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INVESTIGATION OF VERSATILITY OF THEORETICAL PREDICTION MODELS FOR PLAIN CONCRETE CONFINED WITH FERROCEMENT
S.F.A. Rafeeqi and T. Ayub* Department of Civil Engineering, ED University of Engineering and Technology, 75270 Karachi, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The paper presents a short investigation of theoretical prediction models for plain concrete confined with Ferrocement. Although to date scant experimental data is available for a conclusive recommendation, however, ample evidence of the versatility of the model proposed by Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36] has been provided in this paper. The proposed model possess the capability of predicting strength of plain concrete, confined with Ferrocement for almost all the possible and practical methods of confinement by way of; integrally cast mesh layer, mesh layers in precast shell and wrapped mesh layer on precast core.
1. INTRODUCTION
Confinement reinforcement during the turn of the century has assumed a prominent role in the art of design and detailing of reinforced concrete elements, both from the point of view of strength enhancement and increased ductility of the confined sections. Other aspects such as increase in dowel action and aggregate inter lock though not considered to be quantified; however, its qualitative role has always been the part of discussion. Several research studies and subsequent findings [1-7], since Considere [8] endeavour related to confinement have enriched the research literature and the researchers. The ductility requirements of structural section and members in earthquake zones thus have primarily been fulfilled by confinement reinforcement, establishing the important role of confinement. While new stock of structures are added almost every day on this planet due to population explosion and other reasons; however, demand for strengthening, and retrofitting of existing stock of structures have also been witnessed with the same vigour, due to escalating cost of construction. Strengthening techniques [9-22], therefore, are in great demand due to the sole reason that no one technique can offer answer to variety of reasons associated with strengthening need within a given geographical bound. Modest strength
*
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enhancement and increased ductility is becoming the major demand in most of the developing countries specifically in earthquake prone areas which some how still lack expertise and skill needed for majority of the techniques prevailing in the developed world. Ferrocement [23] which was born in Europe, and attained its youth in the developing world has once again captured the attention of the developed world due to its versatility, forgiving nature, simplicity in use and easy maintenance, and now resides in the safe hands of American Concrete Institute. Though its real application still lies in low cost housing [2429], however, it is gaining popularity in variety of other applications [30-38] inclusive of strengthening of structures [33-35] in terms of serviceability, strength, ductility and durability. Its selection lies in its superior ability of controlling cracking and excellent ductility. Exploitation of its applicability in confining concrete dates back to almost 3 decades now and number of research papers related to experimental and theoretical investigations has emerged during this period [36-41]. In 1994 the first author of this paper presented result findings as a co-author in a paper related to confinement with Ferrocement published in Journal of Ferrocement [36]. The study at that point in time was comparatively a comprehensive study where theoretical prediction equation was proposed for three methods of confinement envisaged to be of possible practical use. In one of the recent paper [43] the authors of the paper identified the suitability of the proposed theoretical prediction equation [36] and successfully demonstrated its adaptability for predicting strength of the concrete confined with Ferrocement. The inspiration of this present investigation thus derives its strength from the assertion put forward by Kondraivendhan and Pradhan [32].
3. METHODOLOGY
Research papers related to the experimental studies available to date were reviewed and were tabulated in a uniform format and each set of results were compared with the available theoretical models to arrive at a rationale for recommending a suitable prediction equation for strength of confined concrete.
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4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In all five (05) experimental studies [36-38,43 and 44] were identified where 144 specimens were tested by Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36], twenty specimens of each 0,1,2,3,4 layers by Balaguru [37], three (03) tested by Kaushik and Singh [38], seven (07) tested by Kondraivendhan and Pradhan [43] and twelve (12) tested by Mourad [44]. It was only in study [36] that three methods of confining concrete were used; Integrally Cast Mesh Mayer, Mesh Layer in Precast Shell and Wrapped Mesh Layer on Precast Core referred to as Method-1, Method-2 and Method-3. None of the other studies used Method-2, where as studies [37, 38] used only Method-1 and studies [43, 44] used Method-3 only. In some of the studies where specimen label/nomenclature were not available, the specimens have been assigned labels by using the first letter of the name of the author(s). The nomenclature, parameters of the study, unconfined compressive strength and experimentally obtained confined compressive strength for all the studies have been provided in Table A1 to Table A5. In two of the studies [37, 38] the yield strength of wire mesh was not provided which have been obtained through reverse calculations.
