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Presented by: Tripti Kumari Piyali Das Sonali Pattnaik Shweta Arushi Pratap Aparajita Nath
Quantitative Process
The quantitative process: Putting lines on maps during the qualitative process is the start of quantitative phase. Refinement of these locations begins with the determination of z i.e. depth values. Gravity modelling (ideally seismically controlled) including forward and inversion approaches contribute significantly to location in x, y and z. Accurate results of all these rely upon sensible qualitative recognition of body types.
(Before filtering)
(after filtering)
(before filtering)
(After filtering)
Pseudo-depth Slicing
A potential field grid may be considered to represent a series of components of different wavelength and direction. The logarithm of the power of the signal at each wavelength can be plotted against wavelength, regardless of direction, to produce a power spectrum. The power spectrum is often observed to be broken up into a series of straight line segments. Each line segment represents the cumulative response of a discrete ensemble of sources at a given depth. The depth is directly proportional to the slope of the line segment. Filtering such that the power spectrum is a single straight line can thus enhance the effects from sources at any chosen depth at the expense of effects from deeper or shallower sources. It is a data-adaptive process involving spectral shaping. As such, it performs significantly better than arbitrary traditional filtering techniques described above. When gravity depth slices coincide it is a good indication that the causative bodies are one and the same.
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This enhancement sharpens up anomalies over bodies and tends to reduce anomaly complexity , allowing a clearer imaging of the causative structures. The transformation can be noisy since it will amplify short wavelength noise. In our example it clearly delineates areas of different data resolution in the gravity grid. VDR= -A/z
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The second vertical derivative serves much the same purpose as residual filtering in gravity map, in that it emphasizes the expressions of local features, and removes the effects of large anomalies or regional influences. The principal usefulness of this enhancement is that the zero value for gravity data in particular closely follows sub-vertical edges of intra-basement blocks, or the edges of supra-basement disturbances or faults. As with other derivative displays, it is particularly helpful in the processing stage where it can be used to highlight line noise or mislevelling..
gravity field satisfy the Laplaces equation so it obtained from horizontal derivative
The SVD from the average value at various distance from the station is
where g= the gravity at the station where SVD determined ; are average over the surrounding circle of various radii; w, w.. are weighting coefficients such that w=0; c =numerical factor; s=grid spacing;
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The analytic signal, although often more discontinuous than the simple horizontal gradient, has the property that it generates a maximum directly over discrete bodies as well as their edges. The width of a maximum, or ridge, is an indicator of depth of the contact, as long as the signal arising from a single contact can be resolved.
where: (x0, y0, z0): the position of a source whose total field T is detected at any point (x,y,z) B: the background value of the total field N: the degree of homogeneity, interpreted physically as the attenuation rate with distance, and geophysically as a structural index (SI):
Spectral Depth Method The spectral method is based on the shape of the power spectrum for buried bodies with a density contrast. The depth to the center of mass of the body is easily found from the power spectrum of the gravity field. If the spectrum is plotted on semilog paper, the slope of the spectrum is equal to the depth to the center of mass. Since the gravity field of the earth is a linear system, this can be applied to inverting for the depth to a surface containing a distribution of complex shapes.
In the 3D gravity inversion, we combine fast iterative inversion with constraint inversion to obtain unique and robust modelling results.
2D Profile Modeling The GM-SYS modeling software is an interactive forward modeling program which calculates the gravity from a user defined hypothetical geologic model. Any differences between the model response and the observed gravity field are reduced by refining the model structure or properties (e.g. density of model components).
References
BLAKELEY, R.J. AND SIMPSON, R.W, 1986. Approximating edges of source bodies from magnetic or gravity anomalies. Geophysics, v51, No 7, pp 14941498. FAIRHEAD, J.D., WILLIAMS, S.E. AND FLANAGAN, G., 2004. Testing Magnetic Local Wavenumber Depth Estimation Methods using a Complex 3D Test Model. SEG Annual Meeting, Denver, Extended Abstract. MUSHAYANDEBVU, M.F., LESUR, V., REID, A.B. AND FAIRHEAD, J.D., 2004. Grid Euler deconvolution with constraints for 2D structures. Geophysics, v69, pp 489-496 NABIGHIAN, M.N. AND HANSEN, R.O., 2001. Unification of Euler and Werner deconvolution in three dimensions via the generalized Hilbert transform. Geophysics, v66, No 6, pp 18051810.
PHILLIPS, J.D., HANSEN, R.O., AND BLAKELY, R.J., 2006. The Use of Curvature in Potential-Field Interpretation. ASEG2006, expanded abstracts.
REID, A.B., ALLSOP, J.M., GRANSER, H., MILLET, A.J., AND SOMERTON, I.W., 1990. Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler deconvolution. Geophysics v55 pp 80-91. SALEM, A., WILLIAMS, S., FAIRHEAD, J.D., RAVAT, D., AND SMITH, R., in press. Tilt-Depth method: A simple depth estimation method using first order magnetic derivatives. Submitted to The Leading Edge.
SPECTOR, A. AND GRANT, F.S., 1970. Statistical Models for Interpreting Aeromagnetic data. Geophysics, v35, No 2, pp 293-302.
THURSTON, J.B., AND SMITH, R.S., 1997. Automatic conversion of magnetic data to depth, dip, and susceptibility contrast using the SPI (TM) method. Geophysics, v62, No 3, pp 807 -813. WILLIAMS, S.E., 2004. Extended Euler deconvolution and interpretation of potential field data from BoHai Bay, China. PhD Thesis (unpublished), University of Leeds.