Structure Work Beam Design Beams can be describe as a member that mainly subjected to flexure and it is essential to focus

on the analysis of bending moment,shear, and deflection. When the bending moment acts on the beam,bending starin is produced.The resisting moment is developed by internal stresses. Under positive moment, compressive strain re produced on the top of beam and tensile strain in the bottom. Concrete is a poor material for tensil strength and it is not suitable for flexural member itself. The tension side of the beam would fail before compression side failure when beam is subjected a bending moment without the reinforcement. For this reason, steel reinforcement is placed on the tension side.The steel reinforcement resist all tensile bending stress because tensile strength of concrete is zero when cracks develop. In the Ultimate Strengh Design (USD), a rectangular stress block is assumed. The design of beam is initiated by the calculation of moment strength controlled by concrete and steel. The most common shapes of concrete beams; single reinforced rectangular beams, doubly reinforced rectangular beams, Tshape beams, spandrel beams, and joists.

Slab Design Slab is structural element with small overall depth (h) a compared to the width (b) and it span (L).Slab behaves like bending element as beam.Generally, the design of a slab is almost similar to the design of beam.The slab provides a horizontal surface and is usually supported by colums,beams or walls.Slab can be categorized into two main types: one-way slabs and two-way slabs.One way slab is the most basic and common type of slab.One way slabs are supported by two opposite side and bending occurs in one direction only. Two-way slabs are supported on four sides and bending occurs in two directions.One-way slabs are designed as rectangular beams placed side by side. However,slabs supported by four side may be assumed as one way slab when the ratio of length to width of two perpendicular sides exceeds 2.Two-way slabs carry the load to two directions, and the bending moment in each direction is less than the bending moment of one-way slab.Also two-way slabs have less deflection than one-way slabs.Compared to one-way slabs. Calculation of two-way is more complex.

Column Design The function of column is to transfer load from slabs to beams to the foundation and then to the soil.Basically column is a compression member, even though it also carries bending moments caused by the continuity of beams and slabs.Columns support primarily acial load but usually also some bending moments.The combination of axial load and bending moment defines the

characteristic of column and calculation method. A column subjected to large axial force and minor moment is design mainly for axial load and the moment has little effect.A column subjected to significant bending moment is designed for the combined effect.Reinforced concrete columns are categorized into five main crosssection; rectangular tied column, rectangular spiral column, round tied column, round spiral column, and column of other geometry.(Hexagonal, L-shaped,Tshaped,etc)

Staircase Stairway,staircase,stairwell,flight of stair or simply stairs are names for construction design ed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps.Stairways may be straight,round or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.Special stairways include escalators and ledders.Alternatices to stairways are elevators, stair lifts and inclined moving sidewalks as well as stationary inclined sidewalk.

Foundation A foundations (also called groundsill) is a structure that transfer load to the earth.Foundation are generally broken into two categories shallow foundation and deep foundations. Foundation types Shallow foundation

Shallow foundation is, usually, embedded a meter or so into soil.One common type is the spread footing which consist of strips or pad of concrete ( or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and the columns to the soil bedrock.Another common type is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Deep Foundation

A deep foundation is used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil. There are different types of deep foundations including helical piles,impact driven piles,drilled shafts, caissons,piers, and earth stabilized columns.The naming conventions for different types of foundations very between different engineers.Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete.