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Relatively new technique as an instrumental method. First suggested by Lovelock in 1958. First commercial instruments ! ! 1981 - packed columns 1985 - capillary columns
Supercritical uids
Two types of applications Supercritical uid extraction (SFE) Supercritical uid chromatography (SFC) As a chromatographic method, it ts somewhere between HPLC and GC. ! - offers advantages of each.
Examples
Fluid! ! Tc, oC! ! Pc, atm CO2! N2O! NH3! n-C5! n-C4! CCl2F2! ! 31.3! ! 72.9 ! 36.5!! 72.5! ! 132.5 112.5 density* ! ! 0.96 ! 0.94 ! ! 0.40 ! ! 0.51 ! ! 0.50 ! .12 1 ! -----
pressure
Pc
solid
Supercritical uids
These uids have densities and diffusivities similar to liquids but viscosities comparable to gases.
mobile phase! gas! SCF! liquid! density! (g/ml)! ~10-3! 0.2-0.9 0.8-1.0 viscosity! (poise)! 0.5 - 3.5 (x10-4) 0.2 - 1.0 (x10-3) diffusivity (cm2/sec) 0.01 - 1.0 0.1 - 3.3 (x10-4) 0.5 - 2.0 (x10-5)
Supercritical uids
This means that it is possible to develop methods that offer: ows similar to GC base methods due to low viscosity efciencies similar to HPLC methods - due to low diffusion.
pump
Common modiers include ! ! HCl ! make the solvent acidic. NH3! makes the solvent basic.
Pressure can also be used to control extraction. Increasing pressure will increase density. Easily extracted materials will be extracted at lower densities. Raising the pressure can be used to extract materials with lower extraction efciency. The temperature of the extraction thimble can also be optimized.
!, selectivity
1.2
injection valve
Pressure programming
Can be used like temperature programming for GC or gradient elution for LC. ! As pressure increases, so does the density method also called density programming. ! This results in increasing the solubility of your solutes in the mobile phase. ! So as P increases, retention decreases. Note: 1 bar = 100 kPa = 0.987 atm
Effect of pressure/density on k
30.0 22.5
Benzene
Benzene 55 oC
density
density
Two types of pressure programming are available. Linear - ! like temperature programming where the pressure is increased at a xed rate. Asymptotic - ! rate is decreased linearly as it approaches the maximum.
Effect of pressure
Pressure programming
Pressure Programming
pressure linear
Example. Analysis of polystyrene monomers.
Pressure gradient
150 atm/min 100 atm/min
Hydrocarbon Mixture.
pressure
asymptotic
Asymptotic programs typically result in a better separation.
Pressure gradient
Hydrocarbon Mixture.
35 atm/min
Comparison of gradients
GC, HPLC and SFC each has some sort of gradient control ! ! ! ! ! GC !- temperature
SFC offers the widest range of possible control - but longest development time.
Example
Lets compare the three methods and gradients. The following are results obtained for a coal tar sample. ! ! ! ! ! ! Method! ! Gradient ! ! GC! ! ! temperature ! ! LC! ! ! polarity ! ! SFC!! ! pressure
GC - temperature gradient
LC - polarity gradient
1.2! ----
proton donor