Standard Deviation Definition: Standard deviation is a statistical measure of spread or variability.

The standard deviation is the root mean square (RMS) deviation of the values from their arithmetic mean. Variance Definition: The square of the standard deviation. A measure of the degree of spread among a set of values; a measure of the tendency of individual values to vary from the mean value. Formula:
Population Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation

where = Sum of X = Individual score M = Mean of all scores N = Sample size (Number of scores) Variance : Variance = s2 Standard Deviation Method1 Example: To find the Standard deviation of 1,2,3,4,5. Step 1: Calculate the mean and deviation.
X 1 2 3 4 M 3 3 3 3 (X-M) -2 -1 0 1 (X-M)2 4 1 0 1

5 3

Step 2:Find the sum of (X-M)2 4+1+0+1+4 = 10 Step 3:N = 5, the total number of values.Find N-1. 5-1 = 4 Step 4:Now find Standard Deviation using the formula. 10/4 = 1.58113

Standard Deviation Method2 Example: To find the Standard deviation of 1,2,3,4,5. Step 1:First, square each of the scores.
X 1 2 3 4 5 X2 1 4 9 16 25

Step2: Use the formula s = square root of[(sum of Xsquared -((sum of X)*(sum of X)/N))/(N-1)] = square root of[(55-((15)*(15)/5))/(5-1)] = square root of[(55-(225/5))/4] = square root of[(55-45)/4] = square root of[10/4] = square root of[2.5] s = 1.58113 Population Standard Deviation Example: To find the Population Standard deviation of 1,2,3,4,5.

Perform the steps 1 and 2 as seen in above example. Step 3:Now find the population standard deviation using the formula. 10/5 = 1.414 Variance Example: To find the Variance of 1,2,3,4,5. After finding the standard deviation square the values. (1.58113)2 = 2.4999 Same for Population standard deviation. (1.414)2 = 2

Mean, Median, Mode, and Range

Mean, median, and mode are three kinds of "averages". There are many "averages" in statistics, but these are, I think, the three most common, and are certainly the three you are most likely to encounter in your pre-statistics courses, if the topic comes up at all. The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers. The "median" is the "middle" value in the list of numbers. To find the median, your numbers have to be listed in numerical order, so you may have to rewrite your list first. The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number is repeated, then there is no mode for the list. The "range" is just the difference between the largest and smallest values.