UMTS Overview

Strategy & Support

August - 2006
UMTS Overview 2
UMTS Overview

1. Introduction to UMTS
2. UMTS Network Architecture
3. WCDMA Wireless Technology
4. WCDMA Air Interface Principles
5. Coverage and Capacity Principles
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 3
UMTS Overview

Introduction to WCDMA/UMTS

August - 2006
UMTS Overview 4
1980s 1990s 2000 +
same business, new machine new business, new machine
Services
Network
New mobile businesses
Wideband/multimedia

1
2
nd
generation
digital
st
generation
analogue
3
generation
wideband
rd
Basic mobile telephony
Evolution to 3G systems
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 5
Consumer demand for
wideband services
Increased network capacity

More airtime Access anytime, anyplace
Wireless postcard
Imaging
Mobile transactions
More Subscribers
UMTS Drivers
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 6
UMTS Spectrum Allocation
900 MHz 880 915 925 960
EGSM
890 915 935 960
GSM
890 902.5 935 947.5
902.5 915 947.5 960
VFE GSM 900
1800 MHz 1710 1785 1805 1880
GSM
1756 1761 1763.5 1766 1851 1856 1858.5 1861
RX RX TX TX
1751 1756 1761 1763.5 1846 1851 1856 1858.5
RX RX TX TX
1850 1910 1930 1990
1900 MHz GSM/
TDMA/CDMA
1920 1980 2110 2170
UMTS/W-CDMA
MobiNil GSM 900
RX
RX
MobiNil GSM 1800
TX
TX
RX TX
TX
TX
TX RX
RX
TX RX
RX
VFE GSM 1800
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 8
UMTS Overview

UMTS Network Architecture
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 9
3G Radio Access Network - Highlights
UMTS Overview 10
GSM/GPRS Core Network (CN)
I
u
I
u

RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Node B Node B Node B Node B
I
ur

I
ub

I
ub

I
ub

I
ub

User Equipment
(UE)
UTRAN
(UMTS
Terrestrial
Radio Access
Network)
PSTN
ISDN
Internet
U
u

3GPP TS 25.401 6.0
MSC
GPRS
Service Node
I
u
I
u

UMTS and UTRAN
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 11
UMTS Overview

CDMA Wireless Technology
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 12
TDMA
Frequency
Time
Time
Frequency
CDMA
Frequency
Code
Frequency
Time
Code
Time
Frequency
FDMA
Frequency
Radio Access Technologies
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 13
|
.
|

\
|
=
Rate Data
Rate Code PN
Both signals combined
in the air interface
PN Code 1 Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Signal 1
PN Code 2
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Signal 2
Spread Spectrum
Processing Gain
PN Code 1
Signal 1 is reconstructed
Signal 2 looks like noise
Both signals are
received together
AT THE RECEIVER...
Two Transmitters at the same frequency
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 14
In WCDMA, all cells may use the same carrier frequency but different
scrambling codes. This means no frequency planning, but scrambling code
and power planning instead!
FDMA/TDMA (reuse > 1) CDMA/WCDMA (reuse = 1)
One Cell Frequency Reuse
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 15
Correlation of channel codes in receiver
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power
Own channel correlates well, i.e. peaks (Signal)
Other channels appear as noise (Interference)
More users increased interference
Signal (Eb)
Interference (No)
Power need to be adjusted to retain the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR)
I.e. fulfilling the BLER requirements for that specific service
CDMA Rx Concept (1/2)
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 16
PN
3
PN
4

PN
5
PN
6

PN
1

PN
1

Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1
PN
2
PN
2

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2
Uplink: PN Code used to distinguish each Mobile Station
Downlink: PN Code used to distinguish each Base Station
Scrambling Code Planning
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 17
OC1, OC2
OC3, OC4
OC5, OC6, OC7
OC1 , OC2, OC3
OC1, OC2
OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4
Uplink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels
coming from each Mobile Station
Downlink: Orthogonal Codes used to distinguish data channels
Coming from each Base Station
Channelization Codes
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 18
OVSF Code Space: 8 users; one 8-bit code per user
Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps
480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s
1
11 10
1111 1100 1010 1001
11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110
OVSF Codes
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 19
OVSF Code Space: 5 users; one user has 4x data bandwidth
User with 4x Bit Rate
= Unusable Code Space
480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s 480 kb/s
1.92 Mb/s
Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps
1
11 10
1111 1100 1010 1001
11111111 11110000 11001100 11000011 10101010 10100101 10011001 10010110
OVSF Codes
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 20
Codes
(Orthogonal)
Max Power
Power
kbps*
3840
1920
960
480
240
120

15
Gross bitrate.
Effective bitrate is less
due to channel overhead
SF
1
2
4
8
16
32

256
Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
WCDMA Shared Resources
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 21
UMTS Overview

WCDMA Air Interface Principles
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 22
Multi-path propagation Time dispersion
h(t)
t
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3

t
0

t
1

t
2

t
3

The Radio Channel
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 23
Fast (Rayleigh) Fading
time (mSec)
Composite
Received
Signal
Strength
Time between fades is related to
RF frequency
Geometry of multipath vectors
Vehicle speed:
Up to 2 fades/sec per kilometer/hour
Deep fade caused by destructive summation
of two or more multipath reflections
msec
Multipath Fading
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 24
CDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver Architecture
Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection
Also be used to track other base stations signal during soft handover
One finger used as a Searcher to identify other base stations
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #N
Searcher Finger



Combiner




Sum of
individual
multipath
components
Power measurement
of Neighboring
Base Stations
The RAKE Receiver
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 25
TX power
TX power
RX power RX power
t
t
t
t
Without power control With power control
Power Control Combats fast fading
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 26
BLER = Block Error Rate
SIR = Signal to Interference Ratio
TPC = Transmit Power Control
P(Startvalue)
Open loop
P(SIR-Target,UL)
P(SIR-Target, DL)
Inner loop
DL-TPC
UL-TPC
SIR-Target,DL
BLER-Measured,DL
DL-Outer loop
RNC
SIR-Target,UL
SIR-Error,UL
UL-Outer loop
CDMA Power Control
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 27
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Handover
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 28





One finger of the RAKE receiver is constantly scanning neighboring
Pilot Channels.
When a neighboring Pilot Channel reaches the t_add threshold, the new
BS is added to the active set

When the original Base Station reaches the t_drop threshold, originating
Base Station is dropped from the active set
Monitor Neighbor BS Pilots Add Destination BS Drop Originating BS
CDMA Soft Handover
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 29
UMTS Overview

Coverage and Capacity Principles
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 30
GSM voice
WCDMA voice and low bit rate
64/128 kbps
WCDMA medium bit rates
128/384 kbps
The power requirement determines the service coverage in WCDMA
users will require different amount of power depending on environment, service, system load

System load or rather intereference will depend on:
- Number of users in other/own cells, i.e. other/own average cell power usage
- distribution of users and their service usage
WCDMA high bit rate
384 kbps
Service Coverage
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 31
The service coverage shrinks with increasing traffic in the cell
Max power
High bit rate
Medium bit rates
Low bit rate
Cell Breathing
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 32
Case B: Low power usage and high capacity
Case A
Case B
Case B
Case A
Node-B Power
Case A: High power usage and low capacity
Subscriber distribution impact capacity / coverage
August - 2006
UMTS Overview 33
Time
interference
Load In Neighbouring Cell Impact Capacity / Coverage