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l' 97,1}

ElERC 70·110

SOIL, MIDOUll AND DAIMPING FACTOR,S' If01 DYINA,MIC REIS,PUNISE, ANAtY'SE:S

by
H. BOLTOr,.J -~EED ILM. IDlil55

,/iJ, J'eilJjl Ven't~re"of'SlflarH!Qn

,& 'Wil51iilil'lI,

!iFI".

ICllifdAB bCibtClln.J CI'CQlbSlllri h~~ret

l!Jndev'SlIbwl'lilll\@tJI

No., 335,4

t(!i,

1~'I'i!gi!lC~'I'~ld1!i! gorw~!ijorn. N!J'~~~i' Di\;,~~~ C

Ol:li'l!:ilil!dg« {Millitonl;llilolb~rlllil,:oty

by
'U n..

'8'o 11' . . __ 'tOD,

'S"

e,e"d.l. ,

~ ,iilIIU'!d

I' '.

"-II ~'h

Id'--1-_,_T'iS'S,

t"i!i:ldily of tbe

o:tli,paren t t,nat strain

ea,ch o,f' the:a:e, pr'l!;lp el"tie.s

wil,!' depend,

QD, tnla ma~1tu:de

f'ot' 'I.ihi,e'h it]~}e, 'hyst'e.I',e.aia

i-o,op' is, determined

(se,e F1g.

1)1 ~d

lPz"of,e:s,s;,or gf' C,;I,'v';L,l ~,ng i nee:ri,n,g, , U'n1ve~~ i ty of Cal:i forn:i,a'.t 2AsEd~tant :Res'BaX',chH,ngineer,
J

S,e;~ke,ley, C,IIl:lU.

UTiivers1'ty

of Ce,l;1.:f'OI:t'ilda" Be~k.e:1rI}YJCalU.

l~'

Fii'!g.lr HYSTERETIC STRESS~S:TRAiN RELAT~IONSIHIIPSAT ICUFFIERENT' STR'AIN ,A,M'PLITU.D,E:S,.,

2.

'I't

19 t'he· ·pu,llIosle. . .of

tbls,r,!i:!_po,rt

'to sul!:!!'!.tar1,ze ,ll\v"dlabLe

data

010 t.he

dvnaud.c s'bEUlt" moduli :s:,imilal"

1:.0

and damping i'<I.!ctors· f,or Soilslluder

loadtng conditions
,al,

those

1.11,us.tra,ted in Fig,. u.seful, guide

illOSt

1 and! to pre'!li!ent the t'Eisu,lt5, in, selerct.ian

data

fo,n'!,

'wibi,c;hw:lllproV':ld.ea

in the
(if t'he

,of alolil
1e to

char:a~'tJe::dst1,cs·
date ba:ve 'be,e,n

f OJt,' analY'Il!o:Lsl 'Pl!J.l'-p {1ses:

.s

i'l'i!'C~

,avatlab

Idlev*!.1op,reG for ..

sand~ and, sa,turated

~lay,s,~ ehe I'.e:pOo~t will

da.t,il, for

deal p'dmarily
and

'with

"thes,e two typeiS, of mat,erials ,pea ts is a1.s'o, inc;lud,ed. 2.

~ tIJ.ough lim:ited

g:r8v,e.lly soil.s

MeJ~hlod.s ofDJetJe,r-minlng

Shea,r Moduli and

Damping Charac.t,eris Hies, A,wide vat'ile'ty

have
olf

'proc,edures,_
bo'th

in:cl:ud:iD;g la\bor,atorylill,ndfi,eld moduli

'tes·'ts:

been u~edto,

de:teuoine

sh,@ar

and damping cha'Ea,ct:e:t'is t:jI.c,s '.

The main procedures

(a)

ma.y be

summa,riO!l,g,d 8~ fo,llowiS;, Qlf st,ress'""suain

DirBct: die.t.e:rminati:o'n

rela,Uolts!l'dpa
of t:hetype, s:hown,

Hys'tere'tic.st:9Jr@ss-st:rain,
i'D Fig.

relaUonsbi.ps in tbe labo,ra.,t,ory or

1 ma!J 'be d,et@mi~,ed .,!ii'mple:

by m.ea.us!.';lf tr:L.B'Xial

ii:,ompr,e.!1lsion u!sts
clonidlu(i.ted p,rOlced:ures

she$r

t,E!sts

t(l'rIsion.al

shea!:

t.e:srts
,thies,e

unde.r cyclic
are useful

loading

,conditions"

In general and. damping

fot' mei!ll:!lUui.n;g; moduli

iV,ji!

f',8'Cto t'B:

wde:rmoc€l:fa.tli1!

to .rlel,at
tle.st;.S

1y hi.gh. s train:s •

(b)

FOIced. v:liJ'r,a:l:i,on.

Forced vibra:ticm
!',es,onatl'l:

tests"

involving

tbe ,deteminatio'l;)
respense

o:f

frequen,ei,@s have

~nd .m.ea:s.ur,ement of

a:t otb,e;};"

fr:eque.1lcies
;f ae·tou

been, u!iiJed t,o dcte~1.ne 1.nthe

'both

moo.ui:i.liUl.d

di,amp,1:ng

'reiSt ·c,onoti"1 ti,ons ,of lOiJlsi'tud:!n-al

lab o:r,Eli,tory ·h.atlllEJ: i:ncl.'l1d.edthe: ,iitud tcOil",S iona,lvibratiQrfilS,

apl? 1:1c,ili.ti'Oti

vi'bra,tiii;iD$

'tiO e~liml~ical

!ul~le9

o~ s:Jie:El.'I'V'::I]:frati~,:gi9 '1:.0 la:ye:rs,

of' $o:U

'placed

(In a s,h:akin:gMible.;

i-n the

field~, she.a1:vl'b:);',a:t:io:El!S
mIu:h"ines

c.f

dams havlebelen d,iff1cult damping

itt,dUoed by large

shaking

but

it ::L,S detewIli.e,

t,G i:nterp'l"!EH;

the re:s,u.IU, ,of fl.e.lel te8tstQ

'pI'lo'ce"dures

fa,cto:lCs,.

In, :8:a'lHn',alt:i:!es,e: at

a.re ~~!@r:fJ1i.ll f'olr'

de,t'!l!':tmiIl:'itlg, 'P'l",tjl(u!,r'ti.e.s

·rela.,ti:vely

l~

tiC

'Illiodle.r,at@st~ain.

levels.
(c) F'ree. 'vibta,Ucn te,!!Its: t:e.s t,G~, i:nwh1 ch:
I

Pre.e. "lido rat,io,n

me as,uremen ts

~rlemad8

of'

the dec.y· in, ~~sPQnse of a, soils,9/mrpLe,~t" &'0,11 de'pos1.,t,.have '

'b,een, Uised to
lIi!e~SIi.ll,r!E!.

both, moduli

and damping

:fslctors fo~

8[D[118.

Methodi,s: 'of ,excitatio,n

fair forceli:!

