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Dr Tang Sie
Dr. Tang Sie
Dr. Tang
Tang Sie Hing
Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
Chief, Cardiology Department
Normah Medical Specialist Centre, Kuching.
Justification for the Use of statins in
Primary prevention: an Intervention
T i l E l
Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
i R i
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER
JUPITER
y JUPITER is the first large‐scale, prospective
JUPITER i h fi l l i study to examine the role
d i h l
of statin therapy in individuals with low to normal LDL‐C levels, but
with increased cardiovascular risk identified by elevated CRP
y It assessed the long‐term impact of rosuvastatin (CRESTOR™) in
individuals potentially at increased cardiovascular (CV) risk due to
elevated CRP levels who do not qualify for lipid‐lowering treatment
l t d CRP l l h d t lif f li id l i t t t
according to current guidelines
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER ‐ Rationale
y Nearly half of all cardiovascular events occur in patients who are
apparently healthy and who have low or normal levels of LDL‐C
y hsCRP predicts cardiovascular disease independent of LDL‐C levels
y Along with improved screening there is a need to examine the use of
lipid‐lowering agents as a method of reducing the risk of cardiovascular
events
Ridker PM. New Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557–1565
Prevalence of conventional risk factors†
Prevalence of conventional risk factors
in patients with CHD
Four
F
(0.9%)
Three
None
8 %
8.9%
19.4%
Two 27.8%
8%
43.0% One
Total patients=87 869
CHD=coronary heart disease
†smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia
ki h i h h l l i and diabetes mellitus
d di b lli
Khot UN et al. JAMA 2003; 290: 898–904
CRP is a strong independent predictor of CV
CRP is a strong independent predictor of CV
events in women
Lp(a)
Homocysteine
IL‐6
TC
LDL‐C
sICAM 1
sICAM‐1
SAA
ApoB
TC/HDL‐C
CRP
CRP + TC/HDL‐C
Apo=apolipoprotein; CRP=C‐reactive protein; CV=cardiovascular; HDL‐C=high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL=interleukin; LDL‐C=low‐density
lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a)=lipoprotein (a); SAA=serum amyloid A; sICAM‐1=soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TC=total cholesterol
Blake GJ, Ridker PM. Circ Res 2001; 89: 763–771
CRP predicts risk of MI and stroke in
CRP predicts risk of MI and stroke in
apparently healthy men
3.5
35 2.0
20 *
3.0 ***
1.5
2.5
Relative 2.0 Relative
risk risk of 1.0
of MI 1.5 ischaemic
stroke
1.0
0.5
0.5
0 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Quartile of CRP Quartile of CRP
CRP=C‐reactive protein; MI=myocardial infarction
*p=0.02 versus quartile 1; ***p<0.001 versus quartile 1
Ridker PM et al. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973–979
CV event‐free
CV event survival in women using combined
free survival in women using combined
1.00
LDL‐C and hsCRP measures
Low LDL‐C, low hsCRP
0.99
Probability
of event‐ High LDL‐C, low hsCRP
g ,
free 0.98
8
survival Low LDL‐C, high hsCRP
0.97
0.96 High LDL‐C, high hsCRP
CV=cardiovascular; hsCRP=high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL‐C=low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol
Median LDL‐C=3.2 mmol/L (124 mg/dL)
5 g
Median CRP=1.5 mg/L
Ridker PM et al. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557–1565
Efficacy of Lovastatin in AFCAPS/TexCAPS
subgroups by baseline LDL‐C and hsCRP
subgroups by baseline LDL‐C and hsCRP
Study group Rate of cardiovascular events
Median LDL‐C=3.9 mmol/L (149 mg/dL). Median hsCRP=1.6 mg/L
AFCAPS/TexCAPS=Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study; hsCRP=high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL‐C=low‐density
lipoprotein cholesterol; N/A=not applicable; NNT=number needed to treat to prevent one coronary event
Ridker PM et al. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1959–1965
JUPITER ‐ Objective
• The primary objective was to investigate whether
l
long‐term treatment with rosuvastatin
i h i 20 mg
decreases the rate of first major cardiovascular events
p p p
compared with placebo in patients with low to normal
LDL‐C but at increased cardiovascular risk as
identified by elevated CRP levels
Ridker PM. Circulation 2003; 108: 2292–2297
JUPITER study design
JUPITER – study design
No history of CAD
N hi f CAD
Rosuvastatin 20 mg (n=8901)
men ≥50 yrs
Placebo
women ≥60 yrs
LDL‐C <130 mg/dL
run‐in
CRP ≥ /L
CRP ≥2.0 mg/L Placebo (n=8901)
Visit: 1 2 3 4
Week: –6
6 –4
4 0 13 6‐monthly
6 monthly Final
CAD=coronary artery disease; LDL‐C=low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP=C‐reactive protein; HbA1c=glycated haemoglobin
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER ‐ Study Endpoints
y Primary Endpoint
y Time to the first occurrence of a major cardiovascular event, composite of:
y cardiovascular death
y Stroke
y MI
y unstable angina
y arterial revascularisation
y Secondary Endpoints
y total mortality
y non‐cardiovascular mortality
y development of diabetes mellitus
d l t f di b t llit
y development of venous thromboembolic events
y bone fractures
y discontinuation of study medication due to adverse effects.
