Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER 1
1.2 TISSUE
GENERAL
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5. Some parenchyma cells in the stems and roots have colorless plastids
that store starch.
6. The fleshy tissue of most fruit is composed of parenchyma cells.
7. Most parenchyma cells retain the ability to divide and differentiate into
other cell types under special conditions, such as the repair and
replacement of organs after injury to the plant.
8. Characteristic: large, thin-walled, and usually have a large central
vacuole
9. In areas not exposed to light, colorless plastids predominate and
food storage is the main function. The cells of the white potato are
parenchyma cells.
10. Where light is present, e.g., in leaves, chloroplasts predominate and
photosynthesis is the main function.
11. Palisade parenchyma cells are elogated cells located in many leaves just
below the epidermal tissue.
12. Palisade mesophyll: Column-shaped cells found below the upper
epidermis. The cells contain many chloroplasts to carry out
photosynthesis.
13. Spongy mesophyll cells occur below the one or two layers of palisade
cells Isodiametric or irregular-shaped cells. They are loosely packed
with many large intercellular spaces for gaseous exchange. They have
fewer chloroplasts than palisade cells to carry out photosynthesis.
14. Endodermis:
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Collenchyma Cells
1. Have thicker primary walls than parenchyma cells, though the walls are
unevenly thickened.
2. Grouped into strands or cylinders, collenchyma cells help support young
parts of the plant shoot.
3. Young stems often have strands of collenchyma just below the
epidermis, providing support without restraining growth.
4. Mature collenchyma cells are living and flexible and elongate with the
stems and leaves they support.
Sclerenchyma Cells
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9. Xylem fibres:
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Distribution
Parenchym
a
Cortex, pith,
ground tissue
in xylem and
phloem.
Function
Ground tissue in stems
and roots. Turgid cells
give support especially to
herbaceous.
Metabolically active.
Stores food.
Permits transport of food
through apoplast or
symplast pathways.
Large intercellular spaces
gaseous exchanges.
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Collenchym
a
Below
epidermis,
midribs of
leaves, leaf
petioles.
Sclerenchy
ma
Below
epidermis
xylem and
phloem,
pericycle of
some stems.
Vascular
tissue
Xylem
vessels and
tracheids
Phloem
sieve tubes
and
companion
cells.
Vascular
tissue
Living cells.
Polygonal, elongated
with tapering ends.
Uneven thickenings
of cell walls, usually
at the corners of cell
walls with deposits
of cellulose, pectin
and hemicellulose.
Dead cells. Lignified
walls. Polygonal,
elongated with
overlapping and
interlocking tapering
ends.
Dead cells. Lignified
walls. Xylem vessels
are continuous
hollow tubes.
Tracheids are
elongated cells with
tapering ends.
Sieve tubes are
elongated and
tubular, consisting of
phloem elements
Companion cells are
smaller, with dense
cytoplasm.
Supporting tissue.
To translocate organic
products of
photosynthesis.
Companion cells closely
associated with sieve
tubes.
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EXERCISE
1. Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for
photosynthesis?
A. Ground tissue system
B. Vascular tissue system
C. Dermal tissue system
D. Primary tissue system
[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
The two simple tissues that are specialized for support are
parenchyma and collenchyma.
collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
sclerenchyma and parenchyma.
parenchyma and xylem.
[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
4. ________ are living cells that do not conduct sugar themselves but play a
crucial role in assisting the movement of sugars.
A. Companion cells
B. Sieve tube members
C. Sieve plates
D. Vessel elements
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
6. X is a living plant tissue and the cell walls are unevenly thickened with
pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Every cell is closely packed together
with very small and no intracellular air spaces. Tissue X is
A. endodermis.
B. collenchyma.
C. epidermis.
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D. sclerenchyma.
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
[AS/APR 2008/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2008/BIO200]
8. Explain briefly the four cell types, namely tracheid, vessel element,
sieve tube member and companion cell, found in the vascular tissue system
and describe the function of each.
(8 marks)
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[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
9. Explain how the structures of the following tissues are suited to their
functions.
i. Parenchyma
ii. Xylem
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CHAPTER 1.2 [INTRODUCTION OF TISSUES, CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS AND ECOLOGY]
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(8 marks)
[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
10. Describe briefly the structure and function of the three types of tissues
found in the ground tissue system of plants. (9 marks)
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CHAPTER 1.2 [INTRODUCTION OF TISSUES, CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS AND ECOLOGY]
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[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
11. Explain how the structures of tracheids and vessel elements are
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[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
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13.Explain the differences between:
i. Epidermis and periderm
ii. Fibers and sclereids
iii. Parenchyma and collenchyma
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
(12 marks)
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[AS/APR 2008/BIO200]
Ground tissues
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