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Joint and Weld Types Parts of a Weld Basic Structure of an ANSI Weld Symbol Basic Structure of an ISO Weld Symbol Weldment Drawing Example Gusset Best Practices
Weld Types and Their ANSI Symbols Common ANSI Welding Callouts and Their Meaning Common Materials for Weldments
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
O. Blodgett, Design of Weldments, J.F. Lincoln Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 1963 R. L. Norton, Machine Design: An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2011 Oberg, Jones, Horton, Ryffel, Machinerys Handbook, 28th Ed., Industrial Press, New York, NY, 2008 R. Parmely, Standard Handbook of Fastening and Joining, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1997 American Welding Society website: www.aws.org ANSI/AWS 2.44: Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, Nondestructive Examination ISO 2553: Welded, Brazed and Soldered Joints-Symbolic Representation on Drawings
Chapter 7
WELD TYPES
There are five basic welded joint types: butt, tee, lap, corner, and edge. There are three basic weld types used to weld these joints: groove, fillet, and plug welds. These joints and welds are illustrated in Figure 7-1. The most common joint/weld combinations used in machine design are butt joints with groove welds and tee or corner joints with fillet welds. The parts and nomenclature of groove and fillet welds are shown in Figure 7-2. A groove weld can fully or partially penetrate a joint. The weld size is equal to the throat dimension of the weld. For a fillet weld, the throat dimension is not equal to the weld size. Fillet weld size is given as the leg dimension, or both leg dimensions if they are not equal. For both weld types, the weld strength is limited by the throat dimension. For details on calculating weld strength, see the recommended resources. The fusion zones shown in Figure 7-2 are volumes of material where the weld material commingles with the base material. Beyond the fusion zones lie the heat affected zones. A heat affected zone (HAZ) is a volume of base
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WELD SYMBOLS
American standard weld symbols are governed by ANSI/AWS 2.4, whereas the ISO standard for weld symbols is ISO 2553. Not all the information needs to be filled in on a weld symbol in a typical machine design application. It is common practice to specify only the weld type and size in non-critical applications. Figures 7-3 and 7-4 and Tables 7-1 and 7-2 illustrate ANSI and ISO weld symbols and typical callouts.
Chapter 7
Information above reference line identifies weld on same side as symbolic representation. Information below reference line identifies weld on opposite side to symbolic representation. 1. Dimension referring to cross section of weld 2. Weld Symbol 3. Supplementary symbol 4. Number of weld elements x length of weld element 5. Symbol for staggered intermittent weld 6. Distance between weld elements 7. Welding process reference 8. Welding class
Figure 7-4 Basic Structure of an ISO Weld Symbol
Svmbol
Svmbol Meaning
Symbol indicates two fillet welds, both with 112 inch leg dimensions.
Symbol indicates a 112 inch fillet weld onarrow side of the joint and a 114 inch fillet weld onfarside of the joint.
[ I \
Symbol indicates plug welds of 1inch diameter, a depth of filling of 112 inch, and a 60 degree angle of countersink spaced 6 inches apart on centers.
Symbol indicates a V-groove weld with a groove angle of 65 degrees on thearrow side and 90 degrees on thc other side.
Symbol indicates a 24 inch long fillet weld on the arrow side of the joint.
aoff Weld
Symbol indicates a series of intermittent fillet welds each 2 inches long and spaced 5 inches apart on centers directly opposite each other on both sides of the joint.
Chapter 7
Table 7-2: Common ANSI Welding Callouts and Their Meaning (Continued)
Desired Weld Svmbol
Svmbol Meaning
Symbol indicates a fillet weld on theother side of the oint and a flare-bevel-groove weld and a fillet weld m thearrow side of the joint.
Symbol indicates edge-flange weld onarrow side of oint and flare-V-groove weld onother side of joint.
WELDMENT DRAWINGS
Weldments are commonly drawn as either one or two drawings. When two drawings are used, one shows the part after welding, but before machining. The other drawing shows the weldment after machining. When a single drawing is used, it shows the weldment after machining, but provides all part structure and welding dimensions as well. Excess material that will be machined off is sometimes shown using phantom lines. When drawing a weldment as a single drawing, it is important to think ofit as two drawings with two sets of dimensions: as welded and as machined. It is helpful to first dimension the drawing as welded, using none of the machined surfaces for reference. Then dimension all the machined surfaces relative to one another. Finally, relate one as welded surface to one machined surface in each direction. See Figure 7-5 for illustration of this method. The figure shows a weldment that is machined on the top and bottom surface. In the figure, the 0.40 dimension links a machined surface to an unmachined weldment surface. The reference dimensions in parentheses specify the raw stock pieces used to create the weldment. The finished drawing should have everything the welder
(0.50)
>
'
2
ITEM 1 2
DESCRIPTION AlSl A36 PLATE; 3 X 2 X 0 . 5 THK AlSl A36 PLATE; 3" X 2.5" X 0.5" THK
of any of the machined surfaces. Machinists should have everything they need to reference the weldment to place their machined surfaces. Machining datums on weldments should normally be machined surfaces. Weldment drawings normally contain a table of individual pieces used to construct the weldment. The table should include the dimensions, stock shape, and material for each piece. It is also common to dimension each individual piece on the drawing using reference dimensions wherever the dimension is the same as that given in the table. In cases where some stock is machined off, the reference dimension is not needed, and the stock list should account for that excess material or machining allowance. Figure 7-5 shows an example of this, where Item 1 calls for 0.5 thick stock yet the drawing shows the machined thickness to be 0.4 inches for both top and bottom plates. Section 8.1 of this book contains a list of some standard stock sizes.
Chapter 7
Table 7-3: Common Materials for Weldments
Steel, Structural, Hot Rolled Steel, Hot Rolled, Low Carbon Steel, Hot Rolled, Low Carbon Steel, Hot Rolled, Low Carbon. Mechanical Tubing and Pipe l ~ l u m i n u m Structural, Solution Heat Treated, and Artificially Aged ,
than the base material. Careful analysis should be undertaken in cases of fatigue loading or high static loading. The recommended resources should be consulted for assistance in analyzing welded joints under static and dynamic conditions. Appropriate factors of safety should always be applied. It is good practice to stress relieve weldments to improve strength and reduce distortion during later machining steps. Weldment drawings normally contain the note: Stress relieve after welding or Stress relieve before machining. Weldments are normally coated after machining to prevent oxidation. Some good weldment coatings are black oxide, paint, or electroless nickel plate. When a coating with buildup is specified, be sure to indicate holes and surfaces to be masked during coating.