single polarity signal into 2 Mbps differential signal of dual
polarity is done from BIPP board to COMM board also, conversion of 2 Mbps differential
signal from COMM board to 8 Mbps single polarity from COMM board to BIPP board
through COM I HW.It also implements distribution of 4M clocks and 8 K clocks to
COMM boards. 8M and 8K clocks are derived to six 8M and 8K clock signals.
They are given as below:-
 Four 8M and 8K signals are sent to switching circuit.
 One 8M and 8K signal is combined with EPLD to generate 4M and 8K signals which
are then allocated by the clock drive to generate 16 clocks. Now these signals are
through to differential drive to output to specific COMM board.
 One 8M and 8K signal is sent to click test chip to test clock signal.
3.6.2 Radio Management Unit and System Control Unit:It has following cards:-
1. SMEM: It acts as memory for MP card.
2. MP: MP is basically computer.It tells about BTS related alarms..
Basic Structure of MP Board

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 Functions Of MP Card:
1. Communicate with external interface units assisted by COMM boards.
2. Control connection of the switching network assisted by COMM boards.
3. Processes the Ethernet interface and enables communication between foreground and
background.
4. Control active/standby MP switchover.
5. Control the active/standby switchover of function units working in the active/standby
mode.
MP Board
3. COMM:
COMM cards provide data linking function of control channels at 64 kbps, 256 kbps and
512 kbps. They act as co-processors of MP cards.
 COMM card comprised of
1. CPU (386).
2. Dual interface Ram.
3. Data layer protocol.
4. Clock adjustment processing.
5. Hub Differential receiving/sending drive isolation. (SMB’s drive isolation).
 Types of COMM:
1. HDLC : MP-PP Communication within BSC.
2. LAPD : BSC-BTS communication at Abis interface.
3. No. 7 : BSC-MSC communication at A interface.
4. HDLC : MP-MP Communication within BSC.
 Different data linkages provided by these cards are: -

MP-PP cards over HDLC protocol. MP-PP cards within the BSC communicate and
exchange data over HDLC protocol using COMM cards. MP-MP cards over HDLC
protocol. MP-MP cards within and between different BSC communicate and exchange
data over HDLC protocol using comm. cards.BSC and BTS communicate via these
comm. cards using LAPD protocol at A-bis interface. BSC and MSC communicate via
these comm. cards using C7 protocol at A interface.
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3.6.3 Network Interface Unit:It has following Cards:

1. DSNI:There are two categories of DSNI cards
1. MP level DSNI cards: MP level interface converts service data from outside into 8
Mbps data stream and 2 Mbps data stream in the Mp- level message channel.
2. PP level DSNI cards:PP level interface converts two kinds of 8M HWs drives to gain
a strong anti interference capability and provides different levels of PP’s and RMM with
clock of 8 MHz and 8 KHz.Ten DSNI boards in total are available, of which two MP-
level ones fulfill load sharing via data configuration, and eight PP-level ones work in the
active/standby mode.
 Components of MP level DSNI Board:
1. Clock frequency division allocation.
2. Code rate conversion
3. Differential drive.
4. Single end drive isolation circuit.
5. Active/ standby handover.
6. CPU.
7. RS485 port.
The MP and T-Net communicate with each other through DSNI board.
Information flow at different switching rates reaches the COMM board where 2 Mbps
differential signal is converted to 8MBps single polarity signal and 8 Mbps single polarity
signal is converted into 2Mbps differential signal and then they are output to the T-Net
and COMM board. Clock processing circuit output is differential for the sake of system
stability. MP Level DSNI work in load sharing mode.
Physical connections of MP Level DSNI boards:
Fig 3.8
PP Level DSNI enables communication between various other cards and T Net.
Through the drive (single polarity) circuit of PP DSNI board 16 channels of 8Mbps single
polarity are converted into 16 channels of dual polarity differential signals and 16
channels of dual polarity differential signals from external boards to 16 channels of single
polarity signals.

