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Karnal
Sonipat
1800
1534
1500 1200
1147
1049
1200
270
1994-95
1997-98
-79
1998-99
1999-2000
-995
Years
WEED SPECIALIZATION
HOHENHEIM UNVERSITY FARM WITH INTENSIVE FARMING WEED SPECIES FROM 1860 TO 1980 REDUCED 50%. GREATEST LOSS OCCURRED UPTO 1940 BEBORE HERBICIDE USE ( ALDRICH AND KREMER BOOK ) HAAS AND STREIBIG FROM DENMARK -ROLE OF CROPPING SYSTEM AND AGRONOMIC PRACTICES.
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Organic farms Conventional farms SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA GERMANY DENMARK
CROP ROTATION
EFFECTIVE BECAUSE SELECTION PRESSURE IS DIVERSIFIED DIVERSIFICATION PREVENTS THE PROLIFICATION OF MOST SUITED WEED CHANGES THE COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF WEED SPP ROTATION EMPLOYS VARYING PATTERNS OF RESOURCE COMPETITION
Franke, 2003
cm2
Dry weight
LAI
MORE WEEDS
Long term studies of green manuring and without green manuring and herbicide on the growth and yield of wheat crop
Treatment With green manure Clodinafop Clodinafop (R*) Weedy Weed free Without green manure Clodinafop Clodinafop (R*) Weedy Weed free C. D. at 5% 60 120 5110 5126 4006 5260 189 60 120 5234 5176 5048 5284 Dose (g a.i. ha-1) Yield (kg ha-1)
*R Rotational herbicide
Studies on long term effect of commonly used herbicides with or without green manuring on yield of both the crops in rice-wheat sequence
Treatment With green manuring Butachlor Weedy Weed free Butachlor (Rotational) Without green manuring Butachlor Weedy Weed free Butachlor (Rotational) C. D. at 5% 1500 1500 6180 3408 7069 6279 1328 1500 1500 6848 4873 7205 7004 Dose (g a.i. ha-1) Yield (kg ha-1)
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Soil Seed Bank
240 210
220
ZT
180 150
CT
Number
128 110
85 77 112
120 90 60 30 0
54
29
NEPZ
EPZ
VZ
Mean
Agro-climatic zones
Contamination of wheat seed (collected just before sowing) with P. minor (2001-02)
70 a 60 Treatments: 50 ab 1. Date of sowing (3)- main plot 40 bc a) October 25 30 b) November 10 20 c) November 25 10 Residue level (5)-sub-plot 02.
Effects of early sowing and residue mulch on weed suppression under ZT conditions
6 t/ha 0 t/ha 4 t/ha
c
P. minor (no./m2)
8 t/ha
10 t/ha
8 t/ha 10 t/ha
October 25
a b
November 10
CT
ZT+residue
% seed predation
50 40
NS
30 20 10 0 P. minor C. album
b
NS
NS
Rumex
M. indica
Weed seed predation during fallow period after wheat harvest 2011
Emergence rate of the first (A), second (B), and third (C) flush of Phalaris minor under conventional ( , solid line) and zero-tillage ( , dashed line) in wheat (Source: Franke et al. 2007).
Polynomial relationship between sowing time and grain yield of wheat under ZT and CT
ZT CT
2008-09
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
17 Oct
27 Oct
7 Nov
16 Nov
26 Nov
6 Dec
16 Dec
26 Dec
Daily reduction of wheat yield was 0.74 kg/ha in Oct (1731), 8.85 kg/ha during 1-15 Nov, 17.25 kg/ha during 1630 Nov and 30.11 kg/ha in Dec
Chemical Control
Less dose Faulty method Continuos use
Tillage systems and weed infestation in pearlmillet-wheat rotation after 5 years, Research Farm, CCS HAU Hisar, 2001-02
C B
Population of weeds (before spray) and grain and straw (yield of wheat during 2005-06 (9th year) in Pearlmillet wheat crop rotation (CCS HAU, Hisar)
Tillage treatments
Pearlmillet-wheat ZT-ZT CT-ZT CT-CT Average 26.4 55.2 43.2 41.6 32.8 42.4 33.6 36.2
Glyphosate efficiency
Sodium carbonate or bicarbonate reduce glyphosate activity. Ca,Fe,Zn,Al,and Mg cations reduce its activity. Diammoniumsulphate and urea increase its activity.
