Sie sind auf Seite 1von 23

Ultrasonic Alarm (1)

I will introduce the alarm equipment which arranged "Ultrasonic Range Meter" on these pages. This alarm equipment transmits a ultrasonic and receives the ultrasonic which is reflected at the obstacle and gives the alarm in the case which set within the distance. The distance which can be set is from about 40 cm to 10 m. For example, when setting to the 5 m distance, it doesn't detect a reflection from more than 5 m distance. However, the alarm can be given when there is a reflected wave from among from 40 cm to 5 m. By "Infrared Sensor" to be introducing in another page, it can detect only the object to be in the movement while emitting infrared rays. However, in case of this ultrasonic alarm equipment, the object is OK even if it has stood still. Also, it is OK even if it isn't emitting the infrared rays. But, it is necessary to be the object which reflects the ultrasonic.

Parts explanation
for the ultrasonic detection unit(1)
Ultrasonic sensor
I used the ultrasonic sensor for the air which is made by the Nippon Ceramic company. This sensor separates into the two kinds for the transmitter and the receiver. For the transmitter, it is T40-16 and for the receiver, it is R40-16. T shows the thing for the transmitter and R shows the thing for the receiver. 40 shows the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic.(40KHz) 16 shows the diameter of the sensor. Because the one of the terminal is connected with the case, when grounding, it uses the terminal on the side of the case.

The specification of the ultrasonic sensor is shown below. Item Resonant frequency (KHz) Spec 40

Sound pressure 115 < level (dB) Sensitivity (dB) -64 < Diameter 16.2 Size (mm) Height 12.2

Terminal 10.0 interval

As for the detail specification, refer to "Air Transmission Ultrasonic Sensor".

IC for the oscillator ( 555 )


This is the IC which is often used for the timer, the oscillator. This time, the CMOS type is used but the bipolar type is OK. This time, it is used for the oscillation of the transmission timing pulse, the oscillation of the ultrasonic frequency, the gate circuit of the alarm detector and the output circuit. Data sheet for 555

Inverters ( 4069UB )
This IC is the IC of the CMOS which the six inverters are housed in. This IC is mainly used for the drive circuit of the ultrasonic sensor. Data sheet for 4069UB

Low noise operational amplifiers ( LM833N )


This IC is the low noise operational amplifier. It is used for the amplification of the received ultrasonic signal. The low noise type operational amplifier must be used because it does the about 60dB (1000 times) amplification. Data sheet for LM833

Low power operational amplifiers ( LM358 )


This IC is the single power supply-type operational amplifier. This IC is used for the detection of the received signal. The comparator can be used. Data sheet for LM358

NAND gates ( 4011B )

As for this IC, the four NAND circuits of 2 inputs are accommodated. It is used to compose SR-FF and to measure the reaching time of the ultrasonic. Data sheet for 4011B

3 terminal voltage regulator for +9 V ( 78L09 )


The stable +9V can be gotten from +12V to +30V input by this IC. The maximum output current is 100 mA. Data sheet for 78L09

IC sockets
The equipment which was made this time used the sockets for the ICs mounting. It is to adjust in the order. Especially, because IC1 is removed in the adjustment of the ultrasonic frequency, it had better install using the socket.

NPN-type transistor (2SC1815)


This is the transistor with the general NPN type for the small signal amplification. It is used for the drive circuit of the relay. If the collector electric current is the equal to or more than 100-mA one with the general NPN-type transistor for the small signal, the other transistor is OK. Data sheet for 2SC1815

Shottky barrier diode ( 1SS106 )


This diode is used to detect the received ultrasonic. The ultrasonic frequency is about 40 KHz, so, the diode with the good high frequency characteristic is used. Data sheet for 1SS106

Switching diode ( 1S1588 )


This diode is used for the mask of the transmission pulse and used to prevent from transistor destruction by the back electromotive force of the relay. It is not the special diode.

Relay ( G5V-2 )
I used the relay to output the alarm outside. I used the one that the drive voltage is DC 12 V . There are two sets of points of contact. The specification is shown below respectively. 125V AC : 0.6A 110V DC : 0.6A 30V DC : 2A

Resistor
At the circuit this time, the resistors that the permission electric power of the resistor is 1/8 W are used.

Variable resistor
This is the small variable resistor. This is used for the adjustment of the ultrasonic frequency.