·arQ essen'l:i:ally buttbe

sLm::l.l,l;1.r to tnos'B Uilled

Focedures
can~,eUfH!d

v:l:bratioiElt.est,Siji

for. measu.rement of sedl

.:;harac:,t,er:!ILs:t!.c.g, ,at 'l'ela,tlvely

low'

'to modera tiel)" high. .stt' a1,11 leY"e1s. (d), ,F,ieUlm.e~su:r,ement of wave ''IIelo,eities· of

Fie[ld 'cecau have been used to measu}';e tbe ve.loclty

pr'opa,g~t,ion of. ,c:ompression 'wa:.\'!"es.from whi ~'ll values mi.DlEi:d fo
j(

W',ii,veS,

shear; wav'est, and R.a.yl.ei,g~.

o,f s cd,:'lm.o<dullLus, can

'read i.ly 'bej;:le t: e~

eed'ut'IIiMl!

lew sf!l!:ai:g cond:i.'tions,.

these prj)
bti"W',e.ver.

havs

not

pr,ov14ed: val'Ues
(e)

of damp:il;n;g i,aeitlor,s

Analysis of st'o,undl'esponse lna, d:l£fe'ren,t; c,omputa'tions flew'

C,13is"e'9

d,urlngeal"t.hg'Uakea, mo,U.ons have

wber'e

'been deteml~ed at

deptfJJs '1:1:t a aD:!1 'profile bave been

d1ur~ng ,e,artlniquSI:k.es:t ,effe.ctivemodu.U. of the diep'(l,dt,. elsewhe,l',e, [(:Sbannon

made to d.et,ermi1l.@ tbe the

are

and dampi'fig faICtors Details: of

t.he dlf:f'erer.u:

c01'ltl'olU,ng

r,esponse
des,cJ;ibed

t,ef:l,t pro~Ie.du:res

i~H~~
1.1, ~

II!'! COil

H:N'M
<'II .-ir-l"";!! ~-iUU

lil"lli"i,in

I I I: 01'10'10 0001

-0

~,~~~
10,01001 4.1 .u .jJ, .
..,.

.4'

"'iNN
,;t

4.11

0,

oeQ
~,rl
;t<J ~

Ii I
.-!

""

~:

I-! :I ':eI
(Il It) (l,

~.
10

.... n.:i

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...

[!)

~I Qlli

e
QiI' ~

'.-iI ,w

\! ~ .... UI
G,11

00r

!lJi'J1

I ''i't

ji:I,

In

!iii
r~

~.

iJldi

'~I

i:iI

~,
'I"Il

U'l ~,

t, ....
0 M III
Q

I!.I

~
'1io4

c: ~

ill ¥Ii

(J

,..j
,1"11

n:!

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s
,

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;Ii;!

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:0..
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.LJI

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:>

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ImJl

.c ~ ~
all ji;jl

i.J ,~ :101

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(!II

tI, 0

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(iii!

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'104

"t:! ;:I r-! '!I! ~

:'"

l!'l Til '!1l. lID

.... I;'!
"ti
..-it
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:g
C.
ill,
~: III 0

.c ill·

J(ii

..... 4i' ~ fal

r-I

IV

~el,e.ti:on9nip8"
i1noiill,u,!ui!li (at

fo\lie::!iE! .p1;:e.~e.n,te,dt,ol

d!e'c:emi.ne fibe 'v,E!iut!!J:s. 'Dfma'Xmum,

aheaJ:It

'BsiSl~~tia:lly ~e,r,09 't,ra:in)

dnd the: vari,a,t ions OflllOdulllu9

.- max:im~

:siu!·aJr 'mcid'ul'us

'i,IA,

'pslf II

~~,
1!v."1,,

S~{

\Jr

il~~....

II:: ,J.

a~ '. 111
T,ile ~Si.1ue o:f

mea.l1 pr1nc'c.'ipal a,

@ffe,c't'itl'ei,et:ress

1:0 pl!!!,f.

I~a,be ,obt,aiD,.ed! r'c,tlthe :f ollQW1nS t.!,ilble,:

!l o

.~;-

>um

20 40 60 80

10 .3 01 0.41 0,.4,8 0.5,0

1 1

0.:1,8

'0

.'
IIJ!'

'.'

'.'

(2)

'K

Iiii

coef'£ ,ilC!ient iO'fla:tler,~l s't,rei!1ll'ili atreS'it:

ef'f'e.c.lti,Vie. st,t;,ass ,. B:nd s,t[,len:g,t h pa'f8lllet.ers

'J,',

O'v"

~ '!,Terti'cal

.+i.,' e I' t'f', .,. ~I s,t,atil~

1'0

teftl!;S!

(Ii

f 'ef,.iect1ve, -i!

6.

.'

,~

(4)

A .,. ,0..." 1.,5 .1100"1- ,U N n . 'm,ax. 0

'ii'

by:

where f
0'"
131,

f.requl!Incy

'of appl1,e,d cyclic

load in ley,elea 'i'llk.,g/~:i! ,.

pe.T ,B'e:e,(md" and.

Olean pd:J1:ci:p,al effe,c'tlviE!

s't·:telSiS

.'

' .'c:-, '..

J, 'lOO"K' 2. (:. ~").2:' _ ., '. ~.

(6)

'7' •

Thee in,fluIEi:IlCJe

,Qrothe:r

fac:'t,ot:a,

on. K21 may be ill,ustt'.a;tedb:1~he

:re~Uilt:8, in. Pig. :2, 'wh!,eh we'r'et compu,t,ed.

,(E'sin;! the

,r,elatio,nsbip'fl,

6ugg'es;,ted,

l'e~ticlnsbi,P5 'bettlieen. (a)

1.2: and,st:rB'i,[l
!!I tr'ai:ns

ampli.'t'llide.,

At very

law

(y ~ lO~

,-, 'percent)

It may be see!ili tbat.~

i'

~2, de,pe:lldos 'only IOn

(b)

of :1 witb !S,'trai'9 :is onl', :e::Ugi)tly 'influa'!lc,e,d 2

s t:tes,8"
.a:!tG veT)" ,sli;e:h t 1,' by "",617 a:I::,1 n 8 1 o

by the v·ert1cal 'The

in,'~~ SJld K. '0

(~)

At

'veery hi,g,h, st.:t"ai:rul

('r) lO-~'

per'cent)"

thev8l1ttes, o.f K2 illt'IEl:,

,sligh'!:.ly infl11ence.d by the vertical s;tr'e:S8 but they are,

':Fhn foE' Plta('!:t:.icall

md~Jl"b1 t'he void

'purp.M'es IV31u·eSi
~aot,i0 o.r

of

K2;, may 'be considered,

t,o 'be, d.'et'il!'t'mi:ne,d,

the

relati:Vi! derna/i'ty

,an.d.tb.e 8 t I"ai.n ampl't:l::,ud,@ of

al:h,ut .l,O~... Av,e·'f:'~8e .rela,tion~.htp'9betw,8,EUl K,2and d:end.ty '!CQ1Dd:itiOn$

8:r'e :sbown1~

strain, for these ~hel: 8re

two re.la,tive

F:ig8.

:3 and lI~!!IDd

comp,ared i.n F,i,g.,

by int.erp,o,la.t:.ion,.

5'.

'V.diIJ.lI;!:s C'£' K;2 at j'iI:I

other

relative

:densities. can be. elStima't:ed

aa:,sn(Y'W'Q

Fig .S,."

