DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE1201 Electromagnetic Theory 2 mark Questions

& Answers

Unit 1 Fundamentals

1. What are the sources of electromagnetic field? The sources of EMF are electrical lighting and appliances, computer monitors, microwave ovens, radios,TV, Cellular phones, broadcast stations, overhead lines and communication satellites. 2. State the effects of emf. The overhead lines are most dangerous to the average persons because the emf produced by this lines will affect the human beings. Sub ways and electric trains or buses which will produce high magnetic fields both on and around them. 3. State the different types of coordinate systems. (1) Rectangular or Cartesian Coordinate Systems (2) Circular Cylindrical Coordinate Systems (3) Spherical Coordinate Systems 4. How to convert Cartesian to cylindrical system?

5. How to convert Cartesian to spherical system?

6. How to convert cylindrical to Cartesian system?

7. How to convert spherical to Cartesian system?

8. Define a vector field with example If the value of the physical function at each point is a vector quantity, then the field is a vector field. Example is Force on a charged body placed in an electric field constitutes a vector field. 9. Define a scalar field with example

If the value of the physical function at each point is a scalar quantity then the field is a scalar field.Example is Temperature distribution in a solid body. 10. Define line integral of a vector field If F is a vector field then the line integral of F is written as where a to b defines the path along integration is performed and dl is an infinitesimal displacement vector along then path. 11. What is a solenoidal vector? If the divergence of any vector is zero, that vector is called solenoidal vector. i.e. 12. What is a irrotational vector? If the curl of any vector is zero, that vector is called irrotational vector. i.e. 13. Define divergence The divergence of a vector F at any point is defined as the limit of its surface integral per unit volume as the volume enclosed by the surface around the point shrinks to zero. div F = Lt v0 14. State divergence theorem The line integral of the divergence of a vector field over a volume V is equal to the surface integral of the normal component of the vector over the surface bounding the volume. 15. Define curl The curl of a vector at any point is defined as the limit of the ratio of the integral of its cross product with the outward drawn normal over a closed surface to the volume enclosed by the surface as the volume shrinks to zero. curlF = Lt v0 16. State Stokes theorem The line integral of the vector around a closed path is equal to the integral of the normal component of its curl over any surface bounded by the closed path.

Unit 2 Electrostatics 1. State coulombs law The force of attraction or repulsion between the two point charges will be (i) Directly proportional to the point charges (ii) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and (iii) Directly along the line joining the charges.

2. Define electric field intensity Electric Field Intensity is defined as the force per unit charge. Its unit is volts/meter.

3. Define volume, surface and linear charge density Volume charge density is defined as the Charge per unit volume.

Surface charge density is defined as the charge per unit area.

Linear charge density is defined as the charge per unit length

4. State the difference between electric potential and potential difference Electric Potential is defined as the work per charge. V = W/q

Potential difference is defined as the movement of charge from one place to another place and the difference between the two points.

5. Define absolute potential The potential at a particular point is called absolute potential.

6. Define Dipole The equal and opposite charges are separated by a small distance is called Dipole. 7. Define Dipole moment The product of charge and spacing between the poles is called dipole moment. m=Ql 8. Define electric flux density. Electric Flux density is defined as the electric flux per unit area. D = Q/A 9. State Gausss Law Surface integral of the normal component of the electric flux density over any closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the surface.

10. State the applications of Gausss Law Gauss law is mainly used to find the total charge of the Gaussian surface, field intensity and flux density of the closed surface. It is also used to find the field intensity of an infinite sheet of charge. 11. Define Polarization Polarization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. P = Ql/V 12. Define capacitance Capacitance is defined as the charge per voltage. C=Q/V . It s unit is farad.

