Computer Vision: Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Preface Original Table of Contents 1 - Computer vision issues 1.1 - Achieving simple vision goals (pg 1) 1.2 - High-level and low-level capabilities (pg 2) 1.3 - A range of representations (pg 6) 1.4 - The role of computers (pg 9) 1.5 - Computer vision research and applications (pg 12) 2 - Image Formation 2.1 - Images (pg 4) 2.2 - Image Model (pg 1) 2.2.1 - Image Functions (pg 1) 2.2.2 - Imaging Geometry (pg 2) 2.2.3 - Reflectance (pg 5) 2.2.4 - Spatial Properties (pg 7) 2.2.5 - Color (pg 14) 2.2.6 - Digital Images (pg 18) 2.3 - Imaging Devices for Computer Vision (pg 1) 2.3.1 - Photographic Imaging (pg 3) 2.3.2 - Sensing Range (pg 11) 2.3.3 - Reconstruction Imaging (pg 15) 3 - Early Processing 3.1 - Recovering Intrinsic Structure (pg 1) 3.2 - Filtering the Image (pg 3) 3.2.1 - Template Matching (pg 3) 3.2.2 - Histogram Transformations (pg 8) 3.2.3 - Background Subtraction (pg 10) 3.2.4 - Filtering and Reflectance Models (pg 11) 3.3 - Finding Local Edges (pg 1) 3.3.1 - Types of Edge Operators (pg 2) 3.3.2 - Edge Thresholding Strategies (pg 6)

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3.3.3 - Three-Dimensional Edge Operators (pg 7) 3.3.4 - How Good Are Edge Operators? (pg 9) 3.3.5 - Edge Relaxation (pg 11) 3.4 - Range Information from Geometry (pg 1) 3.4.1 - Stereo Vision and Triangulation (pg 1) 3.4.2 - A Relaxation Algorithm for Stereo (pg 2) 3.5 - Surface Orientation from Reflectance Models (pg 6) 3.5.1 - Reflectivity Functions (pg 6) 3.5.2 - Surface Gradient (pg 8) 3.5.3 - Photometric Stereo (pg 11) 3.5.4 - Shape from Shading by Relaxation (pg 12) 3.6 - Optical Flow (pg 1) 3.6.1 - The Fundamental Flow Constraint (pg 1) 3.6.2 - Calculating Optical Flow by Relaxation (pg 2) 3.7 - Resolution Pyramids (pg 5) 3.7.1 - Gray-Level Consolidation (pg 5) 3.7.2 - Pyramidal Structures in Correlation (pg 6) 3.7.3 - Pyramidal Structures in Edge Detection (pg 8) 4 - Boundary Detection 4.1 - On Associating Edge Elements (pg 4) 4.2 - Searching Near an Approximate Location (pg 6) 4.2.1 - Adjusting A Priori Boundaries (pg 6) 4.2.2 - Non-Linear Correlation in Edge Space (pg 6) 4.2.3 - Divide-and-Conquer Boundary Detection (pg 7) 4.3 - The Hough Method for Curve Detection (pg 1) 4.3.1 - Use of the Gradient (pg 2) 4.3.2 - Some Examples (pg 3) 4.3.3 - Trading Off Work in Parameter Space for Work in Image Space (pg 4) 4.3.4 - Generalizing the Hough Transform (pg 6) 4.4 - Edge Following as Graph Searching (pg 1) 4.4.1 - Good Evaluation Functions (pg 3) 4.4.2 - Finding All the Boundaries (pg 3) 4.4.3 - Alteratives to the A Algorithm (pg 6)

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4.5 - Edge Following as Dynamic Programming (pg 1) 4.5.1 - Dynamic Programming (pg 1) 4.5.2 - Dynamic Programming for Images (pg 3) 4.5.3 - Lower Resolution Evaluation Functions (pg 5) 4.5.4 - Theoretical Questions about Dynamic Programming (pg 7) 4.6 - Contour Following (pg 7) 4.6.1 - Extension to Gray-Level Images (pg 8) 4.6.2 - Generalization to Higher-Dimensional Image Data (pg 10) 5 - Region Growing 5.1 - Regions (pg 1) 5.2 - A Local Technique: Blob Coloring (pg 3) 5.3 - Global Techniques: Region Growing via Thresholding (pg 4) 5.3.1 - Thresholding in Multidimensional Space (pg 5) 5.3.2 - Hierarchical Refinement (pg 7) 5.4 - Splitting and Merging (pg 7) 5.4.1 - State-Space Approach to Region Growing (pg 9) 5.4.2 - Low-Level Boundary Data Structures (pg 10) 5.4.3 - Graph-Oriented Region Structures (pg 11) 5.5 - Incorporation of Semantics (pg 12) 6 - Texture 6.1 - What is Texture? (pg 1) 6.2 - Texture Primitives (pg 4) 6.3 - Structural Models of Texel Placement (pg 5) 6.3.1 - Grammatical Models (pg 7) 6.3.2 - Shape Grammars (pg 8) 6.3.3 - Tree Grammars (pg 10) 6.3.4 - Array Grammars (pg 13) 6.4 - Texture as a Pattern Recognition Problem (pg 1) 6.4.1 - Texture Energy (pg 4) 6.4.2 - Spatial Gray-Level Dependence (pg 6) 6.4.3 - Region Texels (pg 8) 6.5 - The Texture Gradient (pg 9) 7 - Motion

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7.1 - Motion Understanding (pg 1) 7.1.1 - Domain-Independent Understanding (pg 2) 7.1.2 - Domain-Dependent Understanding (pg 2) 7.2 - Understanding Optical Flow (pg 5) 7.2.1 - Focus of Expansion (pg 5) 7.2.2 - Adjacency, Depth, and Collision (pg 7) 7.2.3 - Surface Orientation and Edge Detection (pg 8) 7.2.4 - Egomotion (pg 12) 7.3 - Understanding Image Sequences (pg 1) 7.3.1 - Calculating Flow from Discrete Images (pg 1) 7.3.2 - Rigid Bodies from Motion (pg 4) 7.3.3 - Interpretation of Moving Light Displays - A Domain-Independent Approach (pg 8) 7.3.4 - Human Motion Understanding - A Model-Directed Approach (pg 11) 7.3.5 - Segmented Images (pg 14) 8 - Representation of Two-Dimensional Geometric Structures 8.1 - Two-Dimensional Geometric Structures (pg 4) 8.2 - Boundary Representations (pg 5) 8.2.1 - Polylines (pg 5) 8.2.2 - Chain Codes (pg 8) 8.2.3 - The Ψ-s Curve (pg 10) 8.2.4 - Fourier Descriptors (pg 11) 8.2.5 - Conic Sections (pg 12) 8.2.6 - B-Splines (pg 12) 8.2.7 - Strip Trees (pg 17) 8.3 - Region Representations (pg 1) 8.3.1 - Spatial Occupancy Array (pg 1) 8.3.2 - y Axis (pg 2) 8.3.3 - Quad Trees (pg 3) 8.3.4 - Medial Axis Transform (pg 6) 8.3.5 - Decomposing Complex Areas (pg 7) 8.4 - Simple Shape Properties (pg 8) 8.4.1 - Area (pg 8) 8.4.2 - Eccentricity (pg 9)

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8.4.3 - Euler Number (pg 9) 8.4.4 - Compactness (pg 10) 8.4.5 - Slope Density Function (pg 10) 8.4.6 - Signatures (pg 11) 8.4.7 - Concavity Trees (pg 12) 8.4.8 - Shape Numbers (pg 12) 9 - Representations of Three-Dimensional Structures 9.1 - Solids and their Representation (pg 1) 9.2 - Surface Representations (pg 2) 9.2.1 - Surface with Faces (pg 2) 9.2.2 - Surfaces Based on Splines (pg 5) 9.2.3 - Surfaces That Are Functions on the Sphere (pg 7) 9.3 - Generalized Cylinder Representations (pg 1) 9.3.1 - Generalized Cylinder Coordinate Systems and Properties (pg 2) 9.3.2 - Extracting Generalized Cylinders (pg 5) 9.3.3 - A Discrete Volumetric Version of the Skeleton (pg 7) 9.4 - Volumetric Representations (pg 7) 9.4.1 - Spatial Occupancy (pg 7) 9.4.2 - Cell Decomposition (pg 8) 9.4.3 - Constructive Solid Geometry (pg 9) 9.4.4 - Algorithms for Solid Representations (pg 11) 9.5 - Understanding Line Drawings (pg 1) 9.5.1 - Matching Line Drawings to Three-Dimensional Primitives (pg 3) 9.5.2 - Grouping Regions Into Bodies (pg 4) 9.5.3 - Labeling Lines (pg 6) 9.5.4 - Reasoning About Planes (pg 11) 10 - Knowledge Representation and Use 10.1 - Representations (pg 4) 10.1.1 - The Knowledge Base - Models and Processes (pg 5) 10.1.2 - Analogical and Propositional Representations (pg 6) 10.1.3 - Procedural Knowledge (pg 8) 10.1.4 - Computer Implementations (pg 9) 10.2 - Semantic Nets (pg 1)

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10.2.1 - Semantic Net Basics (pg 1) 10.2.2 - Semantic Nets for Inference (pg 5) 10.3 - Semantic Net Examples (pg 1) 10.3.1 - Frame Implementations (pg 1) 10.3.2 - Location Networks (pg 2) 10.4 - Control Issues in Complex Vision Systems (pg 1) 10.4.1 - Parallel and Serial Computation (pg 2) 10.4.2 - Hierarchical and Heterarchical Control (pg 2) 10.4.3 - Belief Maintenance and Goal Achievement (pg 7) 11 - Matching 11.1 - Aspects of Matching (pg 1) 11.1.1 - Interpretation: Construction, Matching, and Labeling (pg 1) 11.1.2 - Matching Iconic, Geometric, and Relational Structures (pg 2) 11.2 - Graph-Theoretical Algorithms (pg 4) 11.2.1 - The Algorithms (pg 6) 11.2.2 - Complexity (pg 8) 11.3 - Implementing Graph-Theoretical Algorithms (pg 1) 11.3.1 - Matching Metrics (pg 1) 11.3.2 - Backtrack Search (pg 4) 11.3.3 - Association Graph Techniques (pg 5) 11.4 - Matching in Practice (pg 1) 11.4.1 - Decision Trees (pg 2) 11.4.2 - Decision Tree and Subgraph Isomorphism (pg 7) 11.4.3 - Informal Feature Classification (pg 8) 11.4.4 - A Complex Matcher (pg 10) 12 - Inference 12.1 - First Order Predicate Calculus (pg 2) 12.1.1 - Clause-Form Syntax (Informal) (pg 2) 12.1.2 - Nonclausal Syntax and Logic Semantics (Informal) (pg 3) 12.1.3 - Converting Nonclausal Form to Clauses (pg 5) 12.1.4 - Theorem Proving (pg 6) 12.1.5 - Predicate Calculus and Semantic Networks (pg 8) 12.1.6 - Predicate Calculus and Knowledge Representation (pg 10)