Ceramic capacitor
These are the disk-type ceramic capacitors. Because the high frequency characteristic is good, these are used as the coupling capacitors(It cuts the direct current but it lets through the alternating current) of the ultrasonic signal amplification.

Multilayer ceramic capacitor


These are used as the bypass capacitors. It is small size but it has the comparatively big capacity(0.1F).

Electrolytic capacitor

These are used as the ripple filter capacitors of the power circuit. There is polarity. So, Be careful so as not to make a mistake when mounting them.

Printed board
I used the universal printed board. I use two sheets of the boad with 15 holes x 25 holes.

Wiring terminal
These terminals are used for the wiring with the outside parts such as the power supply wiring. Two lines of the terminals are used to put the ultrasonic sensor.

Wiring connector
The circuit which was made this time separated the transmitter/receiver part of the ultrasonic and the detector part. The wiring among those printed boards

connects through the connector. It is OK even if it connects directly.

Stud
These studs are used to install the equipment in the case. The one which is made of metal because of the grounding is used. Choose the length of stud for the ultrasonic sensor to become case approximately central. This time, I used the one with the 10-mm length.

Lug terminal
These are used to connect the studs with the ground of the circuit.

Circuit explanation

Ultrasonic pulse oscillator


IC1 is the oscillation circuit to control the sending-out time of the ultrasonic pulse. The circuit is the same as the ultrasonic range meter but the value of the resistors and the capacitors are changed. The oscillation frequency is the same. The time of the oscillation pulse can be calculated by the following formula. Actually, with the error of the parts, it is different from the calculation a little.

The condition : RA = 1M-ohm, RB = 15K-ohm, C = 0.1F

TL = 0.69 x RB x C
= 0.69 x 15 x 103 x 0.1 x 10-6 = 1 x 10-3 =1

msec

TH = 0.69 x ( RA + RB ) x C
= 0.69 x 1015 x 103 x 0.1 x 10-6 = 70.0 x 10-3 = 70

msec

Ultrasonic oscillator
IC2 is the circuit to make oscillate the ultrasonic frequency of 40KHz. Oscillation's operation is same as IC1 and makes oscillate at the frequency of about 40 KHz. It makes RB>RA to bring the duty(Ratio of ON/OFF) of the oscillation wave close to 50%. The frequency of the ultrasonic must be adjusted to the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic sensor. Therefore, I am made to be able to adjust the oscillation frequency by making the RB the variable resistor (VR1). The output of IC1 is connected with the reset terminal of IC2 through the inverter. When the reset terminal is the H level, IC2 works in the oscillation. The ultrasonic of 40KHz is sent out for the 1 millisecond and pauses for the 68 milliseconds.

The calculation example of the frequency is shown below.

The condition : RA = 1.5K-ohm, RB = 15K-ohm. C = 1000pF

TL = 0.69 x RB x C
= 0.69 x 15 x 103 x 1000 x 10-12 = 10.35 x 10-6 = 10

sec

TH = 0.69 x ( RA + RB ) x C
= 0.69 x 16.5 x 103 x 1000 x 10-12 = 11.39 x 10-6 =

11 sec

= 1 / ( TL + TH ) = 1 / (( 10.35 + 11.39 ) x 10-6) = 46.0 x 103 = 46.0

KHz

Ultrasonic sensor drive circuit


The inverter is used for the drive of the ultrasonic sensor. The two inverters are connected in parallel because of the transmission electric power increase. The phase with the voltage to apply to the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the sensor has been 180 degrees shifted. Because it is cutting the direct current with the capacitor, about twice of voltage of the inverter output are appied to the sensor.

Signal amplification circuit


The ultrasonic signal which was received with the reception sensor is amplified by 1000 times(60dB) of voltage with the operational amplifier with two stages. It is 100 times at the

first stage (40dB) and 10 times (20dB) at the next stage. As for the dB (decibel), refer to "Logarithm Table". Generally, the positive and the negative power supply are used for the operational amplifier. The circuit this time works with the single power supply of +9 V. Therefore, for the positive input of the operational amplifiers, the half of the power supply voltage is appied as the bias voltage and it is made 4.5 V in the central voltage of the amplified alternating current signal. When using the operational amplifier with the negative feedback, the voltage of the positive input terminal and the voltage of the negative input terminal become equal approximately. So, by this bias voltage, the side of the positive and the side of the negative of the alternating current signal can be equally amplified. When not using this bias voltage, the distortion causes the alternating current signal. When the alternating current signal is amplified, this way is used when working the operational amplifier for the 2 power supply with the single power supply. As for the operation of the operational amplifier, refer to "Operation explanation of the triangular wave oscillator".

