ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 12, NO.

3 (2011) PAGES 337-352

INVESTIGATION OF VERSATILITY OF THEORETICAL PREDICTION MODELS FOR PLAIN CONCRETE CONFINED WITH FERROCEMENT
S.F.A. Rafeeqi and T. Ayub* Department of Civil Engineering, ED University of Engineering and Technology, 75270 Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT
The paper presents a short investigation of theoretical prediction models for plain concrete confined with Ferrocement. Although to date scant experimental data is available for a conclusive recommendation, however, ample evidence of the versatility of the model proposed by Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36] has been provided in this paper. The proposed model possess the capability of predicting strength of plain concrete, confined with Ferrocement for almost all the possible and practical methods of confinement by way of; integrally cast mesh layer, mesh layers in precast shell and wrapped mesh layer on precast core.

Keywords: Confinement; ferrocement; theoretical model; plain concrete; strengthening

1. INTRODUCTION
Confinement reinforcement during the turn of the century has assumed a prominent role in the art of design and detailing of reinforced concrete elements, both from the point of view of strength enhancement and increased ductility of the confined sections. Other aspects such as increase in dowel action and aggregate inter lock though not considered to be quantified; however, its qualitative role has always been the part of discussion. Several research studies and subsequent findings [1-7], since Considere [8] endeavour related to confinement have enriched the research literature and the researchers. The ductility requirements of structural section and members in earthquake zones thus have primarily been fulfilled by confinement reinforcement, establishing the important role of confinement. While new stock of structures are added almost every day on this planet due to population explosion and other reasons; however, demand for strengthening, and retrofitting of existing stock of structures have also been witnessed with the same vigour, due to escalating cost of construction. Strengthening techniques [9-22], therefore, are in great demand due to the sole reason that no one technique can offer answer to variety of reasons associated with strengthening need within a given geographical bound. Modest strength
*

E-mail address of the corresponding author: tehmina@neduet.edu.pk (T. Ayub)

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enhancement and increased ductility is becoming the major demand in most of the developing countries specifically in earthquake prone areas which some how still lack expertise and skill needed for majority of the techniques prevailing in the developed world. Ferrocement [23] which was born in Europe, and attained its youth in the developing world has once again captured the attention of the developed world due to its versatility, forgiving nature, simplicity in use and easy maintenance, and now resides in the safe hands of American Concrete Institute. Though its real application still lies in low cost housing [2429], however, it is gaining popularity in variety of other applications [30-38] inclusive of strengthening of structures [33-35] in terms of serviceability, strength, ductility and durability. Its selection lies in its superior ability of controlling cracking and excellent ductility. Exploitation of its applicability in confining concrete dates back to almost 3 decades now and number of research papers related to experimental and theoretical investigations has emerged during this period [36-41]. In 1994 the first author of this paper presented result findings as a co-author in a paper related to confinement with Ferrocement published in Journal of Ferrocement [36]. The study at that point in time was comparatively a comprehensive study where theoretical prediction equation was proposed for three methods of confinement envisaged to be of possible practical use. In one of the recent paper [43] the authors of the paper identified the suitability of the proposed theoretical prediction equation [36] and successfully demonstrated its adaptability for predicting strength of the concrete confined with Ferrocement. The inspiration of this present investigation thus derives its strength from the assertion put forward by Kondraivendhan and Pradhan [32].

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

As said earlier that the inspiration gathered from Kondraivendham and Pradhem [32] led to review of all the experimental as well as theoretical studies since 1994 and to compare the results obtained from available prediction equations so as to provide guidance to the practicing engineers engaged in strengthening work. The objective of the study, therefore, remains to be the identification of most suitable prediction equation for evaluating the strength of concrete confined with Ferrocement.

3. METHODOLOGY
Research papers related to the experimental studies available to date were reviewed and were tabulated in a uniform format and each set of results were compared with the available theoretical models to arrive at a rationale for recommending a suitable prediction equation for strength of confined concrete.

