GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

A Chromatograph is an analytical instrument that helps separate components of a mixture-gas or liquid and estimate their relative abundance in the mixture. Sample is transported in a mobile phase, which may be a gas, liquid or a supercritical liquid. This mobile phase is then forced through an immiscible stationary phase which is fixed in place in a column or on a solid surface. There are two types of chromatography-gas solid chromatography(GSC)and gas liquid chromatography(GLC). GLC is based upon the partition of the analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid phase immobilized on the surface of an inert solid. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY In gas chromatography the sample is vaporized and injected onto the head of a chromatographic column.

DETECTION SYSTEM FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR ATOMIC EMISSION DETECTOR THERMIONIC DETECTOR

CHARACTERISTICS OF DETECTOR FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1.Adequate sensitivity 2. Good stability and reproducibility 3. Linear response that extends over several orders of magnitude 4.Short response time APPLICATIONS OF GLC It is a tool for performing separations; in this capacity it is unsurpassed when applied to complex organic, metal organic and biochemical systems that are made up of volatile species from which volatile substances can be yielded. It also provides the means for completion of an analysis. APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 1.Adsorption, Partition, Ion exchange, Gel permeation, gel filtration. DETECTORS OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY Unlike gas chromatograph liquid chromatography has no detector that are universally applicable.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL DETECTORS Same as gas chromatography with the exception that liquid chromatography detector need not be responsive over a wide temperature range.

DIAGRAM FOR SUPERCRITCAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

APPLICATIONS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Type of chromatography Liquid chromatography Applications in the real world
Test water samples to look for pollution

Why and what is it

Used to analyze metal ions and organic compounds in solutions. It uses liquids which may incorporate hydrophilic, insoluble molecules. Used to analyze volatile gases. Helium is used to move the gaseous mixture through a column of absorbent material. Uses an absorbent material on flat glass plates. This is a simple and rapid method to check the purity of the organic compound The most common type of chromatography. The paper is the stationary phase. This uses capillary action to pull the solutes up through the paper and separate the solutes.

Gas chromatography

Thin layer chromatography

Paper chromatography

detect bombs in airports, identify and quantify such drugs as alcohol, used in forensics to compare fibres found on a victim detecting pesticide or insecticide residues in food, also used in forensics to analyze the dye composition of fibers separating amino acids and anions, RNA fingerprinting, separating and testing histamines, antibiotics