Detection circuit
The detection is done to detect the received ultrasonic signal. It is the half-wave rectification circuit which used the Shottky barrier diodes. The DC voltage according to the level of the detection signal is gotten by the capacitor behind the diode. the Shottky barrier diodes are used because the high frequency characteristic is good. As for the Shottky barrier diode, refer to "Diodes".

Signal detector
This circuit is the circuit which detects the ultrasonic which returned from the object. The output of the detection circuit is detected using the comparator. At the circuit this time, the operational amplifier of the single power supply is used instead of the comparator. The operational amplifier amplifies and outputs the difference between the positive input and the negative input. In case of the operational amplifier which doesn't have the negative feedback, at a little input voltage, the output becomes the saturation state. Generally, the operational amplifier has tens of thousands of times of mu factors. So, when the positive input becomes higher a little than the negative input, the difference is tens of thousands of times amplified and the output becomes the same as the power supply almost.(It is the saturation state) Oppositely, when the positive input becomes lower a little than the negative input, the difference is tens of thousands of times amplified and the output becomes 0 V almost.(It is in the OFF condition) This operation is the same as the operation of the comparator. However, because the inner circuit is different about the comparator and the operational amplifier, the comparator can not be used as

the operational amplifier. At the circuit this time, it connects the output of the detection circuit with the negative input of the signal detector and it makes the voltage of the positive input constant.

Vrf = ( Rb x Vcc )/( Ra + Rb )


= ( 47K-ohm x 9V )/( 1M-ohm + 47K-ohm ) = 0.4V So, when the rectified ultrasonic signal becomes more than 0.4 V, the output of the signal detector becomes the L level(Approximately 0 V). There is another device in this circuit. It is the diode (D) which connects with the side of the positive input. The pulse sending-out timing signal of the transmitter is appied to this diode. So, it makes not detect the transmission signal which was crowded when sending out the ultrasonic signal from the transmitter and going around to the reception sensor, making the voltage of the positive input of the signal detector rise in the pulse sending-out timing signal. The transmission signal has the remaining signal even if it stops the transmission timing pulse. So, it makes the falling of the transmission timing pulse gentle with the capacitor (C) and it is preventing from the mis-detection by the remaining signal. The value of this capacitor is the one point which decides the efficiency of the equipment. The detection start time becomes late when the value of this capacitor is big and can not do the short distance. The equipment this time makes the transmission pulse long(About 1 millisecond) to make detect possible to the about 10-m distance and makes the capacitor of the detector big a little. Therefore, the shortest distance becomes about 40 cm. To detect the short distance, making T L in IC1 short, the value of the capacitor of the signal detector must be made small. Way, in the time that the ultrasonic goes and returns in the 30-cm distance at 20C, it is the 1.75 milliseconds.

Time measurement gate circuit

This circuit is the gate circuit to measure the time which is reflected with the object and returns after sending out the ultrasonic. It is using the SR (the set and the reset) flip-flop. For the details of SR-FF, refer to "The operation explanation of the D-type flip-flop". The set condition is the time which begins to let out the ultrasonic with the transmitter. It uses the transmission timing pulse. The reset condition is the time which detected the signal with the signal detector of the receiver circuit. That is, the time that the output of SR-FF (D) is in the ON condition becomes the time which returns after letting out the ultrasonic.

Alarm detector

This circuit is the circuit to judge whether or not the reaching time of the reception signal is shorter or longer than the setup time. It sets the time using the 555 timer

circuit. The transmission timing pulse is used for the trigger of the timer. The 555 timers begin the operation when the input trigger becomes the L level. So, it is inputting the transmission timing pulse through the inverter(It uses the 2 input NAND). The alarm output(E) becomes the L level if the output of the timer(D) becomes the H level and the output of the measurement gate circuit(C) becomes the H level. When the timer does in the time-out, the output of the timer(D) becomes the L level. So, after that, even if the output of the measurement gate circuit(C) becomes the H level, the alarm output (E) is as the H level. If the D point becomes the H level before the C point becomes the L level, the wrong pulse with the alarm output (the E point) is output. In the actual operation, because that the C point becomes the L level is earlier than the operation beginning of the timer, I don't put the delay circuit. It made the range of the alarm from about 40 cm to 10 m. The most short distance is limited by the transmission pulse mis-detection prevention circuit. The most long distance is limited by the transmission level of the ultrasonic, receiver sensitivity and then the interval of the transmission of the transmission pulse. The time that the sound wave goes and returns in the 40-cm distance When the ambient temperature is 20C, the propagation speed of the sound wave is 343.5 m/second. In the time to be propagated by 80 cm (the going and returning), it is as follows. TS = 0.8/343.5 = 0.00233 = 2.33

