Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Zhe Chen
Aalborg University Institute of Energy Technology zch@iet.aau.dk http://www.iet.aau.dk
1
Contents
Introduction Electrical systems within an offshore wind farm Electrical transmission system from an offshore wind farm to an onshore grid Optimal Design of Electrical Systems for offshore wind farms
Large investment and high maintenance cost Cost/Reliability plays an important role in wind farm planning
EWEA targets
Tun Knob
1995
Middelgrun den
2000
20 Bonus 2 MW
the largest wind farm in the world based on cooperative ownership (2005) Owned by local people, the island is fully supplied by renewable energy The largest wind farm in Denmark in capacity (2005) The largest wind farm in Denmark in production (2005) 6
Sams
2003
10 Bonus 2,3 MW
3,5 km south of the island Sams 10 km south of the town of Nysted on Lolland 14-20 km off the coast of Jutland
Nysted
2003
72 Bonus 2,3 MW
Horns Rev
2002
80 Vestas 2MW
The Danish Governments' Action Plan for Energy, Energy 21: 4,000 MW of offshore and 1,500 MW of onshore wind power before year 2030. All together Denmark would then be able to cover more than 50 per cent of the total electricity consumption by wind energy and the wind turbines periodically will cover more than 100 per cent of Danish electricity demand.
No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wind Farms Djursland Horns Rev Jammebugt Ringkbing Store Meddelgrund Kriegers Flak
Large scale wind power penetration which corresponding to 50% of electricity consumption Largest part will be placed in the western area
Transmisson Solution
Transformer or Converter
PCC
Collector System
Schematic representation of an offshore wind farm. The collection point may be an offshore substation. PCC = Point of Common Coupling to the onshore grid line
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OSS No No No No Yes
Trans mis s ion Voltage AC, 20 kV AC, 11 kV AC, 30 kV AC, 20 kV AC, 150 kV
2003
23 MW
AC, 30 kV
No
AC, 30 kV
Nys ted, LollandDenmark Arklow Bank, Iris h Sea-Ireland North Hoyle, UK Scroby Sands , Norfolk-UK Kentis h Flat, UK Barrow, UK
2003
165.6 MW
10
AC, 33 kV
Yes
AC, 132 kV
2003
7*GEW 104/3600 30*Ves tas V 80/2000 30*Ves tas V 80/2000 30*Vestas V90/3000 30*Vestas V90/3000
25 MW
10
AC, 38 kV
No
AC, 38 kV
2003
60 MW
10
AC, 33kV
No
AC, 33kV
2004
60 MW
AC, 33 kV
No
AC, 33 kV
2005 2005
90 MW 90 MW
9 27+33
AC, 33 kV AC, 33 kV
No Yes
OSS = Offshore Substation; 2 19 km offshore, 33 km onshore. 3 27 km offshore, 3 km onshore. PCC = Point of Common Coupling
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Collector System
Cable type: 1 2 2
XLPE Cable specification for 33 kV Type 1: 120 mm2 ; Maximum rating: 18 MVA Type 2: 185 mm2 ; Maximum rating: 26 MVA 2 Type 3: 130 mm ; Maximum rating: 33 MVA 2 Type 4: 500 mm ; Maximum rating: 40 MVA
Hub
To Shore
Hub
To Shore
To Shore
Hub
Hub
To Shore
To Shore
To Shore Hub To Shore Alternative E: Star Cluster with Single Hub Alternative F: Multi Hub Ring
Schematic overview of different layouts for offshore collector systems. (see also Ault et al., 2005).
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DC Collection Systems
Wind Farm G~ = G~ = 15/150 kV DC/DC DC/AC Converter Onshore 150 kV DC
= =
PCC
G~ =
G~ =
G~ = 15 kV DC
= =
= =
= =
G~ =
DC wind farm design based on wind turbines with AC generators. Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Martander (2002)
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DC Collection Systems
DC G DC G DC G DC/AC Converter Onshore 150 kV DC DC G DC G DC G
DC G
DC G
DC G
DC windfarm design based on wind turbines with DC generators (DCG). Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Lundberg (2003). /Wiley/
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Offshore Substation
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Offshore Substations
Overview of Offshore Substations
Name Wind farm Capacity 160 MW 165.5 MW Collector /Transmission Voltage/kV 36/150 33/132 Design of Foundation Weight of Substation/tonne 1200 670
Tripod Monopile, similar to wind turbine monopile Monopile, similar to wind turbine monopile
Barrow (UK)
90 MW
33/132
480
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Onshore Network
30 kV 30 kV
150 KV, XLPE Cable Rating 200 MW 150 KV, XLPE Cable Rating 200 MW
30 kV
SVC SVC
Single-line diagram for basic configuration of a 600 MW windfarm with HVAC transmission to shore. Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Eriksson et al., 2003 and Husler and Owman, 2002.
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132 KV
50
100
300
350
400
Transmission capacity versus transmission distance for different HVAC transmission cables for three voltages, 132 kV, 220 kV, and 400 kV. Cable based on data provided in Table 3
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Contribution of each transmission component to total transmission losses for a 500 MW wind farm, 9 m/s of average wind speed, at 100 km transmission distance, threecore 132kV submarine cables. Source: Todorovic, 2004
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Onshore Network
F F F 380 kV
HFF
Basic configuration of a 500 MW wind farm using a Line Commutated Converter HVDC system with a STATCOM, based on Cartwright et al., 2004. For a configuration for a 1,100 MW wind farm using LCC HVDC system with diesel generators on the offshore substation, see Kirby et al., 2002. F = Filter, HFF = High Frequency Filter. Source: Ackermann (2005).