Kumar et al ( 2012)
Sulfonylurea herbicides.
Inhibit Acetolactate synthase enzyme. ALS is the first common enzyme of branched chain amino acids pathway. ALS is present in plants and Mos not in animals, hence no animal toxicity. Differential root ALS activity exist in S-R corn. Forlani etal.1991 ws 553.
POTENTIAL OF GENE TRANSFER BETWEEN WHEAT AND WEED ( AEGILOPS CYLINDRICA ) ESTABLISHED. HERBICIDE RESISTANT WHEAT MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY PLAN THAT WOULD MINIMIZE POTENTIAL FOR JUMPING GENE
( ZEMETRA ET AL WS 1998 313 )
Wheat weed, pest and disease management practices in high productivity zones
N = 499
% reporting herbicide only Number of applications per season % reporting insecticide/fungicide Crop budget for weed, pest and disease (Rs./ha) Gross revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue with zero-tillage, 000 Rs.
Rice weed, pest and disease management practices in high productivity zones
N = 468 % reporting herbicide application % reporting hand weeding Frequency of hand weeding Frequency of herbicide used Frequency of hand or herbicide Manual weeding labour days/ha % reporting pesticide/fungicide use Crop budget for weed, pest and disease (Rs./ha) Production cost (Rs./kg) Gross revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue with zero-tillage in wheat, 000 Rs. 97.6 60.3 0.68 ( 0.62) 0.98 ( 0.15) 1.66 ( 0.64) 5.51 ( 5.3) 88.5 2800 6.8 38.6 4.2 4.3
Post-emergence:
1. Pyrazosulfuron (25-30 g ai/ha) 1. Halosulfuron (60 g ai/ha) 2. Azimsulfuron (35 g ai/ha) 3. Bispyribac (suppress) (30 g ai/ha)
Post-emergence:
1. Bispyribac (25 g ai/ha) 2. Bispyribac + oxadiargyl (20 g + 90 g ai/ha) 3. Bispyribac + azimsulfuron (20 + 20 g ai/ha)
E. colona
E. crus-galli
Ergrostis japonica
Post-emergence:
1. Cyahalofop (120-150 g ai/ha) 2. Azimsulfuron (35 g ai/ha)
Leptochloa chinensis
Physalis
C.rotundus
Cultivated rice
weedy rice
Ergrostis japonica
Leptochloa chinensis
Physalis minima
Carfantrazone@20g/ha30 to35days after sowing. Dose may be increased if the weed crosses 4-5 leaf stage. Fop and dims have to be applied in sequence
Ageratum conyzoides
Use pre-seeding herbicides specially Glyphosate@ 1% sol.+ 0.5% surfactant. Surfactant can be applied even 2-3 days before seeding crops. There is no need to wait for 3 weeks even if it is applied on weeds carried over from rice to wheat.
Other Crops
Maize- Atrazine @0.5kg/ha-Pre emergence Atrazine @ 0.25kg/ha(Post emergence SoyabeanPendimethalin@1kg/ha(Pre emergence)- and other dinitroaniline Imazethapyr @ 100 g Fenoxaprop@100g AI/ha Sugarcane-Atrazine, 2,4-D, Metribuzin Cotton-Pendimethalin@1.5kg/ha
High Yielding Varieties helped increasing production. In turn, increase input use (fertilizer, irrigation etc) Together, increased pest problems. Pesticide use increased resistance In the absence of alternate pesticides, GM crops became necessary- foundation of GM Technology
TILLER SURVIVAL
SENESCENCE OF FOLIAGE--DEATH OF TILLERS HIGH WEED POPULATION--800 PLANTS AVERAGE TILLER SURVIVAL--1.4 OUT OF 14
NUMBER OF SPIKELETS
FIXED VERY EARLY NUMBER OF FLORETS DIFFERENTIATED ( EACH SPIKELET ) LAST ONE ------- AND SUCCESSIVE ---NOT DEVELOPED. WEED COMPETITION AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY.