milliseconds

The time that the sound wave goes and returns in the 10-m distance In the time to be propagated by 20 m (the going and returning), it is as follows. TL = 20/343.5 = 0.05822 = 58.2

milliseconds

In the time of the alarm detection timer, it makes change with the variable resistor. It is possible to calculate as follows in the minimum time and the maximum time.

The time of the 555 timer = 1.1CR


( C=F R=ohm ) That is, it becomes R = T/1.1 C. At the circuit this time, 1F of the capacitor is used. The resistance value to get the minimum time (The variable resistor=0 ohm) RS = (2.33 x 10-3) / (1.1 x 10-6)

= 2.12 x 103 = 2.12

K-ohm

At the actual circuit, 2K-ohm is used. The resistance value to get the maximum time (The variable resistor=the maximum) RL = (58.2 x 10-3) / (1.1 x 10-6) = 53.0 x 103 = 53

K-ohm

As the value of the variable resistor, it becomes the value which deducted R S from RL. At the circuit this time, 50K-ohm is used.

Alarm output circuit


The output of the alarm detector isn't as long as it works a relay. The alarm output circuit makes constant time output last making the output of the alarm detector a trigger. It works a relay for about 1 second using 555 timer. T = 1.1CR = 1.1 x 10 x 10-6 x 100 x 103 = 1.1 seconds The output of the timer (the H level in case of operation) is inputted to the transistor and a relay is driven. The diode (D5) which is connected with the coil of the relay in parallel is to protect a transistor from the opposite electromotive force which occurs with the relay. Also, the LED(D4) lights up at the same time as the relay works. Making it be possible to see this LED from outside by installing it in the case. It is to make it easy to set the distance of the alarm detector. The capacitor(C24) to be putting between the base of the transistor and the ground is put to delay the release (the non-operation) of the relay when the timer does in the time-out. After the timer does in the time-out, the following trigger signal is inputted a maximum of 70 milliseconds later. It is because the interval of the transmission of the ultrasonic is the about 70 milliseconds. When detecting the obstacle continuously, the output of the timer becomes the L level condition for the about 70 milliseconds every second. Even if the output of the timer becomes the L level in short time, by the electric charge to have stored the capacitor(C24), the relay continues to work. The value of the capacitor is due to the release electric current of the relay. In case of the relay which was used this time, it is doing the continuous operation at 220 F.

Power circuit
The circuit this time is using the various oscillators. The frequency of those oscillators is related with the measurement precision. So, the power supply voltage to use must be stable. Because the circuit is using the CMOS, the power supply voltage is OK rather than +5 V. The inner power supply voltage is made +9 V by the 3 terminal regulator. The input voltage is using about +12 V voltage in the relation with relay drive voltage.

Adjustment
for the ultrasonic detection unit(1)

Adjustment of the transmission frequency


In case of mounting and removal of the ICs, always make a power OFF.

The ultrasonic sensor has a peculiar resonant frequency (about 40 KHz). The oscillation frequency of the transmitter must be adjusted to the resonant frequency. The adjustment procedure of the frequency is shown below.

Remove IC1 from the IC socket and connect the 1st and the 3rd pin of the socket.By this, the oscillation of IC2 is continuously done and the adjustment becomes easy.

Monitor the 1st pin of IC4 of the receiver circuit by the simple high frequency detector or the oscillo scope. Turn VR1 of the transmitter circuit and the output with the receiver circuit maximizes. Above, the adjustment of the transmission frequency is ending. Remove the short circuit line of the IC1 and mount the IC1.

Operation confirmation of the detector


Connect the VR2 and the LED temporarily. Set VR2 in the maximum. Put the sensor on the about 1-m distance from the obstacle and confirm that the LED lights up. Turn VR2 to resistance value's decreasing and turn off an LED. Confirm that it brings a sensor close to the obstacle and that the LED lights up again. The normally operation of the alarm signal can be confirmed by above-mentioned operation.