13. Define energy density Energy density is defined as the energy stored in the capacitor per unit volume. Its unit is joule/m3 w = W/V 14. State the boundary conditions for the electric fields. (i) The normal components of the flux densities are equal across the boundary. Dn1 =Dn2

(ii) The tangential components of the field intensities are equal across the boundary. Et1=Et2

Unit 3 Magnetostatics 1. Define Magnetic Field Intensity Field intensity at any point within a magnetic field is measured by the force experienced by a N pole of one weber placed at that point. 2. Define Magnetic Flux density Magnetic flux density is defined as the flux per unit area. B = /A Wb/m2 or tesla 3. State Biot-Savarts Law The magnetic flux density produced by a current element at any point is proportional to the current element and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

4. Define Solenoid A solenoid is a cylindrically shaped coil consisting of a large number of closely spaced turns wound on a non magnetic frame. 5. State Amperes Circuital law. The line integral of the field over a singly closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the circuit.

6. State Lorentz law of force. Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force which acts in the direction perpendicular both to the direction of the current and the field. F= BIL Newtons 7. Define torque. The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance is called Torque. T = F x d 8. Define magnetic moment Magnetic moment is defined as the ratio of maximum torque to the flux density. m = Tmax/B Magnetic moment is also defined as the product of current and area of the coil. m= IA 9. Define inductance Inductance is defined as the ratio of flux l=in_ka3g1e;s _to >th?e1 c;u rrent. Its unit is

Henry 10. What is mutual inductance? Mutual inductance is defined as the rate of induced magnetic flux linkage in one coil to the current through the other coil. 11. Define coefficient of coupling It is defined as the fraction of the total flux produced by one coil linking the second coil.

12. Compare the three types of magnetic materials

Diamagnetic Sl.No. Paramegneitc Ferromagnetic

Magnetic fields are very weak

Magnetic fields are significant

Magnetic fields are very strong

Magnetic moment is zero

Magnetic moment is not zero

Magnetic moment is high

Relative permeability r <1

Relative permeability r >1

Relative permeability r >>1

Susceptibility is of the order of Susceptibility is of the -10-5 order of 10-5 to 10-3

Susceptibility is very high

Examples are : Bismath, Lead Examples are : and Copper Platinum and Tungston

Examples are : Iron and Nickal

13. Define magnetic dipole The equal and opposite pole strength are separated by a small distance is called magnetic dipole. 14. Define magnetic dipole moment Dipole moment is defined as the product of pole strength and the distance . 15. Define magnetization Magnetization is defined as the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume. 16. State the boundary conditions for the magnetic fields. (i) The normal components of the flux densities are equal across the boundary. Bn1 = Bn2 (ii) The tangential components of the field intensities are equal across the boundary. Ht1=Ht2

17. Define toroid. A lond solenoid is bent in the form of a ring is called toroid.

Unit 4 Electro Dynamic Fields 1. Define Conduction Current The current flows through the resistive element is called conduction current. 2. Define conduction current density The conduction current per unit are a is called conduction current density. J= E 3. Define displacement current 4. The current flows through the capacitive element is called displacement current. 5. Define displacement current density The displacement current per unit area is called displacement current density. 6. State Faradays Law First Law: Whenever a conductor cut the flux, then the emf is induced. Second Law: The induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change flux linkages. e = -Nd?/dt 7. Write the Maxwells equations Law Integral Form Point form or differential form Amperes Law "<___ _ _B __ __ C _ <_ 0-_ DEE-F Faradays Law "-___ _ _6EE9F __ __ C _ - _ 6EE9F Gausss Law _8__ ___ _. __ C _- _ .1D C _9__ Unit 5 Electromagnetic Waves 1. Define Wave If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is reproduced at other places at later times then the group of phenomena is called a wave. 2. Write the wave equation in free space C_<6 :GDG HHIKJI = 0 3. State the relationship between velocity of light and permeability V2 = 1/:GDG

4. State the conditions for uniform plane waves A linearly polarized plane wave is one which satisfies the following conditions (i) At every point in space E and H are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel (ii) The fields vary harmonically with time and at the same frequency in space. (iii) Each field has the same direction, magnitude and phase at every point in any plane perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. 5. What are TEM waves? TEM means Transverse Electro mangetic Waves. The components of E and H are transverse to the direction of propagation of the waves. Such waves are called TEM Waves. 6. Define characteristic impedance or intrinsic impedance Characteristic impedance is defined as the ratio of square root of permeability to the dielectric constant of the medium. It is also defined as the ratio of electric field intensity to the magnetic field intensity. = LJ = MNPOO 7. Find the intrinsic impedance for free space = LJ = MNPOO = 377 ohms 8. State the maxwells equation in phasor form C _ <_ 0-_ DEE-F C _ <_ 0-_QR D9. Write the wave equations. C_<6 :0EE<F 6 :DEE_F<_ __ C_-6 :0EE-F 6 :DEE_F-_ __ 10. State the wave equations in Phasor form The equations are: C_<6 :0_QS<_6 :D_Q_S__<__ C_-6 :0_QS-_6 :D_Q_S__-__ 11. Define skin depth or depth of penetration

Skin Depth is defined as that the depth in which the wave has been attenuated to 1/ or approximately 37% of its original value. 12. Define vertical polarization If the electric field lies in the plane of incidence then it is called vertical or parallel polarization. 13. Define Brewster Angle. Brewster angle is the angle for which there is no reflection when the incident wave is vertically polarized. TU _VWXY_Z[DD__\ 14. Define reflection coefficient Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of the field intensities of reflected wave to the field intensities of incident wave. --]U _ ^^__ _6^^__ 15. Define transmission coefficient Transmission Coefficient is defined as the ratio of the field intensities of transmitted wave to the field intensities of incident wave. --KU _ ^_A_^_^_ 16. Define Poynting Vector with an example. The electric field vector and magnetic field vector are mutually perpendicular and also to the direction of power flow . _+,_ -+, _ <+, Example : In a Coaxial cable the electric field intensity is represented by a number of radial lines. These lines are drawn from the axis of the cable. The magnetic field intensity is represented by a number of concentric circles. 17. State Poynthing theorem The vector product of electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity at any point is a measure

of the rate of energy flow per unit area at that point. The direction of flow of power is perpendicular to the direction of E and H. _+,_ -+, _ <+, 18. What is standing wave ratio? Standing-wave ratio (SWR) is a mathematical expression of the non-uniformity of an electromagnetic field (EM field) on a transmission line such as coaxial cable. Usually, SWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum radio-frequency (RF) voltage to the minimum RF voltage along the line. This is also known as the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR). The SWR can also be defined as the ratio of the maximum RF current to the minimum RF current on the line (current standing-wave ratio or ISWR). For most practical purposes, ISWR is the same as VSWR. SWR is used as an efficiency measure for transmission lines, electrical cables that conduct radio frequency signals, used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, and distributing cable television signals. Big Questions: Unit 1: 1. Explain the transformation between Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate system. 2. State and Prove Divergence Theorem 3. State and Prove Stokes Theorem 4. State and Prove Divergence Unit 2: 1. Derive the equation for field intensity for finite length of conductor. 2. Derive the equation for field intensity for a circular coil. 3. State and Prove Gausss Law 4. Derive the boundary conditions in the electric field. 5. Derive the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. 6. Derive the Poissions and Laplaces Equations Unit 3: 1. Derive the equation for flux density for finite length of conductor 2. Derive the equation for flux density for circular coil 3. Derive the boundary conditions for magnetic field. 4. Derive the energy stored and energy density in the magnetic field.

Unit 4: 1. Derive the conduction current density and displacement current density 2. Derive the Maxwells Equations 3. Compare the circuit theory and field theory Unit 5: 1. Derive the electromagnetic wave equations. 2. Derive the propagation constant for conductor 3. State and Prove Poynting Theorem 4. Explain about the reflection by a perfect dielectric material.