(1)
K KmKg K p
From this study, Km is evaluated to be: K m , for integrally cast wire mesh layers = 1
K m , for wrapped wire mesh layers impregnated with mortar = 0.88 K m , for already cast shell with wire mesh layers = 0.83 and, K g = Coefficient to account for the grade of concrete = 1
K p is proposed as: K p 35 p K r K p = 35 p Kr
Where, p = volume fraction of transverse wires taken over shell area K r = ratio of cross- sectional and surface area of shell By Balaguru [37] P AS f y
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Specimen label Aa-ii-1 Aa-ii-2 Aa-ii-3 Aa-iii-1 Aa-iii-2 Aa-iii-3 Ab-i-1 Ab-i-2 Ab-i-3 Ab-ii-1 Ab-ii-2 Ab-ii-3 Ba-ii-1 Ba-ii-2 Ba-ii-3 Ba-iii-1 Ba-iii-2 Ba-iii-3 Bb-i-1 Bb-i-2 Bb-i-3 Bb-ii-1 Bb-ii-2 Bb-ii-3 Ca-ii-1 Ca-ii-2 Ca-ii-3 Ca-iii-1 Ca-iii-2 Ca-iii-3 Cb-i-1 Cb-i-2 Cb-i-3 Cb-ii-1 Cb-ii-2 Cb-ii-3
Cylinder dimension (mm) 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305
Mesh layers 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Yield strength (MPa) 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345
Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (MPa) 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73
Remark
30.8 34.24 37.52 29.6 33 36.22 35.37 38.37 41.42 33.84 36.95 40 30.45 33.1 35.82 29.03 31.86 34.41 34.8 37.35 39.73 33.39 35.93 38.48 30.45 33.27 36.39 29.31 32.14 34.97 37.63 40.29 28.75 33.56 36.22 38.93
After [36]
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Specimen label
Mesh layers
Remark
1 2 3 4
* Specimen label assigned by using the first letter of the name of the authors
Mesh layers 1 2 3
Remark
Aftter [38]
* Specimen label assigned by using the first letter of the name of the authors
Specimen label
Mesh layers
Remark
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Where AS is the area of cross section of all the wires across the height of the cylinder and
f y is the yield strength of the reinforcement. The ring tension R , resulting from the force
P can be computed using the equation:
P l
lb / in ( N / mm)
Where l is the height of the cylinder. The ring tension R produces a confining pressure p computed using the equation:
2R d
psi ( N / mm 2 )
(2)
Where, d is the diameter of the cylinder. The confining pressure produced by the variable ferro-mesh layers and the data of SH Ahmad and SP Shah [3] were used to estimate the increased compressive strengths. By Kaushik and Singh [38] In 1999, Kaushik and Singh [38] obtained an analytical model using the analytical model of mander et al. [45] to evaluate the strength PM of axially loaded cylinders confined with
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Ferrocement and/or containing longitudinal reinforcement. The value of K1 is taken as 4.2 as this value was found to be reasonably accurate. The model is given as:
(3)
Ast = Cross sectional area of longitudinal rebar YS = Yield stress of longitudinal rebar w ys = Mean yield stress of single wire YS = Yield strength of longitudinal rebar C = Strength of confined concrete And, V f = Volume fraction of mesh in the casing and is given as
V f 2 . wr2 . nm / ( S p ( R RC ))
Related needed data for evaluation of the theoretical confined strength using the three prediction equations along with the theoretical confined strength has been provided in Table B1 to Table B5 for each study separately.
344
345
Specimen label
Mesh layers
Balaguru [ 37] PB-1 PB-2 PB-3 PB-4 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 1 2 3 4 37.895 37.895 37.895 37.895 42.10* 46.31* 50.52* 54.73* 42.20 ** 46.51 ** 50.47 ** 55.12 ** 43.52* 49.15* 54.77* 60.40* 42.72 ** 49.95 ** 51.675 54.78
**
**
* Values are estimated for fy = 585 MPa (fy = 85 ksi), estimated using by reverse calculation using equation 1 (Waliuddin and SFA Rafeeqi ** Values are taken from Figure 7 (Ref. 37)
Specimen label
Mesh layers
Kaushik and Singh [38] SKSP-1 SKSP-2 SKSP-3 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 1 2 3 26.65 26.65 26.65 28.53* 30.41 * 32.3 * 27.51 * 28.42 * 29.35 * 27.63 ** 28.62 ** 29.6 ** 25.80 ** 27.75 ** 29.69 **
* Values are estimated for fy = 340 MPa (fy = 50 ksi), which was estimated using equation 1 and 3 by reverse calculation ** Values are taken from Figure 1 (Ref. 38) and converted into stress
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Specimen label
Mesh layers
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Specimen label
Mesh layers
A1-2 A2-2 A1-4 A2-4 A1-8 A2-8 B1-2 B2-2 B1-4 B1-8 C1-4 C1-8
2 2 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 8 4 8
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60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
As has already been mentioned that the only theoretical model which possess capability of predicting confined strength for all possible methods of confinement is that of Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36]. Figure 1(a) to Figure 1(c) demonstrates that with integrally cast mesh layers, the model presented by [36] provides better accuracy than prediction models proposed by [37, 38]. Experimental confined strength for mesh layers in precast shell as presented in Figure 2(a) to Figure 2(c) also shows that the prediction model proposed by [36] provides the best accuracy.
348
45
40
Experimental Results (MPa)
Experimental Results (MPa)
40
35
35
25 25 30 35 40 45
Theoratical Results (MPa)
25 25 30 35 40 45
Theoratical Results (MPa)
40
Experimental Results (MPa)
35
25 25 30 35 40 45
Theoratical Results (MPa)
Figure 3(a) to Figure 3(c) shows that there is a considerable difference in the predicted values of confined strength for all the three models for the experimental results of [44]. This difference can be attributable to the additional restraint provided by wrapping ferro-mesh layers on precast core using special fasteners (Series A), bonding the edges (Series B) and bonding first two layers of ferro-mesh layers (Series C) by [44]. Although, the experimental results from study by [44] do not correspond well with any of the prediction equation, however, better accuracy could still be noticed for the model proposed by [36].
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60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Theoratical results (MPa)
Figure 3(a). Wrapped mesh layers on precast core (using Eq. (1))
75 70 65 Experimental Results (MPa 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35
Figure 3(b). Wrapped mesh layers on precast core (using Eq. (2))
Waliuddin and Rafeeqi Murad Kondraivendhan and Pradhan 40 45 50 55 60 Theoratical results (MPa) 65 70 75
Figure 3(c). Wrapped mesh layers on precast core (using Eq. (3))
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2.
methods of confinement. More experimental results are needed for validation of the theoretical models before conclusively proposing a versatile theoretical model.
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