The photograph on the left is the one to have observed a voltage change in the case that the reflected wave of the ultrasonic is the outside of the detection range. Most the top is the one to have observed the reception wave of the ultrasonic and is the wave from of the 1st pin of IC4. A transmission wave and a reception wave are observed. The 2nd is the one to have observed the output of the time measurement gate circuit and is the wave form of the 10th pin of IC6. You can confirm that the gate works in the transmission timing and that the gate is closed by the reception signal. The 3rd is the one to have observed the output of the alarm detector and is the wave from of the 3rd pin of IC7. You can confirm that the timer has started from the transmission timing. The 4th is the one to have observed the output of the alarm detector and is the wave from of the 4th pin of IC6. Because it is receiving a reflected wave behind the time-out of the alarm detection timer, the output of the detector is as the H level. This condition is in the condition that the alarm doesn't come out.

The photograph on the left is the one to have observed the voltage change of each part when the reflected wave of the ultrasonic is the inside of the detection range. The observation position of each signal is the same as above-mentioned photograph. As shown at the 3rd photograph, it is receiving a reflected wave before the time-out of the alarm detection timer. So, the output of the alarm detector becomes an L level until the alarm detection timer does in the time-out after receiving a reflected wave.(4th photograph) This L level signal becomes the trigger signal of the timer of the alarm output circuit and an alarm is output outside.

Performance evaluation(1)
of the ultrasonic alarm

Detection range
In the calculation, I make the detection range from 0.4 m to 10 m. The confirmation of the shortest detection distance (1) Set the VR2(For the detection range adjustment) to the clockwise end.(Maximum resistance value) (2) Put the alarm equipment on the about 1 m distance from the obstacle and make the LED lights up. (3) Turn the VR2 counterclockwise until the LED disappears.

(4) Bring the alarm equipment close to the obstacle until the LED lights up again.

Repeat (3) and (4). The distance which gets for the LED not to light up is the shortest detection distance. This time, I could confirm to about 40 cm.

The confirmation of the maximum detection distance (1) Set the VR2 in the middle. (2) Put the alarm equipment on the about 1 m distance from the obstacle and make the LED lights up. (3) Separate the alarm equipment from the obstacle gradually until the LED disappears. (4) Turn the VR2 clockwise and make the LED light up again.

Repeat (3) and (4). The distance which gets for the LED not to light up is the maximum detection distance. The maximum detection distance changes by the output of the ultrasonic, the reception sensitivity, the reflection situation of the obstacle. It is the maximum distance when turning the VR2 to the clockwise end. However, it isn't always possible to detect to the setting distance by the VR2. This time, I could confirm to about 7m.

Fault of the detection equipment


The ultrasonic alarm equipment detects the ultrasonic that the obstacle is reflected. So, when the reflected wave of the ultrasonic doesn't return to the receiver, it isn't possible to detect. For example, when the object which has the 45-degree angle is in front of the alarm equipment, it isn't possible to detect.

The detection of the reflected wave of the ultrasonic becomes difficult when making the detection area wide. I think that this is because the reflected wave of the ultrasonic is weak or the ultrasonic which was reflected at the obstacle is reflected in the direction which is different from the receiver. It is better not to expect this equipment to be highly efficient.

How to use
of the ultrasonic alarm(1)

I think that you can understand the using but mention for the wish.

Setting of the alarm equipment

Make the variable resistor for the distance setting the maximum distance. Install the sensor in the direction which detects the obstacle. If the LED of the alarm equipment doesn't light up, it is OK just as it is. Confirm in the operation. When the LED lights up, turn the variable resistor for the distance setting counterclockwise until the LED disappears. The setting is the completion above.

Operation confirmation of the alarm equipment

Place the obstacle(Yourself is OK) in the detection area of the alarm equipment and confirm that the alarm comes out. Above, the alarm equipment became the condition which can give the alarm. Even if the obstacle leaves the detection area, the alarm output continues for the about 1 second.

APPLICATION

Electronic/Electricity Circuit Idea for the Car Ultra High Accuracy Digital Clock Ultra High Accuracy Digital Clock (Ver2) 4 Channel Adapter for the Oscilloscope Count-down timer Stabilised power unit Dancing lights

Ultrasonic Range Meter Ultrasonic Alarm (1) Ultrasonic Alarm (2) Infrared Sensor DC/AC inverter Ultrasonic Range Meter using PIC Battery charger

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen