Application of Limits in Bluetooth Connectivity

A Term Paper Presented To Prof. Maria Theresa B. Panzo Department of English CASS, MSU-IIT

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements ENGLISH 2 Writing in the Discipline Second Semester, SY 2011-2012

by

Veniza D. Yamomo Mary Grace P. Patilan Excel F. Madulara

March 2012

Table of Contents I. Introduction.. 1 A. The Background.......1 B. Thesis Statement......3 II. Body.......4 A. Relationship of Distance and Data transfer.4 B. Limit of Bluetooth range... .....9 C. Magnitude of Time it Reaches the Limit ....9 III. Conclusion.......10

Reference.....11 Appendices...12

Outline Application of Limits in Bluetooth Connectivity I. Introduction A. Analogy in different aspects of short-range wireless data transfer or interconnection of mobile phones using concept of Limits B. The Application of Limits together with Basic Probability and Arithmetic in Bluetooth Connectivity will help to determine the relationship of the distance and time it takes to send the data with equal quantity of bytes between two similar devices, ascertain how far will the limit of Bluetooth reach and determine the possible magnitude of time it reaches the limit. II. Body A. Relationship of distance and data transfer 1. Measure the distance (independent or x) 2. Measure the time (dependent or y) 3. Make a function 4. Graph the values B. Limit of Bluetooth range 1. Determine the last possible distance 2. Let a be equal to the last possible distance added with a cm C. Magnitude of time it reaches the limit 1. Compute the limit as x approaches to a 2. Include the value in graph 3. Determine if its Linear or Quadratic III. Conclusion A. There is a relationship between distance and time B. The value of a is 10.01m. C. The function generated from the data is Linear.

INTRODUCTION The different devices and instruments invented within the past generations led confusion to people and even professionals because of a large number of different series of interconnection through wires. This is possibly one of the reasons why Bluetooth was invented. Bluetooth has penetrated our lives since it was created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994 (Verizon Wireless, 2011). We have used it for years knowing that its only work is to connect to other devices to transmit and receive data (Nokia, 2010). However, it is a low power wireless communication that is only applicable between two or more short distanced devices (Miller & Bisdikian, 2000). As stated by the company Nokia (2011), 95% of mobile phones sold today are Bluetooth enabled, which is a massive increase from 2008, when a mere 5% had the technology. A group of interconnecting devices through Bluetooth is called a piconet. The main device which transfers data to other devices is called a master and the receiving devices &Saswati, 2001). According to Monson (1999), the word Bluetooth is an anglicised version of the Scandinavian Bltand/Bltann, the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald I of Denmark and parts of Norway who united dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal standard. The Bluetooth logo is a merged symbol or letter of an ancient Germanic alphabet , related to the in a piconet are referred to as slaves (Roch, Enyoung

Roman alphabet, used especially in Scandinavia, Hagall () and Bjarkan (), Harald's initials (Wikipedia, 2012). This is the current logo of Bluetooth ( ).

The main variables which affects the connectivity between any devices that use Bluetooth are magnitude of time, distance, and the magnitude of bytes of the file being transferred. This study will discuss the relationship of these variables through the application of Limits. The formula of limit is expressed as lim f(x)
x c

= L and being read as the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L. This means that f(x) becomes arbitrarily close to Real number L as x approaches to c (Larson & Hostetler, 1987). Through tests and experiments the researchers will be able to know the relationships between these variables, derive a function which is a numerical relation(Chua, Tan, Degolacion & Aguinaldo, 2005) and determine the Bluetooths Limit. The researchers aim to determine the relationship between the different variables in Bluetooth since it is identified that anything created through technology has its limit. Without establishing the relationship between the

variables, obtaining the limit would be impossible. Due to the researchers concern about the magnitude of time a certain data transfer is being processed, a function will be constructed. This is to theoretically arrive with the magnitude of time observations cannot attain when the distance is on the limit. Furthermore, the results of the research will inform and may help the readers realize how to make their tasks which involve Bluetooth Connectivity be faster.

Thesis Statement The Application of Limits together with Basic Probability and Arithmetic in Bluetooth Connectivity will help to determine the relationship of the distance and time it takes to completely send data with equal quantity of bytes between two similar devices, ascertain how far will the range of Bluetooth reach and determine the possible magnitude of time it reaches the limit.

BODY

The Directly Proportional Relationship of Distance and Data transfer In this method we express the distance as the length (in meters) of the space between two similar devices without any barriers. The devices are 2 cell phone units of Nokia X2-01. Data transfer is the time (in seconds) it takes for a single file to be transmitted in a connection between a master and a slave. The researchers determined the distance as x and the data transfer as y or f(x). See the table below. Results from the Actual Observation: Distance (x variable; in meters) 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m 5m 6m 7m 8m 9m 9.5m* 9.75m* 10m 10.01m Data transfer (y variable; in seconds) 22.4s 27.92s 33.21s 38.90s 44.21s 49.79s 54.93s 61.05s 66.79s 71.70s 74.78s 75.98s 78.81s Operation failed

*These measure of distances were included to assure that there is still connection between 9m-10m incase 10m would be an error. The mean of seconds added every one meter is added is 5.641 seconds (See Appendix A for the computation). The formula of mean is = is the number of population (Walpole, 2002).

, where N

Therefore the function of the relationship between distance and data transfer with equal quantity of bytes in a file which is 4MB is f(x)= 5.641x + 22.4. The function shows a directly proportional relationship. This means that as the distance (independent variable or x) extends or increases, the magnitude of time or data transfer (dependent variable or y) also delays or increases. Based on the function, starting from the constant 22.4seconds when the distance is zero (0), the data transfer delays 5.641 more seconds every 1 meter is extended between the distance of the two cell phone units. In order to see the difference of the formula which is derived from the actual measurement. The graph of the observation must be compared with the graph of the function.

Graph of the Observation:

The graph shows the relationship of distance (in x-axis) and data transfer (in y-axis) from the actual observation of the researchers. The data from the observation which is plotted in the graph indicates a directly proportional relationship but the data transfer increases in changeable rate because of several factors other than the same unit of cell phones, exact measurement of distances, the same properties of data transferred , similar units of measurement used, the same power contained in every batteries and absence of barriers that the researchers assured. When line segments from every point to another point are joined, it does not form a line. Thus, it is hard to determine the limit.

Graph of the Function:

The graph shows the relationship of distance (in x-axis) and data transfer (in y-axis) from the function constructed by the researchers. The data from the function which is plotted in the graph indicates a directly proportional relationship and the data transfer increases in a similar rate since the function f(x)= 5.641x + 22.4 generated by the researchers from the observations was calculated using Mean resulting to a parallel relationship between the distance and data transfer. When line segments from every point to another point are joined, it forms a line. Thus, it is easy to determine the limit with the help of the function.

Graph of the Observation and Function:

The graph shows visually the 1.24% error of the relationship of distance(in x-axis) and data transfer(in y-axis) of the function compared to the actual observation. The error of the function compared to the actual observation is 1.24% (See Appendix B for the computation) per value. Therefore, the function is 98.76% precise. This means that the magnitude of time which will be solved using the function when the distance reaches the limit is approximately equal to the actual magnitude of time obtained if the Bluetooth can reach its limit that is impossible and immeasurable in reality.

Termination of Bluetooth Connectivity at 10.01meters Since the last distance that enables the Bluetooth to connect is 10.00 meters, the value of a is 10.01 meters. This means that the value of x or distance will get closer to the value of a but will never be equal to it. The researchers set the value to 10.01 meters because distances between a centimeter which are millimeters yield insignificant values. Data Transfer within 78.866 seconds in The Event that The Bluetooth Reaches its Limit With the function f(x)= 5.641x+22.4 which is a Linear Equation and the value of a which is 10.01, we can compute the Limit.
x c
x 10.01

lim f(x) = L L = lim 5.641x+22.4 = 5.641(10.01) + 22.4 = 56.466 + 22.4 = 78.866 seconds (This value is included in the graph.) Therefore as x (distance) approaches to 10.01m, the value of f(x) (time) also approaches to 78.866 seconds. Note that the version of Bluetooth of the Nokia X2-01 will not reach 10.01m but the result would be the possible magnitude of time if the distance reaches 10.01m.

CONCLUSION The researchers have proven their Thesis Statement. The Application of Limits together with Basic Probability and Arithmetic in Bluetooth Connectivity helps to determine the relationship of the distance and time it takes to send data with equal quantity of bytes between two similar devices. The function generated from the observations is f(x)=5.641x+22.4 and it is linear function with an error of 1.24% per value. The results of our study show that there is a direct relationship between distance(x) and magnitude of time(y). As the distance approaches to 10.01m (a), the magnitude of time also approaches to 78.866 seconds. The version of Bluetooth of the Nokia X2-01 will not reach 10.01m but 78.866 seconds would be the possible magnitude of time if the distance reaches 10.01m.

Reference A. Books Chua, S., Tan,B., Degolacion, R. & Aguinaldo,Ma.S. (2005). Mastering Intermediate Algebra. Quezon City,Philippines: SIBS Publishing House Inc. Larson, R. & Hostetler, R. (1987). Brief Calculus with Applications. Massachusetts, Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company. Miller, B. and Bisdikian, C. (2000). Bluetooth Revealed: The Insiders Guide to an Open Specification for Global Wireless Communications. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall Publisher. Nokia. (2010). Nokia X2-01 (Users Guide). Finland: Nokia Corporation. Walpole, R. (2002). Introduction to Statistics (Third Edition). Philippines: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. B. Internet Monson, H. (1999, December 14). Bluetooth Technology and Implications. Retrieved March 14, 2012 from http://www.sysopt.com/features/network/article.php/3532506. Nokia. (2011, May 11). 5 Surprising Facts about Bluetooth. Loud and Gear. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from http://accessories.nokia.com/story/5-surprising-facts-aboutbluetooth/. Roch,G., Enyoung, K. and Saswati, S. (2001). Key Challenges and Initial Research. Bluetooth Technology. Retrieved from March 14, 2012 from http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~swati/challenge_v4.pdf. Verizon Wireless. (2011, May 3). Bluetooth On The Road. High Tech Traveler. Retrieved March 14, 2012 from http://www.hoovers.com/business-information/-pageid__13751--/global-hoov-index.xhtml. Wikipedia. (2011, January 29). Name and Logo. Bluetooth. Retrieved from March 14, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Rate of Changes of Data Transfer in Actual Observation N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean/ Rate: = = = = 5.641 sec/1m

[x-(x-1)] 1-0 2-1 3-2 4-3 5-4 6-5 7-6 8-7 9-8 10-9

[f(x)-f(x-1)] 5.52 5.29 5.69 5.31 5.58 5.14 6.12 5.74 4.91 7.11

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APPENDIX B

Mean of Errors of Data Transfer in the Function Compared to the Observation Distance (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean: = = = = 1.24%

Observation(in s) 22.4s 27.92s 33.21s 38.90s 44.21s 49.79s 54.93s 61.05s 66.79s 71.70s 78.81s

Function(in s) 22.4 28.041 33.682 39.323 44.964 51.005 56.246 61.887 67.528 73.169 78.81

Error (%) 0% 0.43% 1.4% 1.07% 1.67% 2.38% 2.3% 1.35% 1.09% 1.99% 0%

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