discontinuation of study medication due to adverse effects
Ridker PM. Circulation 2003; 108: 2292–2297
JUPITER Major inclusion criteria
JUPITER ‐ M j i l i i i
y Men aged ≥50 years; women aged ≥60 years
Ridker PM. Circulation 2003; 108: 2292–2297
JUPITER Major exclusion criteria
JUPITER ‐ M j l i i i
y Current use of statins or other lipid‐lowering therapies
y Current use of hormone replacement therapy
y Prior history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, such as MI, unstable angina,
prior arterial revascularisation or stroke, or CHD‐risk equivalents
y Chronic inflammatory condition, such as severe arthritis, lupus or inflammatory
bowel disease and/or treatment with immunosuppressants
y Uncontrolled:
y hypertension: SBP > 190 mmHg or DBP > 100 mmHg
y hypothyroidism: TSH > 1.5 x ULN
y CK >3 x ULN
y Serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL
y Evidence of hepatic dysfunction (ALT > 2 x ULN)
y History of prior malignancy, alcohol or drug abuse
Ridker PM. Circulation 2003; 108: 2292–2297 CHD = coronary heart disease; CK = creatinine kinase; ULN = upper limit of normal; SBP =
systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
Patient Flow
JUPITER ‐ Patient Flow
89,890 subjects screened
17,802 randomized
Rosuvastatin 20mg
R t ti Placebo
Pl b
n=8,901 n=8,901
Lost to follow up Lost to follow up
n=44 n=37
Completed study Completed study
n=8,857 n=8,864
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER ‐ Baseline characteristics*
JUPITER
Rosuvastatin Placebo
n=8901 n=8901
Age (years) 66 (60‐71) 66 (60‐71)
Male sex (%) 61.5 62.1
Race (%)
( )
White 71.4 71.1
Black 12.4 12.6
Hispanic 12.6 12.8
Other 3.6 3.5
BMI (kg/m2) 28.3 (25.3‐32.0) 28.4 (25.3‐32.0)
Systolic BP (mmHg) 134 (124
(124‐145)
145) 134 (124
(124‐145)
145)
Diastolic BP (mmHg) 80 (75‐87) 80 (75‐87)
*All values are median (interquartile range) or N (%).
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER ‐ li l b t t *
JUPITER Baseline laboratory parameters
B
Rosuvastatin Placebo
9
n=8901 9
n=8901
For hsCRP, values are the average of the values obtained at two screening and visits
*All values are median (interquartile range) or N (%).
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER Medical History
JUPITER ‐
Medical History Rosuvastatin Placebo
n=8901 n=8901
†Family history of premature CHD defined as first degree relative with CHD at age < 55 yrs (male), < 65 yrs (female); ‡ Metabolic
syndrome defined according to consensus criteria of AHA/NHLBI
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER population compared with previous trials in
p p p p
patients without established CHD
AFCAPS WOSCOPS JUPITER
Patients, n 6605 6595 17 802
% male, n 85 100 62
Duration, years 5.2 4.9 1.9
Di b t
Diabetes, % 6 1 0
Baseline lipids,
mg/dL*
total cholesterol 221 272 183
LDL-C 150 192 104
HDL-C 36–40 44 51
triglycerides 158 164 138
hsCRP, mg/L 0.2 NA 4.3
Rosuvastatin 20 mg
0.04
Cum
NNT for 2y = 95
0.02
4y = 31
5y* = 25
5y
0.00
0 1 2 3 4
Primary Endpoint 251 (1.36) 142
(1 36) 142 (0.77)
(0 77) 0.56
0 56 0 46‐0 69 <0 001*
0.46‐0.69 <0.001
Non‐fatal MI 62 (0.33) 22 (0.12) 0.35 0.22‐0.58 <0.001*
Fatal or non‐fatal MI 68 (0.37) 31 (0.17) 0.46 0.30‐0.70 0.0002
Non‐fatal stroke 58 (0.31) 30 (0.16) 0.52 0.33‐0.80 0.003
Fatal or non‐fatal stroke 64 (0.34) 33 (0.18) 0.52 0.34‐0.79 0.002
Arterial Revascularization 131 (0.71) 71 (0.38) 0.54 0.41‐0.72 <0.0001
Unstable angina† 27 (0.14) 16 (0.09) 0.59 0.32‐1.10 0.09
CV death stroke MI 157 (0.85) 83
CV death, stroke, MI (0 85) 83 (0.45)
(0 45) 0 53
0.53 40 0 69 <0 001*
0.40‐0.69 <0.001
0
Revascularization
or unstable angina 143 (0.77) 76 (0.41) 0.53 0.40‐0.70 <0.001*
** Rates are per 100 person years; † Hospitalisation due to unstable angina; *Actual p‐value was < 0.00001
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
N P- value*
1
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Age 0.32
≤ 65 years 8,541
>65 yyrs 9,261
Gender 0.80
Males 11,001
Females 6,801
Race 0.57
White 12,683
Non-white 5,117
Hypertension 0.53
Yes 10,208
No 7,586
Region
g 0.51
US or Canada 6,041
Other 11,761
Metabolic syndrome 0.14
Yes 7,375
No 10,296
Family history of CHD 0.07
Yes 2,045
No 15,684
Framingham risk score 0.99
≤10% 88,882
882
>10% 8,895
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER ‐ Total Mortalityy
Death from any cause
0.06
Hazard Ratio 0.80
(95% CI 0.67 0.97)
(95% CI 0 67‐0 97) Placebo
0.05
p=0.02
cidence
Rosuvastatin 20mg
0.04
mulative Inc
0.03
Cum
0.02
0.01
0.00
0 1 2 3 4
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER
JUPITER
Effects on LDL‐C, HDL‐C, TG and hsCRP at 12 months;
Percentage change between rosuvastatin and placebo
4%
0
p<0.001*
ge change
eline (%)
‐10
17%
‐20 p<0.001
from base
Percentag
‐30
37%
‐40 p<0.001
50%
‐50
p<0.001
‐60
*P‐value at study completion (48 months) = 0.34
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER
JUPITER Tolerability and Safety data
Tolerability and Safety data
Placebo Rosuvastatin p‐value
[n=8901] [n=8901]
Adverse Events, (%)
Any serious adverse event 15.5 15.2 0.60
Muscle weakness, stiffness, pain 15.4 16.0 0.34
Myopathy 01
0.1 01
0.1 0 82
0.82
Rhabdomyolysis 0.0 <0.1* ‐‐‐‐
Newly diagnosed cancer 3.5 3.4 0.51
Death from cancer 0.7 0.4 0.02
G
Gastrointestinal disorders
i i l di d 19.2 19.7 0.43
Renal disorders 5.4 6.0 0.08
Bleeding 3.1 2.9 0.45
p
Hepatic disorders 2.1 2.4
4 0.133
Other events, (%)
Newly diagnosed diabetes** (216) 2.4 (270) 3.0 0.01
Haemorrhagic stroke 0.1 0.1 0.44
Laboratory Values, N (%)
Serum creatinine‡ 10 (0.10) 16 (0.20) 0.24
ALT > 3 x ULN# 17 (0.20) 23 (0.30) 0.34
Gl i †
Glycosuria 32 (0.40)
( ) 36 (0.50)
6 ( ) 0.64
6
Laboratory Values, median values (IQR)
GFR*, (mL/min/1.73m
3 2) 66.6 (58.8‐76.2) 66.8 (59.1‐76.5) 0.02
% HbA1c** 5.8 (5.6‐6.1) 5.9 (5.7‐6.1) 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose**, (mg/dL) 98 (90‐106) 98 (91‐107) 0.12
GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c = Haemoglobin A1c
# on consecutive visits, ‡ >100% increase from baseline, *at 12 months, **at 24 months, †>trace at 12 months
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207
JUPITER summary and perspectives
JUPITER – d ti
y The JUPITER study included patients with low to normal LDL‐C who were at
increased CV risk as identified by elevated CRP levels and who did not require
statin treatment based on current treatment guidelines.
b d d l
y A 44% reduction in the primary endpoint of major cardiovascular events
(composite of: CV death, MI, stroke, unstable angina, arterial revascularisation)
was observed in patients who received rosuvastatin 20 mg compared with
placebo (p< 0.00001).
y A 20% reduction in total mortality was observed in patients who received
rosuvastatin 20 mg compared with placebo (p=0.02), a unique finding for statins
20 mg compared with placebo (p 0 02) a unique finding for statins
in a population without established CHD.
y In JUPITER, long‐term treatment with rosuvastatin 20 mg was well tolerated in
nearly 9000 study participants.
l d i i
y There was no difference between treatment groups for muscle weakness, cancer,
haematological disorders, gastrointestinal, hepatic or renal systems.
y The results from JUPITER highlight the importance of highly effective statin
treatment for these patients with an increased risk of CV disease.
Ridker P et al. N Eng J Med 2008;359: 2195‐2207