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10
HVDC Systems
Udc
Monopolar Submarine Cable System with Return Cable Udc HVDC Cable Wind Farm Converter Station / = Return Cable
Wind Farm
Onshore Network
I dc
Converter Station =/
Onshore Network
Ground + U dc
Wind Farm
Converter Station =/
Onshore Network
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For a 500 MW and 1,000 MW wind farm, 9 m/s of average wind speed, at 100 km and 200 km transmission distance, 3 threecore 132 KV submarine cables. Source: 22 Todorovic, 2004. (CS = Converter Station)
11
Onshore Network
300 MVA
300 MVA
300 MVA
Single-line diagram for a 600 MW windfarm using two Voltage Source Converter HVDC system, each converter station has a 300 MW rating. Source: Ackermann (2005), based on Eriksson et al., 2003.
24
12
Single-line diagram for a 500 MW windfarm using one Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC system based on a converter station with a 500 MW rating. Source: Ackermann (2005) /Wiley/
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VSC-HVDC projects
26
13
27
14
Contribution of each HVDC VSC transmission component to the total transmission losses
For a 500 MW and 1,000 MW windfarm, 9 m/s of average wind speed, at 100 km and 200 km transmission distance. Source: Barberis (2005). (CS = Converter Station).
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Up to 500 kV No 2 - 3 % (plus requirements for ancillary services offshore) No Less than HVAC; Limited No Dependent on capacity. Converter larger than for VSC.
Black-start capability Fault contribution? Technical capability for network support Offshore substations in operation? Space requirements offshore substation. Yes Limited Yes Small
Yes Less than HVAC; Large range of possibilities. Yes Dependent on capacity. Converter smaller than LCC, but larger than 30 HVAC substation.
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Optimization of Electrical System for Offshore Wind Farm by a Genetic Algorithm Approach
Task 1 Task 2
31
String
Platform
+
DC
Cluster-coupled VS
String
DC
Park-coupled VS
String
32
16
New features
Considered factors :
The control strategy of variable speed wind turbine systems The variable frequency in the power collection network. The power losses and control of converters. Model of DC-DC converters is integrated into N-R method by modifying Jacobian matrix. Applicable to different AC-DC mixed network.
33
#1 AC Network
AC DC DC Network
DC AC AC Network
V, Grid PCC
WT n
#M AC Network
AC DC
DC AC
AC1 +
DC +
AC2
Description Pure AC wind farm. DC wind turbine systems, DC collection and DC transmission or AC transmission. AC wind turbine systems, AC collection and DC transmission.
AC_DC_AC farm
WT1, WT3
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17
Loss modeling
The losses in wind turbine system:
Loss of gearbox Mechanical losses Loss of generator and corresponding power electronic equipment. Fixed speed SCIG DFIG SCIG + Full size converter PMSG + Diode PMSG + Full size converter WRSG + Diode
HV C ab le
Radial network
1st order failure ->2nd order failure state.
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18
Cost modelling
Levelized production cost
LPC = [ C0 r (1 + r ) N 1 100 + OAM ] N (1 + r ) 1 ( Pmec Ploss )T 100 PR
where C0 the capital cost OAM the maintenance cost pr year N the life time of the wind farm r the coefficient obtained from bank interest and inflation rate. PR the profit (%)
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Cost modelling
Component data Distribution of wind
Database
System configuration
Investment cost
Maintenance cost
Average cost
LPC
38
19
Optimization model
Minimize Obj = LPC + * LOGRP (LPC is the Levelized Production Cost) Subject to LOGRP<LOGRPmax Reliability within a threshold
U low U i U up
Functional structure
40
20
Binary String
Network Simplify
Decoding
111
121
131
141
22
32
42
52
62
72
82
92
102
112
122
132
142
152
23
33
43
53
63
73
83
93
103
113
123
133
143
153
163
173
44
54
64
74
84
94
104
114
124
134
144
154
164
174
42
21
10
20
30
40 50 Generation
60
70
80
90
43
44
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References
1. 2. 3. 4. Wind Power in Power Systems, Thomas Ackermann (Editor) John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2005 Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Probabilistic Capacity of A Grid Connected Wind Farm Based on Optimization Method , Renewable Energy, 31 (2006), pp. 2171-2178. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Generation Ratio Availability Assessment of Electrical Systems for Offshore Wind Farms, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, Issue: 3, Sept. 2007, pp. 755-763. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Optimisation of Electrical System for a Large DC Offshore Wind Farm by Genetic Algorithm, 4th Nordic Workshop on Power and Industrial Electronics, 14-16 June 2004, Trondheim, Norway. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. AC-DC integrated load flow calculation for variable speed offshore wind farms, International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Control for Energy Conservation (PELINCEC) 2005. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Probabilistic Capacity of a Grid connected Wind Farm, Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2005, pp. 774-779. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F. Reliability evaluation for offshore wind farms, 5th IASTED on PES, euroPES05, Spain.2006 Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F,: Modelling of DC/DC Converter for DC Load Flow Calculation, Proc. of EPE-PEMC 2006. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Hjerrild, J.: Analysis of the Behavior of Genetic Algorithm Applied in Optimization of Electrical System Design for Offshore Wind Farms, Proc. of the 32st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2006, pp.2335-2340. Zhao, M., Chen, Z., Blaabjerg, F,: Loss of Generation Ratio Analysis for Offshore Wind Farms, Proc. of the 32st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2006, pp.2844-2849. 45
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