Shear Force & Bending Moment (Introduction)

Beam a slender member and support loadings are applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis Beams are important structural and mechanical elements in engineering The basic problem in the mechanic of materials is to determine the relations between the stress and deformation caused by loads applied to any structure

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Introduction)

The study of bending loads is complicated by the fact that the loading effects vary from section to section of the beam These loading effects take the form of a shearing force, V and a bending moment, M In designing beam, it is necessary to determine the maximum shear force and bending moment in the beam

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Introduction)

Express V and M as a function of arbitrary position x along axis The function can be represented by graphs called Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) Engineers need to know the variation of shear force and bending moment along the beam in order to know where to reinforce it

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Types of beams)

Simply Supported Beam

Cantilever Beam

Overhanging Beam

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Types of loadings)

Point Load

Couple

Uniformly Distributed Load

Linearly Varying Distributed Load

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Sign Convention)

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Sign Convention)

+V

+M +V

+M

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Relation among load, shear and moment)
Relationship between load and shear:
Fy 0: V V V V w x w x 0

dV dx

V = constant if w = 0

Relationship between shear and bending moment:

MC 0: M M M M V x w x x2 x 2 0 V x 1w 2

dM dx

Peak point of moment V=0

Shear Force & Bending Moment (SFD & BMD)

Diagrams show the variation of the shear forces and bending moments along the beam To pinpoint the location of the maximum shear force and bending moments
V

x M

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 1:Determine the value of shear force and bending moment at a cross section 0.5 m to the right of point A.

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

M

Fy 5 V V

0 0 5kN 0 0 2.5kNm

M xx M ( 0.5)

M AB 5 0.5

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 2:Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown below

MA Fy

0; 0;

80 15(5) 5(5)(5 2.5) C y (10) Cy Ay Ay 34.25 kN 34.25 15 5(5) 5.75 kN 0

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

0 Fy x1 5m 0; 0 5.75 V 0 M 0 V 5.75 80 5.75x1 M x x 0; 5m V V

M sec tion

80 5.75x1 5.75 kN 5.75 kN M M 80 kN.m 80 5.75 5

108.75 kN.m

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

5m Fy x2 0; 10 m 5.75 15 5 x 2 V M sec tion 15.75 5 x 2 5 5 x2 92.5 5 x2 2 5 M 0 5 V 0

0; 80 5.75x 2 15 x 2 M

2 2.5 x 2 15.75x 2

5m

V M

15.75 5 5 2.5 5
2

9.25 kN 15.75 5 92.5 108.75 kN.m

x 10 m

V M

15.75 5 10 2.5 10
2

34.25 kN 15.75 10 92.5 0

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 3:Draw complete shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown below

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 4:Draw complete shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown below. Determine the maximum bending moment and its location on the beam.

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 5:A cantilever beam ABCD is subjected to a point load and couple at point B, and uniform distributed load along CD, as shown below. a) Write the shear force and bending moment equations for sections AB, BC and CD by taking point A as the origin. b) Draw complete shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam and indicate all the important points in the diagrams.

20 kN

10 kN/m

A B 30kNm 1m 1m

2m

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 6:Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown below

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

MA

0;

8(4) Cy

1 ( 2)(6) 4 2 17.6 kN 8

2 6 3

2(4)(10 2) C y (10)

Fy

0;

Ay Ay

1 ( 2)(6) 2(4) 17.6 2 4.40 kN

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

0 Fy x1 0; 4m 4.4 V AB V AB M keratan 4. 4 0 0

0; 4.4 x1 M AB M AB 4.4 x1

0;

V M

4.4 kN 4. 4 0 0

4 m;

V 4.4 kN M 4. 4 4

17.6 kN.m

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

w x2
4m x2 10 m 1 4.4 8 2 VBC x2 3 4

4 w

2 6 x2 3 4

Fy

0;

x2

V BC 6.267

2 0.167x 2 1.333x 2

M keratan

0; 4.4 x 2 M BC

8 x2

1 2

x2 3

x2

1 x2 3

M BC

0.056x 3 0.167 4 0.056 4 0.167 10 0.056 10

2 3

0.667x 2 1.333 4 0.667 4

2

6.267x 35.556 6.267 3.607 kN 35.556 17.6 kN.m 9.637 kN 35.556 16 kN.m

4m

V M

6.267 4 6.267
2

x 10 m

V M

2 3

1.333 10 0.667 10

6.267 10

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

10 m x3 14 m Fy 0; 4.4 8 VCD M keratan 0; 1 2 6 x3 8 2 28x 196 8 kN 28 10 196 0 28 14 196 0 16 kN.m 17.6 x3 10 2 x3 10 x3 10 2 M CD 0 1 2 6 2 28 2 x3 17.6 2 x3 10 VCD 0