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4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In all five (05) experimental studies [36-38,43 and 44] were identified where 144 specimens were tested by Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36], twenty specimens of each 0,1,2,3,4 layers by Balaguru [37], three (03) tested by Kaushik and Singh [38], seven (07) tested by Kondraivendhan and Pradhan [43] and twelve (12) tested by Mourad [44]. It was only in study [36] that three methods of confining concrete were used; Integrally Cast Mesh Mayer, Mesh Layer in Precast Shell and Wrapped Mesh Layer on Precast Core referred to as Method-1, Method-2 and Method-3. None of the other studies used Method-2, where as studies [37, 38] used only Method-1 and studies [43, 44] used Method-3 only. In some of the studies where specimen label/nomenclature were not available, the specimens have been assigned labels by using the first letter of the name of the author(s). The nomenclature, parameters of the study, unconfined compressive strength and experimentally obtained confined compressive strength for all the studies have been provided in Table A1 to Table A5. In two of the studies [37, 38] the yield strength of wire mesh was not provided which have been obtained through reverse calculations.

5. PREDICTION EQUATIONS AND THEORETICAL RESULTS

The review of the literature revealed that only three (03) researchers [36-38] presented theoretical prediction equations, which are presented, defined and elaborated underneath: By Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36] Where,
f ct f cu K f y

(1)

K KmKg K p
From this study, Km is evaluated to be: K m , for integrally cast wire mesh layers = 1

K m , for wrapped wire mesh layers impregnated with mortar = 0.88 K m , for already cast shell with wire mesh layers = 0.83 and, K g = Coefficient to account for the grade of concrete = 1
K p is proposed as: K p 35 p K r K p = 35 p Kr
Where, p = volume fraction of transverse wires taken over shell area K r = ratio of cross- sectional and surface area of shell By Balaguru [37] P AS f y

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Table A1: Details and related engineering properties of specimens [36]

*

Specimen label Aa-ii-1 Aa-ii-2 Aa-ii-3 Aa-iii-1 Aa-iii-2 Aa-iii-3 Ab-i-1 Ab-i-2 Ab-i-3 Ab-ii-1 Ab-ii-2 Ab-ii-3 Ba-ii-1 Ba-ii-2 Ba-ii-3 Ba-iii-1 Ba-iii-2 Ba-iii-3 Bb-i-1 Bb-i-2 Bb-i-3 Bb-ii-1 Bb-ii-2 Bb-ii-3 Ca-ii-1 Ca-ii-2 Ca-ii-3 Ca-iii-1 Ca-iii-2 Ca-iii-3 Cb-i-1 Cb-i-2 Cb-i-3 Cb-ii-1 Cb-ii-2 Cb-ii-3

Cylinder dimension (mm) 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305

Mesh layers 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Yield strength (MPa) 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345 345

Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (MPa) 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73

Experimental confined compressive Strength (MPa)

Method of attachment of ferromesh layer

Remark

30.8 34.24 37.52 29.6 33 36.22 35.37 38.37 41.42 33.84 36.95 40 30.45 33.1 35.82 29.03 31.86 34.41 34.8 37.35 39.73 33.39 35.93 38.48 30.45 33.27 36.39 29.31 32.14 34.97 37.63 40.29 28.75 33.56 36.22 38.93

Integrally cast mesh layers

Mesh layer in precast shell

After [36]

Wrapped mesh layer on precast core

Specimen label retained as in original paper

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Table A2: Details and related engineering properties of specimens [37]

Cylinder dimension (mm) 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 Yield strength (MPa) 1585 1585 1585 1585 Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (MPa) 37.895 37.895 37.895 37.895 Experimenta l confined compressive strength (MPa) 42.37 49.61 52.364 54.78 Integrally cast mesh layers After [37] Method of attachment of ferromesh layer

Specimen label

Mesh layers

Remark

PB-1 PB-2 PB-3 PB-4

1 2 3 4

* Specimen label assigned by using the first letter of the name of the authors

Table A3: Details and related engineering properties of specimens [38]

Specimen* label SKSP-1 SKSP-2 SKSP-3 Cylinder dimension (mm) 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 Yield strength (MPa) 340 340 340 Unconfined compressiv e load fcu (MPa) 26.65 26.65 26.65 Experimental confined compressive strength (tons) 46.5 50 53.5 Method of attachment of Ferromesh layer Integrally cast mesh layers

Mesh layers 1 2 3

Remark

Aftter [38]

* Specimen label assigned by using the first letter of the name of the authors

Table A4: Details and related engineering properties of specimens [43]

Cylinder dimension (mm) 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 Yield strength (MPa) 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (tons) 36.5 46.5 48.5 54 60.5 61.5 69.5 Experimental confined compressive strength (tons) 65 72 75 86.5 88.5 90.5 101 Wrapped mesh layer on precast Core After [43] Method of attachmen t of ferromesh layer

Specimen label

Mesh layers

Remark

M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50 M55

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

* Specimen label retained as in original paper

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Table A5: Details and related engineering properties of specimens [44]

Specimen* label A1-2 A2-2 A1-4 A2-4 A1-8 A2-8 B1-2 B2-2 B1-4 B1-8 C1-4 C1-8 Cylinder dimension (mm) 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 Mesh layers 2 2 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 8 4 8 Yield strength (MPa) 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (MPa) 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 Experimental confined compressive strength (MPa) 51.38 50.76 52.71 48.82 50.74 55.99 48.8 53.3 49.57 60.3 59.87 71.78 wrapped mesh layers on precast core bonded on the edges Wrapped mesh layers on precast core by bonding first two layers After [44] Wrapped mesh layers on precast core using special fasteners Method of attachment of ferro-mesh layer Remar k

* Specimen label retained as in original paper

Where AS is the area of cross section of all the wires across the height of the cylinder and

f y is the yield strength of the reinforcement. The ring tension R , resulting from the force
P can be computed using the equation:

P l

lb / in ( N / mm)

Where l is the height of the cylinder. The ring tension R produces a confining pressure p computed using the equation:

2R d

psi ( N / mm 2 )

(2)

Where, d is the diameter of the cylinder. The confining pressure produced by the variable ferro-mesh layers and the data of SH Ahmad and SP Shah [3] were used to estimate the increased compressive strengths. By Kaushik and Singh [38] In 1999, Kaushik and Singh [38] obtained an analytical model using the analytical model of mander et al. [45] to evaluate the strength PM of axially loaded cylinders confined with

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Ferrocement and/or containing longitudinal reinforcement. The value of K1 is taken as 4.2 as this value was found to be reasonably accurate. The model is given as:

PM ( R 2 O RM K1 V f ( R RC ). wys / 2 Ast (YS C )

Where: O = Strength of unconfined concrete R = Radius of column RM = Radius of mesh layer (mean radius) RC = Radius of core concrete

(3)

Ast = Cross sectional area of longitudinal rebar YS = Yield stress of longitudinal rebar w ys = Mean yield stress of single wire YS = Yield strength of longitudinal rebar C = Strength of confined concrete And, V f = Volume fraction of mesh in the casing and is given as

V f 2 . wr2 . nm / ( S p ( R RC ))
Related needed data for evaluation of the theoretical confined strength using the three prediction equations along with the theoretical confined strength has been provided in Table B1 to Table B5 for each study separately.

6. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

As intra-study discussion of the results of each study is already available in the respective research papers, therefore, the analysis of the results have been confined only to the objective of the present study. While all the prediction equations have been shown to predict the confined compressive strength of concrete within their own parameters, however, in order to evaluate the viability of each equation all the specimens with varying number of Mesh Layers and unconfined compressive strength have been plotted in Figures 1 to 3. The possible ways of strengthening compression members which may be encountered in practice could be by Method-1 integrally cast wire mesh layers which may be used in general enhancement of strength and ductility of columns and masonry walls where new structure is being built, in case where fair face permanent forms may be practical the Method-2 may have more practical significant, where as, Method-3, wrapped wire mesh layers impregnated with sand-cement mortar around an existing compression member would be the most viable solution.

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Table B1: Evaluation of the theoretical confined strength [36]