1~~4-~"""'--l!---I!---I---I-

r.
~' !:Ii:
1

II

... · -"""Q..... -.."i,g!-.' ,'2b--~!l-,-~c:!.·.--c~~--,~~.-. ...........!!,QQ

I

w~
.~ It

.... ~

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iiI1I

:It

'N

1"7'

I),
~. /
I

9
I ~:

Ii---Hf--il--I-" +--1",+-4--11- c, _ b ,tt) I ;.1' ".i d ,_,~

,

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P
j il

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ill

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U!,

,..oj]

~IOliOIIIr"""""-""""~===9!f==~----~-------~----"""""-""""II

G, ~.1000
I

K2;~rr:~Il;1ips.'f

Ell l'1!i. C:),

We:issml'Olril orHi H(lr~ (i;SMSJ) Rich(Jrt~ HoIIII (lind Ly's,mer' (,119'G:2,) Drnle\!ich~ HOIIi 'Qlnd-Rchcu't (19613) SiU",ef Clf1Id S,ee~d U9',6SH Hard~n (!lInd. [llrrH:~v'ic,h (I'Sf7"O'),

SOIl!-------I!--------i-

-' ,

'. $ee~d U'96:EU

.. .'

70

0,
t3;1! -

,tA

ia.A

0IGI~4

k'J-:2;

Shealf :eUroin~percelrllit

'

II
C:;:,
I~

0 ,t::' .•• ,'_,

'00

•••

o
I~

_---.1

..

01 .-.

i (j

It:)

IJL.,

;flIc;n

.......

10
1

fJ'

Jo,.,

'It _y 'be seen tbat

de't'l!;tmined at 'v'ery
1'011

fO'I" re.la,t;.ive,ly

d,el'l.sesam1ples'I'

the 'values o.f K2

str'sins

;[O:!li .1aboE.iU;;ory

b~st spedmen~ 8;t",e typical!,,.

Sl,-a.nas) g:tve

values

f.o"rK,21rang!f.lg

froli\

4-4 t,o .8 6.,

1

':Ebu,s there

appeal:'i$I

't,o

be, Bood G,@!lle:r,a.l a._g';reement betwe,en

the: 'res'ults

of l.l1bnra,t(l'ry ,an,!! in-lS:itl!J,

'betiTJeen 1;2 a:n-i;J,atr'.a:in. a't di.ffer,e'nt

i:)tnev;r."c,n re,h:t.1
O'I:Hih

void

ra,tiolEI d.e·t'!i!miued

by-tho@, ltardiu-

if" :for- an eff,e Gil.t1ve 'vie:rt ic,:8!.l. st 'I!"eu, of'. 3000pG f ~ lot; ..., _. ,.'. 0'
p10,t,'t,e,d

10,.,5, ,an,a;

¢II'

;R

36(> Sil"e,

i,n .F1.g., 6,.

6 is, replotted

ee snow the variat:Lon with sbear

"!I't,Q

s"er,do: o,f t:het'at,io

,n.rai'R of 10
~II·

of'

,5~leal'm,o,d.ulus s't ,strain

sbea!'

modulus,

ats!:Jb!e,ar

Table J.

Shea-I'Mod,u,liol.fSands Sbe:ar Wav,e \I'elocity

~I!!

Bas,ed oD,In-,Si;tu, Meas.urements

D'e:pth. ft",

!K

Loo.se 'm.o,i.st sand P@;'Oi88,di'ry sal1dWaEl'hing.to'n Deilis@·s,~t,'U~Bt.ed sand Dielns@,..s.a'turtlted · D!!'ns;!! S8.'tUI:at:ed.

MiXl:nas'ota.

10
101 S,O 200 300

,:l4 44
S,8,
,60 65

. So. C,al'if,o,rrlia
Georg,i,a
Ge.o');·g1a

,sand

81l1:,y~.,.md sand a;il.t:y sand

ce1!1eftted;)

.Dens;e:saturated
EK:~.r:elDel.y denise

S,o. Cal:U'orfll,ia
So.

72
96,
U,6,

Cal1fclrn:ta

12S
,55

ElenSiEl: d,ry .san.d. (sU.gh't,ly

Mo1J~; ,c:lotY';e:y t
5 a.nd,

W,ili.s1li.ngtoo Ge.C:Il::'gia

30

119'

__
0(,

1
I!!l

Shear modulusi. G'_ 1.'OiDlJ It?, (0: r.>~ps.f

If:! Ii

f...
nl
III)

In

0
~I II

,or
IJ !ill

m
I~

~I

Q)

,I)

'~I

,ro.-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O

,ua::u,adl.~IOII='" 4 D S II'iI~n!pO,~ JOla~s J. U,!ID,JIS ,JDeqs ~Oln[1 rI'POW ,tIOllolS'

~ '0

N '0,

0-

.'
,I,

iI'

,9.

5. ,Fitem tne:h:'9tudy

,D'ampi'ng Rati,cHl for

Sands dampiDiS 'I'at10,~ 0,£' s,ands:"

'of fac'tc'r:s, iniluencingthe

!it:re,-IS \ I'or q ~ and K_) • 'v 0 ",V'oidJ;",atiJo

,and nlllnber

of

c",c:les "~,,r

wer-e ve"', ' im"_r" 'o'rtae-nIt',',

'0'£: S:a),tUE',a;ticrn,

wbi!!e IO'I;'I:,ahedralliihear

SU"8SS ,~ngl.e

of i'J;:iLctl.ol\ ~d

deg'rei!!'

had,

,and, s:bear s,t,'ridn is

the

vertt,ilal Q~'nfifi1.ng ,'re,asu:re

9\t'<I,Jd:!,es,

fJ ~•

''['be -in,£lue1],c,!! O:f

]"C'l::" ":t:'eiSs'lJrrea~

'thi,s f'8!(:tor Ii as dJe:teImi,ned by 'two

is, fSR01mi ln, r:tg,., 9.,

'\
-+----1'9

1-

'it

~---I-~........JI_-__lI

e
I

--t---i---li---i---1,

.'

';

'!iii!

~~:----::~:l:.,.-"""";.~!!;:-: ----:!2:!:::-.

--5:!='

I",

:---~'!OI)::-"'~~o 2'

,.unii-di • 'O!~I~ ,6u!d'UIiDO

e .~OJ5
,~ ':'; 3(~~

i<io=

(';).,5

'~I~

10-5,

_J__~~~~~~

10-4

110-3 ~'O~ Sheer StrQin - liJ"src-eJlilt

~~~I~~~~~

IQ~I!

Fi{l.9o

fN.tu1BNCi!:.

OONFM,IIING,PRESSURE ON QAMPlNG lRATIO OF SAlILRAT,ED, SA:~n ~bQ!5,ed Hard~n and Drn€:vich €!:xlpressions) ,on

at

ill

e:2011'". ~~~~~~~-~---I:-I---Ih'"-~T-4-cI'-~--&-----~1 !1l i ~ 'OV~ ,50 piS( .. ofte:r ~ I~av"'~ A!'.; and U ... ho,o UOOQl
I

00. --

"a
10

g'

5 .. 0.· P.,5.. '.Q.. ti.e.,... r-.'. 0 ......•.•.....I}. .. ' ... 2roOIPsf· '..SUv~r ,0lJ >:; 4(JOOpsf I -(1969
\I. _. •

t.·..

.~ ·IOt---------t·-----

......~~~~~~~~~_r_----~1 ~

Fig..'9 b I~I~FLUENCE 'OF CON FINII NIG PRESSURE ON D.AMPllNG RATIO OF 1D,R¥SAND.

1.0.

:Z;OO'O. :01 30 (Hlps,f 1 '

!',l,'I'olUld

.a1'IP'IP,e,@Ll"' to

bea,di@q.ua't·e,
of test.

for

'many

pr,M.ti.c.al

purpOiSes:., ~ even

Oo:n!s,i.~~;:)I;i·ng' 't:hepQten"ti;al seatrer tllos,e

da,ta

£'o,r d.ampingratip,s
S..a:J1Il@-

ob·t,ai;nE!,d by th,e ,~ame ifi'vest:iga~t.o'f

~.sh.lB: the.

U'J,$t pro€::ed1il"f~.~. the

ailJilpt,i,o.R ,ofs-u.c.h ,-a,nav@~agarela.t:i-,~n,9hip A. list pr:eJsented

ft .. g.

mOly be: even. mo,r~ jus,UfiJedi of saRds are

.•. is, :in

of tlrrEl:,v1ouiS: '[I.v,e,6t.i@ati.oo~. of dailTlp.1lli.g ra:tios 1 :1:'1)'T,abl@

2. ~ ,and t.he.rE!;~ults

cd: tbe,'~n! studies

SrUmHiaTiz,ed

Ill.

A,ppr'OKimilt,e: up/per

and lwerb,oundl

relatiQn:s:hips for

are shown
all

by

washed li.ne.san.d. ~e5't d.ata

are.;p,res,e:nta,tiv@ solid
IOf.

a'\1'le,ra.ge relatiQRship line" Th1:s:

,a;\Ni!,r!ll.gie

of 't.he b for

i,s s'ho;wn 'by the

r,elatio~sh1p,

l1krely '1::0 p,ro-v1de 'v,a,bles: ~ny p,rac.t.1,cal

put:'p,oses"

,damp,ing r-at1.o, wi,th suffleie'nt

accu:r,a,cy

Fhe clJinres .1nF1g ~ 10 also s;hip, b,el;~ee~ teS,t darta

:p-rov't,·d,E! bas 1s fo"t' lev'al.ua ting a send.sfcl'r

,Sit

the which

relation--

d.ampi.'Il.g 'l:;'a:t,io ~nd st;.Ia.in f'ot:'pa.rUcu.l.ax I.f the d·ete·~i:ned~ value

'U:.mited level
i),f

i,s ava,1..b,ble.
::U!l,

of ,cl,armpins; l:a:t10

a,

,6 t,rai:n

0·1 "to 0..S'peI:cent st)';.ain:s

the pr,obable d,amping ratios

d"r',awing
8.

at .oth@r "the known

caB be cLo:5,ely a'p'proxllLmatedby to

11.net.h:rough 10.,

d'ilitaPldin.itpa,rall~l

the, c;,u,rv,es she,wn tn Fig,.

6.

Shea::r t-.fo,dul.us. Va.lue,sfOolc'

Sal:::u,rated

C;l,ays

AcQurat.e determination e:no'tm'c'llsl,y Icrnnplica.ted sam;pJl.e di~ tln-:'ban,ce t'be 'problems been d.eveloped

of' tbe s;he,ar' ID.Qduli o.f s.aturatE!d

eff'ectrs,

Cl.ays

'is,

by th~ l.ara:e

o:f ,e;'train, amp11tudle snd meas'uI'J.~,~nu

,elillli'.ull,t@

on modulu~ va,lues.,.

In.-sit:u,

r,ais'ed b.y s8mpl,e

f'IO'."I:

disturbom,ce~but

't.o d.19v!:el'iiO "t.e,ch:niq;uesha.v,e amplitudes; in, n.at,1llral.

levels" wld'l'!

indu,ci,r.!,B;;liu'ge
c,an only

·C:Oint:J:·,oll~dLtrain, s
be de'termli.""neda,t

c'lepos:lll,t~, ena t.hu:6,mod1ll,U In the

"le'x-y ~m.alJL st·rolL'll "tes,'ted

U'i!]I d,e:r: ·3·

la brclJ:",at,ot)'

o·n. 'tihe o"l::ne1"band,

is am.ples· maj" 1:1 e

t"a~ge of s t: rains,

but: for

teSj't; sp'a.c imens

.b,om

na tu

"t'3.l

dep,o,s.it s ~ the '!li),;oduIi

\ [Ell
'\

...

...

Q)\

" Ell "

....

,....

....
"

" ....
....' .......... ---I,b

'. ,0 t----+ ...... ;., ~=-P~-~-II;---"'''''''':''''IIi:''""""""'4-~~=l,.. ~~.... -:::.:""".

....
'

.....

....

....

"
"

'

-"
"

" '"

'N

0,

<:0'

NI

CD,

lUa::lJld - 'O:!iD,ei' DIiJ!dIW1DO

1L

ie,EI!I!Im:fi:ned by C!yc:lic lo8.Jdl1:ng ('i'~I~:S) "

simp le ab'e,!'&r tea test

'j: 5

en u'ndistl,u:'bed

s,amp.1@s by Tbie!:::s

Proj ec't1n:!, tbe laboratoIY

d1a,ta, to' d~le, ~trainleiVe.l

corres,-

he'bi

(lnl,. ,aboutU:
'-'3;

P'@t'Cle:tt't
-Iii

,of thoiSe, co:rr,es,p(ln.di,ng,

t,o stf"s..':Lns; of

tbe

'D,rie:r ,Qif 10

Qit

10 " per,o@.i[jI,t;.

![from, Aisiks, ClindTfll"$hanS'~"1 196,B)

lMold iJll U:S VIi:!hJIe obtoli n 'Id f r'O'rn'i ShieH] r 'weJve~'~,e~oolty aSlllIrerrnm;f:s 'me at ,Q delFlUAI 01'30' 'feet in no:r_rn'(i1!liy consoliidct,ed San Flrtonciis'co Bay Imud

:~

.:

~JOO,I-~---""""'-----~------Ir------r-----==-iI1

ra

...... .....
,

f~g,.ll -SIilt,E,AR' MOOULUS DETERMINIATIONS:

FOR' SA,IIN! F'RANCIS'CO

EtAY MUD.

le.--m

AlielfG,ge' modulus from seisllTillic: lby .sl1onnon end W.i'ls,on {l9'6n

WOi~e

'vei~'oei~y 'ft1!e,Il'SUlremernts,

'

,!3----t.-

'(.Sered~!1d Idr,is:s" .l970l

ModiuhJS from Q,nol['ys(solf' gr,oLllnd re:sp(!!rllse

lit.! ::J

~600~---------i---~
g, ,~

~.h~~~~~~~----~~~---------; r/1t1odlulius from a n,eIy:) IS, of ground n~:5pDns,e

(tsoi end Hausner,,1970)

f'~
()~- ~ ................................. ~------I"__ __ ~~----~~-''-~_-

II~·~
_ ...............

[110-4

ICP'

10-;2

IO~1

[I()

[fig, 1~2- :SHiEAa M!'ODLJL.US D,ETE:RM'INAT'I'O~S FOR UI/IUON IElA'1' CLAY A1'
DEPTH OF AIBOlJT 60 FT.

12.

Eltrle.nS,t,hs·

~nd g,t.iff"'n€l:s;s:eg,~ Hardin

a/,nu D:rnevtc:b void

expresst.hese

~f:feets

in

ter.m~

cif 't.he: effec:,t;i:v'e

and ef'fecU;v,e
'not

mE!!"an P.1Cinc.:i,paistr'ese;",

ra,tio,

OV8!I:cQ'Ils,011dation

~ra:tio a,o

stI'e~ss

!1O,tveugt:n. p:aJ~llieHI!;;e.rs:" 'but,tll,e l':'earscn.a:b1iLrii'i reva.lua, 1;:I.;o,o.sof

:resu.i1L ting
for

rehtiO'[,)5'bipa,
i;n,...s,l,t;u

alwaI,Ys 'plt0\1'1de

s'hea~~m'Odu.l1

c!o'nd1tioBS,,,

as ev;Ldren,cled

by the

results

!Shown ,in, 'F.i,g~. 11. and

;12.,
Be~ral wi,t'!:!.

R,QWIe!"V'le;t n 'v.'1ew of f

tbe :fact,a: tihat

statile:

(1) s:'ti,ffness:
Ii

1ru::'rea;!iiiie:~ in

sod:.l,st'rength"
c.lay~
d,oes not

(2.) fQ~
vary

lod ,cg,lid:t't,totl5
'[,0

the, r,at10
and

E/stli for !]!:at:ur8ct;ed

wi,de.lI;y f'rom, orne :s,ot1

another:,
1 inear

U)

ties!: data

,at'V'@~

low :strai.n sbeBr

,l,@:v'e.ls :JIi.ndicQ,t@s ,en appI'o~i1J.iL8tely

s'tre.ngth
'1;,0'

r ela tiansh.ip

'between

th.e

'modulu~: and, shear'

:f:cl:r I1li nu,mbel' of ,el,a,,},s (Wil5Q1n al\d

Dilet:~icl:!::.

1960)1 ~ it ,sel~mi\i t"easonabb !tli:ight be taken

the

,expect

't'lla.tvariatiotl;!l!I

in

clay

,chat",acteTi.stics

into, account

w~t.h a r'eas eeab Ie de;gt'lee. of a,!::cu.ra.cy 'by Do];'.liIIal.1:zi.D8

tiC!

,she,a;r t'llod;ulus, thie

'G, wHhr'es',pe'[l,t G1B.u. as

Ul!Elber

1t:1ti!e undt:'aine:d, .shearst;r~ngt:h, fUllrCition, of

i;i,hem;'

su"

a.nd

,upn:i!:fi:.sing

relations,Eii.p
obEa1ne.dbya

a
of

t;i,tr·alin, .•

TJ~stdat,a

,1!l,)lVe$t::i'8ia't,o~B ~Ii.a,~XlPr'ease.d in

this, fo~m,

are

s~arj,ze.d

i.n Table

4, and

plot'teil,

in li.t,. 13.

llor

te~,t

da;.ta.. ob'ta:bil.E!id. in. 'tm.e.aa u't'le!d, .fOlr

laborat,ory

t,@:sU un(li,eiT Yi(u:loF!s.aliaatli!:ui"'ul\(b',a,i:ned by

8f8,ii:t.Q~

te;a,t l(:,lo:ndit1o'FilSjt·h.e.

'mod~11wetle :mnlt1pl.1ed
=::iia,mple.d,ii!'iturbancEl,. study
tl!6t'fng

of :2.5, to mak<e an .at{)p'rQ(XilIuli't'Eli

iof
d'1st.tu'b,a'Rce

al1o~attcli1:;

Clea-r:l:y

the' effej~·ts

will

VB,X:y

from,OIne and a

to ,mct'he~bl:jt
cond.i'it:10ns

in tille ,abseiLlce {l·f de tad.led 1niormati'olIl. it. 'waa cOill.s.id'!!'f'ed'itiba;'t

B

on

s.mpl.ing.

:facto't'

,o,:f

2.5 'wQ"ul,dJ;"~preslen'l:,
For'

reas.onaiblie.

average c'o,t'r.eQt·1·Qcu .f·aH.::t;o:l' for these. leffects..

test con.di:ti,olRs ;RO

in-situ

-and!

l.abor atlo,ry' cons,ol;idated-undr.!!l"1o.M

Ulr

lc;orr,e:.ct1on

was appl1.ed

the:t.es'l:;.

;u!!lsul:U.
sca.tte.r

Wh11etHe]N~; 1,S .. c.on5·l! .. er,a·ble d

itfJ! the d,ata , most of' tIle

t,e',st

rE!,S1l1ts,

fa,ll

l'Tit.hin

the dasbe,d. li:nJe,s; in.

"18;. 13, ;th.a!.t 1,s:~ w1thi'R .:!:SO%: t.he, a:vet'a..ge (d'

f1gu~e
j,

va:l'lil@S, 51hown by' the, ~Qll.d. lin@: if!: the

rh.us

the

averrag:e

val:ae:ei: g;r~ 'matlY cl"~s.

lil.el:y

'to 'pt'crv:Ld@: r,oo;s;,o'na.ble

€!:s:t:tmili·t~:!lI ~If 'the: in.-s.::I.,'tu, lil,gd.~ll for

Illlt.@..

'Ii;

F;!~I~

~~

III'!"'"

:,

'!;leO

N'~

...; ...iJ,...j'

11M
"'I

iU""iJ
N

I\f'JI
~

.... .il ~ ~.,o

o <=>

....

'~

~I

Q., ,".~

1&

~:n --~

~'~.g ,.;, ... ~

,w

<eQQ

"'I .....

Q. JIioI ~

let

....

""
<;I,

...
ili!.

IlII

.~ j~
~IWI

c;:

..b
iN

17 i'_
GIQl

"t2:

!':1 .;: ~
.8 8 B
NI 0,

N .."

v" '"

7Ji!
r-iltNi

"1i.1l
U 'II

P';! ~

CI

'r-.
,1tII

...
[~

.. ~

...'
'Ijl,

.f,ii

~:

... '"
III I~

.0

,.=,

'

....
'0, .

IF~~~-F-----+---""""""'~-~~~~:l0-~H!---~==!1=~~-----lI

~~~---r---------r~~~--++--------+-------~'~~~~-4~------~b

f")

--,
'!if

0, 0,

I~_--~~_--~_'--~----~---~---~---~I
!_

o
1'0

~",-,;

o
1

0,-

0 0,

0 M

0:
0

10

,0

to

0 0'

0
!'Q

0~

1,3.

Alt.1ern.aUvely the data 'of

,El'i:t ain

in Ftg.

13, miisht, be used to, assess o:fo

8.tur

the, influen,c'e the

·~if U tud,e. o'nthe

she,a.I; mod'ulus, ,of ,sn.ear

13.1ela')"s .,. by @'~~els,9ip:g

at

ordi.naU.s modulus at

inte;1:'ilIiS· D,E t,ne ra:tio

modulus

shea.r

I!ij,troiin y

'tOI

shr;:,.• ~

a sbea:r- .st:rairl

'of 3 x l'O-a. 'pereer-:!.t"

This o:f

!!:"atio fer
Sne,:!lIT'

'the ave1::ag~ it!. Fig.

'value:9, show 1n Fig. 14.

Rea60Qlabl!e

13 ~,is plrl,'!:'t'ed as a .function

~tr'ain,

,e·S1::I;lIiiite.s c,f the: shea.,r modulus

of a claY' at:. an,,. s.tt"ain. 'value at s:t:rai'lA:S ,0,£

.'IiIl.ea~,IJ,'remen'l;s·

,amplitude the

can, be obt3ined

by de'tennintns

'the in-situ

ord'er of

:3 x 10;- -per,cent:
UU!

'by Ilieans of shear

waveV'!I:!:lo,ci't:y'

and ,applying,
!!'I.'1i;

i£'~duction fa,c'to't':s, shown in. Ff,g.

1.4 to d,e'term1:ne

value,s

,other sheai.' str~:in5,.

1.

Dampin;g Values

f'ot'

Sa.tura,t,ed ,Clays. clays

ar.e ao 1.imitle:d

''!''eslt ,dia,ta, ,for' d,ampin;! r,;a,t:iollS f,or

,sa'tur;at:ed

and

tbe :r:e,61!J1ts main

vary to

sU'C:lh an,

,e,xt,ent

that

it is, difficult

to aetee:mi:o@ the
A lis'll: cla.y~, is

factc!:!:!!> influeQ.(;il!,g,

t.he damping

r,a,·tio6 of 'these' s,oi.b. f,or satura't.e,d,

'0'.£ pl:ev:!.ou, p:res1ent1ed. Fig-

;i!ilve~,t:ig~:li:t.Qn,5io,f (I,antRJi:ng:l!altios

in l:abl,e 3· and 'the

result:s; of

theslll!

,studies

,a).re- ~;ummarized in
be t-,w,ee;n, d,amp,ing

,1,5.

App~,oxim;a.te l,ilPlP·el" and, lowe'r

Doun,d li:',e!atioti.shi-ps

~a;Uo

aif:!!d:sbears't:nliu

are shown lby tihe d,anshed 11\\es

f'IOT all may o.f the t,e.s·t data is

i;Uld ,ai.

re.pr.e.se.n.tativ~ li;n~. wit.h

,alJe'l'ag@:rela.t:ion,ahi'p

shown 'by the slo,lid d,ampin.g 'ratio

l'p';is: .;!!!v,er,aJ;ElIi!;!,:rela'ti,ollls'hi'p,

well

:pro'tiiCl'li!

"\faluQS, of

s;ufi1cierl'tac,c'nracy

fo,1:':,ma1[llY p!:',acdcal

pUt'pi)s·e,s.

The curVies in 'Fig:? rel~ti,olll:sh1p between If !theva.l:u,e

15 .also provid'e abasls ·stt"dn. level

for

evalua.tin,g

t:he:

damping r,atio'and
.;i

for' an.y,p,a:rti.c:ular

clay.

of damp'i~g 'ra·t·iu ,at

strain

of 0.1 t,o, 0.5 per,cent be to

15, d'etermin~iiI ~ 'thelP'I':oibalble es;tima,t'ed by drawing

t·he.

,d,ampin,g ra.tiorsthrougb

at ot'h,€:t strdti.ii!!· can v,oint.p·at'~lle:l

~ line
:Fig.

t.he. 'known, dana

;c.urve.s

!Shown

in

15.

I I

I
I

I
I

- ·-,
I~

'i,;;.

'U

,I.)

)Q.

II

'>-.
,

V
I

,/

,L

(
3 U 9:-,)1 ad *,...0 IIxl£, ~ ,
J.,

IClJ

Or J., J'O~JS nl npOiV'41 .UJiNi·IS

1J1!.tU~,s .lI"DS't.!!8 3D s;nl:n:pOWJD,eI'ltS

II

o t()

to
(\J

a 1t\!1

U)i

lua:uad- s 0UD'~ 5.u!d'wDI(J

:14.

TabLe":;"

She6'~ I!h,)"d',d.i,- of ,Grave,U:y

S:tlU~iII!r Wave. 'Yelo(::ity

:iIi'

5ioi.h

!BIased, on In,-S:1"t'1:Ji

H.ea!:un,ement:9

De"thi ft.

~S,a.nd~ S:l;a'V'el~, S"~.d ,eJ,~ble:!l w1thi 11't't1e ,dSfY DtI'!'nse s3n,d,

,!!III,d)'

2,00

g.r)9:vel
,(lQ1bblel!!,\ilit'b

150

12,2

Sam:rg:[,;!'i!i:~le,l l:i.'l:tlJe: - elJa,

end

123
.175

iEle,tl:S,eS,OlIlIJd, nd~ a

s.8'_~'Y gl'8'.v'el

*,Shea:r

modul~!Ii

,I; ,.

lono'

K,'11

Ii

Gcr '1):21:psf 'mi .

Fi:g.. IID MO·DULI DIEifERMIN.ATIONS

FORG.RA.vELL

Y 5:011..$ ..

10-2,

10-1

She·or .stml~rn - per'C'E!lrill~

Z:,eevoe.r't 0'9 6,1) Sj1on:llon and Wiis,ol1l U967'} SeiSnnc 'survey., :S1Il'annan and WilsOfl (961)
1

1.0

'.
I

'! 501~-_""~iU4fiHf-~---==~

...

Groundrespom~e oI"DQlys!~i~ ond Idris,$ Se:ed

0970)

SU

liOO~==------i---Ik---f------~f-~-------if---------I

50-

•
IrQ

as.
by. a :fia.::;,'I:;'i;iI[, @,f2, ..5 bef'OII:1@ b8111g~'lo'tted :1:0 Fig.
fr,oDl

17.

W]dle

t~he na't,1:&l:"Eil e,f

"ea'!:',
tbe

S oib,

is l:!Lk€!lIl.:y to ''W,ary l:i'oR81de'I'sbl.y

Fig.

one loca,tion

to another

11

i.1at:a in

11 may p,r,o,v;bie liIome illd.i,c,.9.tio,n of tbe

dynl_ic: char.aGt,e~';lati'c:a,

'of chis t,ype Qf soil. 10.

In ,thap
Y'eni.ent
f01la!O'i!

,CioD"clusi.ou has b e,e,n ma~,e,tc smnma:C'i,iZiE! in·,a eon.-

:r',ec,ed,in8; \1,agee, an attempt, Jt~he available

da:t,aI,!:ca,~end,:nsthe. s;biea,r IDcdu.li ,

~,at,p ,olJ,titese

s'nd dam_,iRI

raJ.tioe:

for

s011s.

'Cl'earlymerl"i;!: fOf

,l$yli:!SMiccha\l'ae'ter:i!:lil::::I:c8is 80ils,. HOW5Voe:r.t l

requ:bed!t
is hoped

PJa~t1culBrly

:s;L,ilt,g:. c:i,ay,s and gravelly

8S 8.

tbat

the .dSi:ta, l'resent:ed wi,ll sene J

pitQP,!!xtles

useful 8:uidefJD the

an:alY.SE!is,and

sele'iQ,t.ion, ofs'QLil

for

dil'D,mic

l,"esp,O'ft!!U!

that

·crt'.e:'~

8n;jil:i,nE:IE!,X::s 'mi,il!:n:t tI,e, e:~u:,Ou'!ti,a8@d tomakli2, 'would :e,u.p:~,lement tltat p,;rI!E!s,euted

,iili,v;a1,la:blJIi!,

,a/,ll.y

,1EI.!:Mi.t,io.l'u;\lll

d,aj;,a whJ.cb

a)HJrv,e,.,

.AcknawleclgB:fii,etjlt ':the, B'IIJ,thc':£':B! ;gr:,atefu"lly'

iW'hi;j1 cQ!nt'r;i,b'uc,[ed data

a~kf!lowled8@ the.
:r@pIOl't~.

C,f),op'El.ra,tioD, appre:ci,a.t100

,o,.f
.is

'[ilUlny

e.ngi,nee:n

for

'·II!i.I!I,e, 't'his: i.-n,

due

'pat'tilc~la!tly
pf"IJvi.,!)usly

to 'the :Bec'h'tel
,utl,pub,U~hed

Corpol:sU,oo.

,aud :Sh.a"nn,'on

and 'wilson I:n.c. 'who prQv!di,ed

,U.e.ld dat;,a, ,and to. I.

Ar',ango 'who as,s,l~,ited~ in

thl~ ,du,a r.edi,uc:U,on.

Abiks,E.
D,ecs.;Lga, f o

,ll:. allId. ''1'a:tsb~s;ky, I. San. pr,~Q.~i.sCJo ~I'rlaMbay

W. (l,'968,~'; .'IS,011 Studies, t,or S,etrsmi,e 'rube,; Ii [i'r'ocee:di~ig;l!l:~ :Symp~,Sii1lJm. Olilli.

of 5'Q118 and

:!E;a:~t'n.qru,altieaJII!cll ·Vlbl'o;!,'ti.on Effec.t,s on 't.h.eBeliia.vior FQ,I;tmlation5lt AS'flf. San. rr-~iili.eh.'cQ•

. r~.i" 'H,. !:'lIn.a: 'tb~har:.tl/.Y. (1~fj6),. 11~~li.briEII,t1,ol[l, oflilry' S,ood L.a,y~.l:'.s"',~ A PTO c:e,editlg,s i' Japs;.n E,ar't.l'liqua'lte Engineer! ng Sy:mnposium "Tokyo,
i,

Donovan ~ N., 0,. (19'68)

pe'r-19:on:al

'C~U[lJilea,tioo

:Oom:nl'an~ N. C. (1.91'6'9) - .Re.s,e,ar'cn B;r11e.f -= 5'011 n,namdu::s 8p.ecialty· Sessi'@'l\j ~''th lfilt'e,'rn,a,ti,on.a.l, <C;OInfel'ellc,e '~1l S(liil Mec.hanic!li and F,o~ndati.lon Engi,ne:~t1Hg:!,
Mex1!:1Cl (:1'1;:.),,,

[It'lleV'ic:h .. V. P. pilaU .• J., 'it.:I' Jr" artl,d,Ricli:lart~ 'F. E." Jr.~, (j9'66)1'"L,Bi.r:g,e ~ AmpU,tu,cli!e, Vi,'b,ratlonEffectB on tn,e She:al:'.Mcldulu8 of Sarnd,IIO~l'iv'i 'cif ~chi,sa.ti. !epo,t't 't:o'Wa t:@wa,v_!XPe'rim~fil: St,s ti.on J Co.!r,Psof :tingi.tl:ee:rs, u. s. .Army" COn:tr3!C::'t. ])A,,,,u2;I,..019:-'e'nr340 " 'Oet. 1966. Hall, J,.Ri\U\d RiGoat't"i"" B. (1963) j1IEff,e,CIt; ,of VibrllUoH MJllit.!lfd'e on lIJ~""eVelo~iti;esin Gr,an:ular Hater'ials:~ II ]!ir:oceedin;g,s,,; 2nd, Pan !rne:r'i,cal't C'onf~'Celi7l'!c:e o~ S O'il M.eebanicsandFo'lm.dstiooEngi'nee.t':bi,g.; Br,a~;n.

Hardin :1' ft,· O. a~d Rioha.t' t .' ,. E.:Ii Jt'. Iii (1969), l'IJUaB ticWa.:ve,re 10'cities 'f,n. ,G'r·anl;l.l·iSi'l'" ~Q;ils, ",'II~Jp~t'naa tbg S'o1.1Mechanic9 and, Pounda,t;i,oos. ,~,f :D:iv:1si,o:ri,~MCE,:; Vol. 89,; No., SMl,* Felb. ~9'63 "PP .33 ...,65.'
'!1:I:a.rdfn.

's., .0.. (1965), ilThe '"at~Te ,ef Damping ].'0 Soand.s .'III',Joumal of ·the ;Soi,l:s H,echanics B'nd FOI;l;nd,:gtio.ns D1v1s~'~m, A.SCE; Vol. '9'1:; No. SHIt J'an.
.

'1'!J65 j'!?'P • 63-'1\)7.

Rard;l,n, B,. 0". ,andlU:ack: ~ W. 1.. (1968,) 111'V1b'rB.tion ,cfN,ormal1y Gons'c,l!,dat'e.d Cla.y":~ I~Jou:r:n.al 0,[ the Soil Meaba:ni,c:s; ,and Foundations D,ivis·ioo ,ASCI II' " Vo,1" 904 ~No,,, SM2, Mar,ch.
!F.I.a.rd:!:n Jl, • .0. and .D'['n.,ev'i~dl, \1'", p" (19'10) ,. !!S,h,@a;.r :Mod!J!1,u8 and ]).ampi.ng: .in Soils;; I .!'h:!ti,9rl,1'r,eme.'llt. and. ]?1'lJ:am.ete'r E:f'fe.c:.ts tU." D'lasign Equa.d,OIRS ,!!lind IC,,:.l'r.'lI.'ii1!:S;'!11I T,ecnni,c:a,l Re-PQ1"'t,i9, 11KY 2J·-7·(j,"'CE 2: and 3,. Colleg~ of :Engine:e:ri'l'!:g" U'nive;rd'ty of Ken'tllck;y, :Le:ld.Dg ton. 'f{,i1!,ntu'ck;y, J'u1y.
II'

Idr'h.s;, I" M. U96<6')ti~'thJ~, lte.spo\t1,Si! QfEarth-Bank:5,Dur1.ng :P.'b,,,·!l,. Dlss,e'rtat1(Jn,Univ~rs1ty 0'£' CUlforniaJ.~ B,e;r,liCieley,.
'Klsil'tidLa,~ R.ami 'fak'ano ,A,. (1'910) "'Tb.e ll,ampin;g ..:U1I:. tb:,eiEl':ty olf tbie: 3rd J,gjp,an :E~~·th.q'l1ake .EOS inB@r:i.ng Symp<Cls1umt Takyo,
j,

Ea,rttu.iJ.uake:,s,

II

B8ndIIIIProceedi'ng~ J apml.

IC.ovOli.'(:!;S;'1! "D. Y

r(19'68) nAn

Bmblluikments 'fo Base Ex,c1ta.t:ion~'"

Expel"1Ime~.t:al :Study ,of the RespoD6e crf Clay Ph.D • .Dis~,ert.at!(m;,lM:tversit1 '0,£'

'C.,<!J,lifg'~nia~ B~r.kelery.

r1

'Kr.:!.1zek." R. J. aad F'f',aaklin~ it" G. (1967}"'Ene:rgy' ,D~,~:tpatiOT;l, l~ a S,oft. ,e l,a, :f'if ~o ~I!!;,edi:inBls.;~ Symp o,sf.um on Wave P'l:'DI',a:g,~"tion ,~~d Dynanlli.c -P:ro,pe.:r ti:e,9 of :Sa,t:"t,h Mia t,er1ala, ~ Jl\lbu,qlfiierqu8" NewM;exi ee '.' L8Id.d, 'C,batLe.s COl t ,rIStr:e~Ili''''S,·t~ain M.o,d:u.lu8, of CIao.y in UDidr,a,1ned Shear ,III .Jiou,rnalof the sot 1, Ue cinanlc9,_d, :a?b,uoda t:i.O\fi,S Di'visiO'IJ~, ASCE 'J VoO,l. ~O No. :&_MS :Sept:,em:lu'!:r I, 19M,. . .

I.

,M.atsush:1t"L" ,K.~, It:1sib,id:i5!,; R.. md 'Kyo.. K.!, ""E:x:p,!!':riments, , oQ,l)lairnpi·I\S of ,S',a;na,5~!',~ Ir'iW·s,8ction'~ o.f the Arch:[t,ectn.ral Ins'tit:;y,iI:;e ,g,f Ja~,an. S'UJmmil4.t:ie!S,

of technical Pa:pet:~ (A!!i.nu,!il 'Meeting

olE' AlJ ~ 1967),

1

P" 166-.

fiQnz:i.en.~, Ji. 1 Sl~heffe:y, F. f 5(I,ed,!• .'E(. :1. ·and Tid.e .:'!!:, ]1:..., I, (19';641." $':Se1~mic E:f.:f~c.U, iI1i!], SttUoc·tu~<e!Si Suppo,reed oR "I"ileiS ExtJelld;L.n,g ''!!'b.'t'lOu.g,b. 'I,e,ep '~e'nsi'~1've . Clays. til i.epoyt tro. 64 .. 2,1 - In~lJ;it'u,t'e of ,E.n,glnee.'l:'ing

Iii.

'2:a:;nn!l[!,Lee,t R., A"" Res e a:r en , tTniv.

c.

of Cal:i'faraia,t

Be!i;kele:y,~ Csl1fontia,.

R1cch.ar:t" :r., ! .. Jr'" HaU~ J., R*._ Jrr",,~ and LysDI/,e.l'l J'." (,1'9,62:)0 !'nSt.uaI.y (Jf' J e:h~ Propagat.iIQD. and 1Jl)b'l!i!;ipa'tlQtl -of "!la:s,t.1'~·Wat,ve,Ene:r;)'" in 'Granular SQil,5i:t 1m ,1J:n:i.v:e:rsit'y (]if ,l!':19ddla 'Repor-t to 'W&t'e'['W,ays Egil!.·rime.nt Stat:lo~:~ 0011',"1)5 of !.ng-rs,,,, D,., S. A.~, C!n\tr'a~'t, DA""22~O'O-'ii!:,ng-3l4" ,S,ept,., 1962,.

Seed" H.B,.pni:lIdriss, , I. M. USn'O)' ~'!,A:n.alysi.5 o:f' G~O'u.ndMot,iofi!:j· at, 'Iln1D'n lay Iii. :S~«t'"t.,le Iii d'u"rt.ng Ea1i'tbq!J~k.le~ and DristantN'ucl,ear 'Bls!llts /1 Bulle:!::l~. S ei.sIliQlogi,g'al So,c::Ii;e ,of bet' i c:a:1 V,0,1" 60 " No • 11,P:eb,f:ucQ,:ry. try

S,han'non and WilL~c,p (HI'6·n P@~8o:n,Bl cO'mmrunicAtio,ns

at UD,ion, Bay.

,re soil.

inv'e:stigatioDi.

Shannclon and Wlb on (l ~l'i'O),J' ~'Soi1 B,eh~vipurl.1ndelt iar'thqua;k.e tQadiug CondiUonEiI~Ji- State ,of tn.e: A~"t .Re-p'ort 'prepal':e.d for Urdoll Ca,rb1d,e !C01;:pcl'rat1,on.t o.ak :Ridge. Nationalta,borat(u::'y Oa:k 'ltld:ge,1; T'l!linneiSsee" .
j'

S,11v€!:I', j.el'kel,ey.

,M.L.

Lcad:iD,g Conditt'ons
'Fa,ylo't'i' R. Dynami,cal1y

,and Se,ed•. U.i,,,, (1969 "IThe. Be'i:lavtcl'):' rJf Sand,s 'UIlicie'r :S,e,hmi~, ~IU Repo't'''tNo .E"EiRC 69'-1115. llnive'I'si't,y o~ Cal if Qtnia."
1),

J •. 3fl.d,M8n~ies~ :8. K.
toade·d
Q~.

(1963)

acrncf'er>e'(!.~e .

Cla:y, ·'Pl'ocee.d1:ng,s., :Soil. :M;e.~ha.ni.~,s '. J'.

I'

4th

UDlatmplngCha,racte,I;:'i,s:t,lcs; of AUGtralian.,New' Zeal..:l:u:lid

Taylor!! F"awdi. H'ugni.'!HS"

Sub-s,a,;i,b asffi'leterd'!iiml:e.dl, hom L,a:b,(lIlratot"·y T@s,ts.,II'p;roceed1:n:gs, 3,'l:'d Wor~id Con:feren~.e 'on Eat't,OqiUl,ake :En;ineer'1ng" 'New ;Z:'!llal.and.~ Vol. .l,.,pp., 19,6-211. ray Lo'r,~ R,. J. and Ba,c;,ehiills, D· R.. o(:L9 9') iIDyna:m1'~ CycU c S'train '.' 6 'les'l:: 'Oill 'Clay,i! P',roceed.;i.ng:ii 7th Internal: :ional Cotl'f,~reD ee 'on So.il He,ehanics a:nd ,FollnQat,i,o[t, :Eng;iD.ee:ri'ng~ VoL I"KeJ!iic,a eity ..
ij

(19165)

'"IIlIynamic. f'ro'per'ties

,gf ,FQtl1l!liatiOll

8.

'I'b;i.in;,~:; _G. .R,,,, 0,,965)

"Tbe

Belliavioi['

to,ad 1ng Ce'nd1 t1Qns , !I P1:i,,, lIi5,se~te:d_on~, mi.

'BerkeleY' '.'
Ihie,it's: jiG. 'R. arnd, Bleed.; H.., I ; ~ _(1968)

of' Si1htljraAt,e4 C,la,,.. under Sdsmic, Univ,~l' ty of Califomi.a, iSi

,of -C:la,y,," JQu:rm,al '0:£ 'c.he, 5011 M~(l.han1ca -and -Fo'lm,d-,a,tiIQns l)ii'v'-i,si:l)~j kSOE,~. '~lI'ol. -9~ ~ -No .SW\l,_~ M!a,t:~c.h 19'6,8 ~pi!pl. .55[5- j,69[ • _ _ TS'ai I,N. c. ail !liclI.l!:s:El)e,~;; GlOW. '(191'(19 1'I[C:i\lIl,cuh:'t:iO'R, of e, :S(~I:'faJ,e~ :M'Q'tion, lof ,8 L,!:li~ler;,ad H,aU-iS:p,~,ce:,tl[1 'Brulle.'t-in.1 Se!smo,lo'gical S,oc:i,et;y lof Ame.ric,a,~V·ol,. 6,O;N'o'"S Ch:,t.o,bal' "
j

1I'C;yclic

:EH:l"e.515:-St-r·a,in [C;b-at"-~c;'te'ri:st.!cs,

Rat-t:, R. It't

D1!m!Ipi ng C,apa:C}i.ty of- S,QIlle AS.TH !j"ec:i,r.li,l 'I"e:,cbti:1,c,~1

w:ns,o~"•. S"" D", ,and Il:Let;rieh. R., J,. (:!II.'960) !·'Effec.t, ,o'.f Consolidation, Pres,Si;li~e [o.n E,la:stic am;! S,tI:'ength P1:ope'E't,iesof Cl-ay,/h ,PJroc.eedlnIB of tbe Rie9fle,a1:"ch (l.otiif e-I:'ence on Shei;!;r S;'H!6f1:ittni !af CDh@s!lve Soils, .!merie,a:a Soei,ely of Ctvl1E'uginee:rs." Bg.uld!e:r, C,olol'B:do
"e