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12.2 - Computer Reasoning (pg 1) 12.3 - Production Systems (pg 2) 12.3.1 - Production System Details (pg 4) 12.3.2 - Pattern Matching (pg 5) 12.3.3 - An Example (pg 7) 12.3.4 - Production System Pros and Cons (pg 12) 12.4 - Scene Labeling and Constraint Relaxation (pg 1) 12.4.1 - Consistent and Optimal Labelings (pg 1) 12.4.2 - Discrete Labeling Algorithms (pg 3) 12.4.3 - A Linear Relaxation Operator and a Line-Labeling Example (pg 8) 12.4.4 - A Nonlinear Operator (pg 12) 12.4.5 - Relaxation as Linear Programming (pg 13) 12.5 - Active Knowledge (pg 1) 12.5.1 - Hypotheses (pg 2) 12.5.2 - HOW-TO and SO-WHAT Processes (pg 2) 12.5.3 - Control Primitives (pg 2) 12.5.4 - Aspects of Active Knowledge (pg 4) 13 - Goal Achievement 13.1 - Symbolic Planning (pg 2) 13.1.1 - Representing the World (pg 2) 13.1.2 - Representing Actions (pg 4) 13.1.3 - Stacking Blocks (pg 5) 13.1.4 - The Frame Problem (pg 7) 13.2 - Planning with Costs (pg 1) 13.2.1 - Planning, Scoring, and Their Interaction (pg 2) 13.2.2 - Scoring Simple Plans (pg 2) 13.2.3 - Scoring Enhanced Plans (pg 7) 13.2.4 - Practical Simplifications (pg 8) 13.2.5 - A Vision System Based on Planning (pg 9) A1 - Some Mathematical Tools A1.1 - Coordinate Systems (pg 1) A1.1.1 - Cartesian (pg 1) A1.1.2 - Polar and Polar Space (pg 1)

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A1.1.3 - Spherical and Cylindrical (pg 2) A1.1.4 - Homogeneous Coordinates (pg 3) A1.2 - Trigonometry (pg 4) A1.2.1 - Plane Trigonometry (pg 4) A1.2.2 - Spherical Trigonometry (pg 5) A1.3 - Vectors (pg 5) A1.4 - Matrices (pg 7) A1.5 - Lines (pg 10) A1.5.1 - Two Points (pg 10) A1.5.2 - Point and Direction (pg 10) A1.5.3 - Slope and Intercept (pg 10) A1.5.4 - Ratios (pg 10) A1.5.5 - Normal and Distance from Origin (Line Equation) (pg 11) A1.5.6 - Parametric (pg 12) A1.6 - Planes (pg 12) A1.7 - Geometric Transformations (pg 13) A1.7.1 - Rotation (pg 13) A1.7.2 - Scaling (pg 14) A1.7.3 - Skewing (pg 15) A1.7.4 - Translation (pg 15) A1.7.5 - Perspective (pg 15) A1.7.6 - Transforming Lines and Planes (pg 16) A1.7.7 - Summary (pg 16) A1.8 - Camera Calibration and Inverse Perspective (pg 1) A1.8.1 - Camera Calibration (pg 2) A1.8.2 - Inverse Perspective (pg 3) A1.9 - Least-Squared-Error Fitting (pg 4) A1.9.1 - Pseudo-Inverse Method (pg 5) A1.9.2 - Principal Axis Method (pg 6) A1.9.3 - Fitting Curves by the Pseudo-Inverse Method (pg 7) A1.10 - Conics (pg 8) A1.11 - Interpolation (pg 9) A1.11.1 - One-Dimensional (pg 9)

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A1.11.2 - Two-Dimensional (pg 10) A1.12 - The Fast Fourier Transform (pg 10) A1.13 - The Icosahedron (pg 12) A1.14 - Root Finding (pg 13) A2 - Advanced Control Mechanisms A2.1 - Standard Control Structures (pg 1) A2.1.1 - Recursion (pg 2) A2.1.2 - Co-Routining (pg 2) A2.2 - Inherently Sequential Mechanisms (pg 3) A2.2.1 - Automatic Backtracking (pg 3) A2.2.2 - Context Switching (pg 4) A2.3 - Sequential or Parallel Mechanisms (pg 4) A2.3.1 - Modules and Messages (pg 4) A2.3.2 - Priority Job Queue (pg 6) A2.3.3 - Pattern-Directed Invocation (pg 8) A2.3.4 - Blackboard Systems (pg 9) Color Supplement Author Index (pg 1) Subject Index (pg 5) Return to front page

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