Specimen label Aa-ii-1 Aa-ii-2 Aa-ii-3 Aa-iii-1 Aa-iii-2 Aa-iii-3 Ab-i-1 Ab-i-2 Ab-i-3 Ab-ii-1 Ab-ii-2 Ab-ii-3 Ba-ii-1 Ba-ii-2 Ba-ii-3 Ba-iii-1 Ba-iii-2 Ba-iii-3 Bb-i-1 Bb-i-2 Bb-i-3 Bb-ii-1 Bb-ii-2 Bb-ii-3 Ca-ii-1 Ca-ii-2 Ca-ii-3 Ca-iii-1 Ca-iii-2 Ca-iii-3 Cb-i-1 Cb-i-2 Cb-i-3 Cb-ii-1 Cb-ii-2 Cb-ii-3 Cylinder dimension (mm) 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 152 x 305 Mesh layers 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Unconfined compress. strength fcu (MPa) 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 27.62 27.62 27.62 26.37 26.37 26.37 32.14 32.14 32.14 30.73 30.73 30.73 Theoretical confined compressive strength Eq. (1) (MPa) 30.88 34.15 37.41 29.63 32.90 36.16 35.40 38.67 41.93 33.99 37.26 40.52 30.38 33.16 35.93 29.14 31.91 34.68 34.91 37.68 40.45 33.49 36.27 39.04 30.35 33.08 35.81 29.10 31.83 34.56 34.87 37.60 40.33 33.46 36.19 38.92 Eq. (2) (MPa) 29.0 30.5 32.0 27.8 29.3 30.9 33.4 34.8 36.2 32.1 33.5 34.9 28.20 28.81 29.43 26.96 27.59 28.23 32.68 33.24 33.82 31.28 31.86 32.45 28.20 28.81 29.43 26.96 27.59 28.23 32.68 33.24 33.82 31.28 31.86 32.45 Eq. (3) (MPa) 29.63 31.65 33.66 28.38 30.40 32.41 34.15 36.17 38.18 32.74 34.76 36.77 29.63 31.65 33.66 28.38 30.40 32.41 34.15 36.17 38.18 32.74 34.76 36.77 29.63 31.65 33.66 28.38 30.40 32.41 34.15 36.17 38.18 32.74 34.76 36.77 Experimental confined compressive strength (MPa) 30.8 34.24 37.52 29.6 33 36.22 35.37 38.37 41.42 33.84 36.95 40 30.45 33.1 35.82 29.03 31.86 34.41 34.8 37.35 39.73 33.39 35.93 38.48 30.45 33.27 36.39 29.31 32.14 34.97 37.63 40.29 28.75 33.56 36.22 38.93

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Table B2: Evaluation of the theoretical confined strength [37]

Unconfine d compress. strength fcu (MPa) Theoretical confined compressive strength Eq. (1) (MPa) Eq. (2) (MPa) Eq. (3) (MPa) Experimenta l confined compressive strength (MPa)

Specimen label

Cylinder dimension (mm)

Mesh layers

Balaguru [ 37] PB-1 PB-2 PB-3 PB-4 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 1 2 3 4 37.895 37.895 37.895 37.895 42.10* 46.31* 50.52* 54.73* 42.20 ** 46.51 ** 50.47 ** 55.12 ** 43.52* 49.15* 54.77* 60.40* 42.72 ** 49.95 ** 51.675 54.78
**

**

* Values are estimated for fy = 585 MPa (fy = 85 ksi), estimated using by reverse calculation using equation 1 (Waliuddin and SFA Rafeeqi ** Values are taken from Figure 7 (Ref. 37)

Table B3: Evaluation of theoretical confined strength [38]

Unconfined compress. strength fcu (MPa) Theoretical Confined Compressive Strength Eq. (1) (MPa) Eq. (2) (MPa) Eq. (3) (MPa) Experimenta l confined compressive strength (MPa)

Specimen label

Cylinder dimension (mm)

Mesh layers

Kaushik and Singh [38] SKSP-1 SKSP-2 SKSP-3 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 1 2 3 26.65 26.65 26.65 28.53* 30.41 * 32.3 * 27.51 * 28.42 * 29.35 * 27.63 ** 28.62 ** 29.6 ** 25.80 ** 27.75 ** 29.69 **

* Values are estimated for fy = 340 MPa (fy = 50 ksi), which was estimated using equation 1 and 3 by reverse calculation ** Values are taken from Figure 1 (Ref. 38) and converted into stress

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Table B4: Evaluation of theoretical confined strength [43]

Cylinder dimension (mm) 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 180 x 900 Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (MPa) 20.25 25.80 26.91 29.97 33.57 34.13 38.57 Theoretical Confined Compressive Strength Eq. (1) (MPa) 26.25 31.80 32.91 35.96 39.57 40.13 44.57 Eq. (2) (MPa) Relevant data required to use this equation is not available in paper [42] Eq. (3) (MPa) 24.49 28.35 29.12 31.24 33.74 34.13 37.21 Experimenta l confined compressive strength (MPa) 25.05 27.75 28.90 33.33 34.10 34.87 38.92

Specimen label

Mesh layers

M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50 M55

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table B5: Evaluation of theoretical confined strength [44]