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3.6.4 Transcoder and A interface Unit:It has following cads:

1. TCPP: TCPP (X CDR Peripheral Processor) is used on the A interface, and centrally
manages the E/ DRT board. The BIPP hardware is the same as that of GPP. BIPP carries
out the integrated management of the Abis interface, and integrates and sends the LAPD
channels switched from BTS to the RMU for processing through COMI. Therefore, what
the switching network receives are mostly the service channels, and the switching
network resources can be fully utilized.
One TCPP manages 8 E/ DRT cards.Two 8Mb/s differential HW inputs/outputs are
connected with T-net to separate the up-link signals from T-net. The communication
information is separated transparently and connected to CPU for processing. The TCH
channel is separated to a de-multiplexed unit, and each multiplexed service timeslot is de-
multiplexed into four timeslots, and then the circuit switching chip connects both the de-
multiplexed timeslots and the communication information from CPU to the corresponding
EDRT or DRT board.
It separates the down-link signals from EDRT or DRT. The communication information
is separated transparently, and connected to CPU for processing. The TCH channel is
connected to a multiplexed unit by the circuit switching chip. Every four service timeslots
are multiplexed into one, and then the circuit switching chip connects both the
multiplexed timeslot and the communication information from CPU to T-net.
 Basic function of X coder:
TC mainly completes voice conversion between the 16kbit/s RPE-LTP (regular pulse
excited long-term prediction) codes and 64kbit/s A-law PCM codes.
 Components of TCPP card :
1. CPU.
2. Clock processing circuit.
3. Switching circuit (4K x 4K).
4. MUX/ DEMUX.
5. HDLC protocol processing.
6. Drive/ Difference drive isolation.
2. AIPP: AIPP (A Interface Peripheral Processor) is located in the A Interface unit (a

interface between MSC and BSC). One AIU includes two AIPPs which are active and
standby mutually and eight TIC boards used for A interface.
 Components of AIPP card:
1. CPU: QMC of CPU processes two HDLCs for the MP-PP communication and one
HDLC for the active/standby board communication.
2. HDLC: It is done for processing of communication information between TCPP card
and E/ DRT, DRT cards and between TCPP and MPPP card over HDLC protocol. It also
processes one HDLC for standby AIPP card.
3. Drive/ Difference drive isolation: Eight 8Mb/s differential HW inputs/outputs are
respectively connected with eight E/ DRT. Eight 8Mb/s single polarity HW inputs/outputs
are respectively connected with eight TIC boards. One 8Mb/s single polarity HW
input/output is connected with TCPP, providing two MP-PP communication channels(two
64K bps HDLCs) for this board to maintain and manage eight TIC boards.

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3. E/ DRT:
X-coding and rate adapter DRT/EDRT converts between the voice code at the GSM radio
interface @ 16kbps into the A law PCM voice code @ 64kbps of the common public
telephone network and vice versa. So it adapts the two rates.
 E/ DRT card comprised of: -
1. CPU.
2. Switching circuit.
3. DSP chips.
4. HDLC protocol processing.
DRT adopts eight DSP so it requires 8 chips for DSP algorithm processing. E/ DRT
adopts 6 DSP so it requires 6 chips for DSP algorithm processing.

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Chapter
CONFIGURATION OF BSS
5.1 BSC configuration in the OMCR Server.
5.2 BTS Configuration in BSC.

5.2.1 Addition of BTS in a BSC.
5.2.2 Adding TRX to BTS.
5.2.3 Adding Channels.
5.2.4 Configuring Frequency Hopping.
5.2.5 Configruing Handover.
5.2.5 Saving Configuration.
5.1 BSC configuration in the OMCR Server:

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 Login to ZXG10 OMCR Client For Staring the Configuration select Configuration
Management >> Integrated Configuration Management . Refer the fig as shown
below.
Configuration Management
 Then Left click on File in menu bar will get the drop down list and select New>>New
File as shown in figure
Opening New File
 The first step is to add the MSC details:

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MSCID can give id according to the existing network.

MSC name can give id according to the existing network.
Signaling point type  3 by default (STEP).
Destination point code Provided by the MSC side.
MSC Details
 Configure BSC, Enter the Details like:

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BSC ID  should be the same as what given in bsccfg.ini file.

Alias give a name according to the Network.
Destination point code  should get it from MSC side.
Test code  any numbers (1234).
Adding BSC Details

 Then you will find a tree topology . Right click the BSC equipment >>add
Rack. Now add racks rack1, rack2 (GPRS) & rack7 according to the requirement.
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Add Rack
 Add the Shelf 1st add ZXG10_BCTL_RRM then any other shelf for the BSC Rack1
and add the Shelf accordingly for other Racks also.
Adding Shelf
 If your network is having a remote TC define the BSC rack like Rack 1(with NSMU).

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Rack 1 Rack2 Rack 3

Rack Configuration
 Shelf to be added in Rack1  ZXG10_BIF,ZXG10_BCTL_RRM ,
ZXG10_BCTL_SCM,ZXG10_BNET, ZXG10_BSM_NM or ZXG10_BATC(incase
BSC is near to MSC ).

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 Shelf to be added in Rack2  ZXG10_GIU, ZXG10_SPCU.

 Shelf to be added in Rack3  ZXG10_BSM_FM, ZXG10_BATC.
 Add boards by Right click on the Particular Board and Click Add Board accordingly
like here is GSM trail Project for Reliance installing 3 BTS so 3 PCM(3E1) link to be
add in Abis TIC, 4 E1 between BSC and transcoder have to be added in Ater
interface and 8E1 between BSC and MSC (Air interface).
Add Board
 3 PCM should be added in to Abis (as 3 BTS site) have to connected in to BTS
site accordingly while configuring the BTS.
PCM Addition

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Display Configures Parameters

 After adding BTS to the E1 the Site ID and Rack no and Site PCM will Automatically
display like in the second figure.
 Add 4E1 in Ater interface after simply adding the TIC Board 12th and 13th in NSMU
(BSC Rack-1), add TIC Board 12th and 13th in FSMU Shelf (Rack-2).
 Transcoder side PCM have to be connected with the BSC TIC Board of NSMU.

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 Add 8E1 in Air interface as we are using 12 TRX per BTS so (12*3*8*0.8/30=7.68)
which is approximately come out to be 8.
 Add EDRT board. Remember to select EDRT 20 type. In these 6 DSPN Select all the
DSP and in DSP type select FR/EFR/HR. No. of EDRT is equal to No. of TIC we
add.
Adding EDRT Board

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5.2 BTS Configuration in BSC:

5.2.1 Addition of BTS in a BSC:
 Add BTS by Right click on GSM Equipment >> Add Physical Site
BTS Addition
Choose the details as:
 Site Type  BTS V2.0 or B8018 for BTS V3.
 Syn Source  Net Clock
 MultiLAPD 1:4 this will increase the no. of TRX in one E1 and select support
bypass

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 Press Next then select Initialization Panel.
 Select the 1st PCM, BIEPCMTYPE BSC and connect the BTS to the PCM no of
BSC. Or for the Cascade site select the 4th PCM, BIEPCMTYPE Up site and
connect accordingly.
Connecting BTS to PCM Number Of BSC

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 Add the BTS to the particular rack in the BSC.
Add BTS to Rack Of BSC

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 Add Panel Right click on 1st Panel >> Add Panel Select CDU in the Panel type.
For TRM panel you will get the Properties window select the TX from the 1st CDU for
the 2nd and 3rd panel TRM and 9th/6th(V3/V2) CDU for the 4th and 5th panel TRM, Rx
form the 1st CDU and RXD from the 9th/6th (V3/V2) CDU for all the TRM panel.
Addng Panel

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 After adding the required TRX Right Click on the Physical Site >> Edit Radio. Then
you will get Radio View like figure.
Radio View
Radio View Connection

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 Right Click on BTS Site Manager1 >>create Cell now fill the details accordingly.
Collect the information for the following details like LAC , Cell id , NCC, BCC, from
radio planning engineers.
Frequency Band: GSM 900 for BTS V2 and BCS1800 for BTS V3 and choose
accordingly.
TA Allowed: 64 for BTS V2 and 32 for BTS V3.
Adding Cells

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5.2.2Adding TRX to BTS

 Add TRX  By right Click on Cell 1 >> Create TRX and in the Add TRX radio
information Window select ARFCN frequency as accordingly. BCCH TRX.
Adding TRX

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5.2.3Adding Channels
 Add Channels: Click on the Channel Tab and selects the channels according to the
time slots and also select the TSC, it should be same as the BCC.
Channel Addition
5.2.4 Configuring Frequency Hopping:
 Right click on the any cell and select Create Frequency Hopping.
Create Frequency Hopping

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 In the window shown bellow add Frequency Hopping Number, Hopping Sequence
Number, and add all TCH frequencies.
Adding Parameters
 Now open the Edit TRX Radio Information window to add frequency hopping. In this
click on the Channel tab and select the MAIO.
Edit TRX Information

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 Click on the TRX tab and select the Frequency Hopping checkbox and click OK.
5.2.5 Configuring Handover:

Here we will configure handover between different cells and different sites.
 Right click on the cell and select Create Handover and Reselection Cell.
Selecting Creating Handover

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 First we will configure all the sectors of the site for the handover. Select the other
cells of the site for creating the neighbor.
Configuring Sectors Of Handover
 For configuring the handover with external cells we right click on the BSC
Equipment and for adding external neighboring cells.
Adding External Neighbour

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 Add the detail of all neighboring cells of other sites one by one in the window
shown bellow.
Adding Details Of Neighbours.

 Select the external cells for configuring handover.
Adding External Cells For Handover Configuration

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 After configuring all the required TRX in the BTS it look like this:
TRx in BTS after Configuration

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5.2.6 Saving the Configuration

 To save the current work click on the save button. It will check the current
configuration script.
Saving Configuration
 Now it checks the errors in the configuration. If it found any error it will show in the
wizard otherwise it will show no error.
Checking Errors

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CONCLUSION
The training that I underwent was truly a rewarding experience for me in more than one
way. It not only gave a big thrust to my technical knowledge as prospective but also
helped me to enhance my skills on the personal front.
I feel truly satisfied by the fact that though getting a chance to work in such a real live
application project is rare still I managed to get it. I have exploited the opportunity that
came my way to the fullest extent by increasing my technical know-how and also gaining
the valuable work experience from the esteemed organization.
This project is a generalized approach for managing the coverage of various
areas.It can be adopted and modified in a desired manner to meet particular
needs.

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Solution Of The Problem
Problem: Less capacity and more inteference in some area’s.

Solution: Solution is provided by adding following features;
 Add TRX to increase capacity.

 Configruing Frequency Hopping to average interference.
 Configruing Handover to prevent call drop.

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Facilities provided by Proposed System
 Deep stydy of GSM,Channels,Number PLAN.

 Site Visit
 Practical view of BTS,BSC,MSC.
 Inner and Outer view of Anteenas,Jumpers,Feeders
 ICM software for BSS Comissioning and Configuration.
 Magnetic Compass and GPRS to measure the orientation of antenna.
 M-COM Software for Frequency Planning.
 TEMS Software fir Drive Test.

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REFRENCES
Websites:
www.telcoma.in
www.indiana.edu.telecom
www.telecommunicatios.com

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY PROFILE

The team at Telcoma Technologies is well-qualified and strongly motivated and

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Page 1

TRAINING ON LIVE PROJECTS:

CURRENT PROJECTS: TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd has tie up with

RF Optimization and Drive Testing Project for Reliance Communications in Punjab

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Department:Configuration Department which comes under OMC-R . The project I have

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Operation and Maintenance Center for BSS(OMC-R): OMC-R guarantees the

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Page 4

Main Modules of BTS:

Main MODULES FUNCTIONS OF BSC:

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TRx & CDU

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1.1 Introduction to TELECOM

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1.1 Introduction to TELECOM

 All villages shall receive telecom facilities by the end of 2002.

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The Journey of “G” from 1 to 5 th Generation

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The following standards are typically branded 3G:

AIRTEL RELIANCE BSNL TATA DOCOMO MTS

1.1.2 VENDOR COMPANIES:These provide the services to Operator based on

NOKIA SIEMEN ERICSON ZTE HUAWEI TELECOM

1.1.3 SUB-VENDOR COMPANIES:These companies provide the services to the

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Page 12

1.1.4 Departments in TELECOM

RF Transmission BSS(BSC+BTS) NSS(MSC+OMC-S) VAS IN

Planning Survey Drive Test Optimization

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2.5 Frequency Planning

2.5.1 Analyzing Planned Frequency in MCOM and TEMS

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Services Provided By GSM:

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2.2 GSM ARCHITECTURE

Mobile Station (MS):

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Base Station Controller (BSC):

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC):

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Home Location Register (HLR):

Authentication Center (AuC):

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Equipment identity Register (EIR):

 A MSISDN number is the number dialed by the caller subscriber in PLMN.

 Composition of a MSISDN number.

Country code +valid national ISDN

International mobile subscriber ISDN number

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 MSC/VLR number is used in the No.7 signaling.

 MSC/VLR number structure : CC+NDC+

 HLR number is used in the No.7 signaling .

 HLR number structure : CC+NDC+……

 International mobile subscriber identification number (IMSI)

 Composition of an IMSI number

MCC MNC MSIN

 MCC＝ mobile country code (MCC=460 in China )