NUMBER OF SPIKELETS
SET AT : FIRST STAGE OF RAPID ELONGATION OF GROWING POINTS FIRST EAR PRIMORDIA---- 4-5 LEAF STAGE IWM AND INM IMPORTANT
POST INITIATION
REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT
DRY WEIGHT OF CROP/WEED CANOPY COVER AND PLANT HIEGHT ALLOCATION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM SOURCE TO SINK
PHLOEM TRANSPORT
SYSTEM---DISTRIBUTES FOOD TRANSPORT DIRECTION---SOURCE TO SINK MAIN ENERGY---- WITHIN PLANT LOADING AND OFFLOADING--- METABOLISM
XYLEM TRANSPORT
ROOT PRESSURE----NOT SUFFICIENT SUCTION EFFECT-- TRANSPIRATION MAIN ENERGY -- SUN RH INSIDE PLANT-- 100% RH OUT SIDE -- 50--90 %
Sulfonylurea herbicides.
Inhibit Acetolactate synthase enzyme. ALS is the first common enzyme of branched chain amino acids pathway. ALS is present in plants and Mos not in animals ,hence no animal toxicity. Differential root ALS activity exist in S-R corn. Forlani etal.1991 ws 553.
High fertilizer use will increase the weed flora in favour of grasses. Simplification of weed flora will lead to increase in herbicide use.
Grain yield of wheat after 11 years of zero-tillage at farmers field in Haryana (Average of 6 sites)
6000
Zero-Tillage
Conventional Tillage
5000
4000 G in Y ld (k h -1) ra ie g a
3000
2000
1000
0 199798 199899 19992K 200001 200102 200203 Ye ar 200304 200405 200506 200607 200708
Wheat weed, pest and disease management practices in high productivity zones
N = 499
% reporting herbicide only Number of applications per season % reporting insecticide/fungicide Crop budget for weed, pest and disease (Rs./ha) Gross revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue with zero-tillage, 000 Rs.
Rice weed, pest and disease management practices in high productivity zones
N = 468 % reporting herbicide application % reporting hand weeding Frequency of hand weeding Frequency of herbicide used Frequency of hand or herbicide Manual weeding labour days/ha % reporting pesticide/fungicide use Crop budget for weed, pest and disease (Rs./ha) Production cost (Rs./kg) Gross revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue, 000 Rs. Net revenue with zero-tillage in wheat, 000 Rs. 97.6 60.3 0.68 ( 0.62) 0.98 ( 0.15) 1.66 ( 0.64) 5.51 ( 5.3) 88.5 2800 6.8 38.6 4.2 4.3
Rice-wheat Residue management Crop types Use of resource conservation technologies/conservation agriculture Markets for crop inputs (e.g. combine) & produce (e.g. crop resides)
CROP-LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS
-Crop residues -Fodder crops -Feed crops - Traction - Manure
Livestock types
Markets for livestock inputs & produce (milk & meat; dung as fuel)
Wheat Herbicide
Molecules % Total marker
Isoproturon 75 WP Fenoxaprop p ethyl 10 EC Sulfosulfuron 75 WP Clodinofop Propargyl 15 WP Atlantis (Iodo+ Meso sulfuron) Total (Sulfo+Metaxuron) 2, 4-D ester Metsulfuron 20WP(Algrip) Metribuzin 70 WP Metaxuron 80 WP (KABU)