Cylinder dimension (mm) 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 150 x 300 Unconfined compressiv e strength fcu (MPa) 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 41.13 Theoretical confined compressive strength Eq. (1) (MPa) 46.31 46.31 50.75 50.75 59.36 59.36 46.31 46.31 50.75 59.36 50.75 59.36 Eq. (2) (MPa) 43.08 43.08 45.13 45.13 49.36 49.36 43.08 43.08 45.13 49.36 45.13 49.36 Eq. (3) (MPa) 44.40 44.40 47.38 47.38 53.21 53.21 44.40 44.40 47.38 53.21 47.38 53.21 Experimental confined compressive strength (MPa) 51.38 50.76 52.71 48.82 50.74 55.99 48.8 53.3 49.57 60.3 59.87 71.78

Specimen label

Mesh layers

A1-2 A2-2 A1-4 A2-4 A1-8 A2-8 B1-2 B2-2 B1-4 B1-8 C1-4 C1-8

2 2 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 8 4 8

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60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Theoratical Results (MPa)
Experimental Results (MPa)

347

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Experimental Results (MPa)

Waliuddin and Rafeeqi Balaguru Kaushik and Singh

Waliuddin and Rafeeqi Balaguru Kaushik and Singh

Theoratical Results (MPa)

Figure 1(a). Integrally cast mesh layers (using Eq. (1))

60 55 50
Theoratical Results (MPa)

Figure 1(b). Integrally cast mesh layers (using Eq. (2))

45 40 35 30 Waliuddin and Rafeeqi 25 20 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Theoratical Results (MPa)

Balaguru Kaushik and Singh

Figure 1(c). Integrally cast mesh layers (using Eq. (3))

As has already been mentioned that the only theoretical model which possess capability of predicting confined strength for all possible methods of confinement is that of Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36]. Figure 1(a) to Figure 1(c) demonstrates that with integrally cast mesh layers, the model presented by [36] provides better accuracy than prediction models proposed by [37, 38]. Experimental confined strength for mesh layers in precast shell as presented in Figure 2(a) to Figure 2(c) also shows that the prediction model proposed by [36] provides the best accuracy.

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45

S.F.A. Rafeeqi and T. Ayub

45

40
Experimental Results (MPa)
Experimental Results (MPa)

40

35

35

30 Waliuddin and Rafeeqi

30 Waliuddin and Rafeeqi

25 25 30 35 40 45
Theoratical Results (MPa)

25 25 30 35 40 45
Theoratical Results (MPa)

Figure 2(a). Mesh layers in precast shell (using Eq. (1))

45

Figure 2(b). Mesh layers in precast shell (using Eq. (2))

40
Experimental Results (MPa)

35

30 Waliuddin and Rafeeqi

25 25 30 35 40 45
Theoratical Results (MPa)

Figure 2(c). Mesh layers in precast shell (using Eq. (3))

Figure 3(a) to Figure 3(c) shows that there is a considerable difference in the predicted values of confined strength for all the three models for the experimental results of [44]. This difference can be attributable to the additional restraint provided by wrapping ferro-mesh layers on precast core using special fasteners (Series A), bonding the edges (Series B) and bonding first two layers of ferro-mesh layers (Series C) by [44]. Although, the experimental results from study by [44] do not correspond well with any of the prediction equation, however, better accuracy could still be noticed for the model proposed by [36].

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75 70 65
Experimental Results (MPa)
Experimental Results (MPa)

349

75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 Waliuddin and Rafeeqi Murad Kondraivendhan and Pradhan 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Theoratical results (MPa)

Waliuddin and Rafeeqi Murad Kondraivendhan and Pradhan

Theoratical results (MPa)

Figure 3(a). Wrapped mesh layers on precast core (using Eq. (1))
75 70 65 Experimental Results (MPa 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 25 30 35

Figure 3(b). Wrapped mesh layers on precast core (using Eq. (2))

Waliuddin and Rafeeqi Murad Kondraivendhan and Pradhan 40 45 50 55 60 Theoratical results (MPa) 65 70 75

Figure 3(c). Wrapped mesh layers on precast core (using Eq. (3))

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Following conclusions and recommendations can be drawn from this short investigation of theoretical prediction models for plain concrete confined with Ferrocement. 1. Of the three prediction models available to date, the model proposed by Waliuddin and Rafeeqi [36] possess capability of better accuracy for all the possible practical

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2.

methods of confinement. More experimental results are needed for validation of the theoretical models before conclusively proposing a versatile theoretical model.

REFERENCES
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5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

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12. 13. 14. 15.

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