4.4 x3 8 x3 4 M CD x 10 m V M x 14 m V M x2

28 2 10 10
2

28 2 14 14
2

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Example 7:A simply supported beam ABC is subjected to a point load at point B and varying distributed load along BC, as shown in figure below. a) Write the shear force and bending moment equations for sections AB and BC by taking point A as the origin. b) Draw complete shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam and indicate all the important points in the diagrams. c) Determine the maximum bending moment and its location

20 kN

120 kN/m
C

B 80 kNm
4m 4m

Bending Stress (Introduction)

The relations between the bending moments and the bending stresses Assumptions:

The cross section of the beam remain plane after bending Homogeneous material Modulus elasticity, E for tension and compression is identical

Beam straight with constant crosssection

Bending Stress (Simple bending theory)

s'
AB

s s x x y R y R R R

s' R R y R
AB

AB

Ey R

In general,

Ey R

or

E R

bending stress or stress normal to the beam cross section (N/m 2 ) y distance from neutral surface (m) E modulus of elasticity (N/m 2 ) R radius of curvature (m)

Bending Stress (Simple bending theory)

M dA y Ey dA y R E y 2 dA R EI R E Combine with previous derivation, R M E I R y
bending stress (N/m 2 ) M bending moment (N m) y distance from neutral surface (m) I second moment of area (m 4 )

M I

Bending stress

My I

Bending Stress (Simple bending theory)

c2 c1
c
t max

NA

max

Mc1 I Mc2 I

max

c2 c1
t max

Bending Stress (Second moment of area)

d

b y +d/2

dA B

Iz
d d

y 2 dA
2 2

dy
d

y2
2

b dy

y d z 0

1 3 d2 y d 2 3 b d3 d3 3 8 8

or
C -d/2 D

Iz

bd 3 12

Bending Stress (Second moment of area)

Iz
2 0 2 0 2 0 ro 0

y 2 dA
ro 0

r sin r 2 sin 2 d
2

r d r d
ro 0

dr dr

sin 2 sin 2 2 4 ro4 4

r 3 dr r4 4
0 ro

or

Iz

d4 64

Bending Stress (Parallel Axes Theorem )

Ix y 2 dA y ' h dA y ' 2 dA 2h y ' dA h 2 dA I x' Ah 2
2

INA=Ixx+Ah2
h = the distance of the centroid of each section to the neutral axis A = the area of each section Ixx = the second moment of area of each section

Bending Stress (Examples of Question)

Example 1:Determine the maximum bending stress in tension and compression for the beam loaded as shown in Figure (a) and its cross section as shown in Figure (b).

Figure (a)

Figure (b)

Figure (b)

Bending Stress (Examples of Question)

Area, mm 2 1 20 90 1800 2 40 30 1200 A

Y

y , mm 50 20

yA, mm 3 90 103 24 103 yA 114 103

3000
yA A 114 103 3000

38 mm

Bending Stress (Examples of Question)

I NA
1 12

A h2

1 12

bd 3

A h2
1 12

90 203 1800 122

30 403 1200 182

I NA

868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4

I NA 8.68 10-7 m4

I NA 8.68 10-7 m4

For M = + 17.6 kN.m:

tension

17.6 103 0.038 868 10 9

17.6 103 0.022 868 10 9

771MPa bottom
layer

compression

446 MPa top

layer

For M = -16 kN.m:

tension

16 103 0.022 868 10 9

16 103 0.038 868 10 9
max tension max comp

406 MPa top

layer

compression

700 MPa bottom

layer

771 MPa 700 MPa

Bending Stress (Examples of Question)

Example 2:Determine the bending stress at point A, B and C on the cross section for the beam which is subjected to a pure moment 2kNm at the end of the beam as shown in this figure.
C

M=2kNm
80mm

2m
B 20mm A

20mm

60mm

20mm

Bending Stress (Examples of Question)

Example 3:A cantilever beam with a cross section shown in Figure 1(b) is subjected to a force, P as shown in Figure 1(a). Determine:a) Neutral axis of the cross section b) Second moment of area of the beam c) The maximum magnitude of P so that the maximum tension and maximum compression in the beam do not exceed 70MPa and 50MPa respectively
40mm
20mm 60mm

20mm

2m P
(a)

20mm 100mm
(b)

Figure 1

Bending Stress (Composite Beams)

Composite beams are made from different materials in order to efficiently carry loads Application of the flexural formula requires the material to be homogeneous Cross section of the beam must be transformed into a single material if this formula is to be used to compute the bending stress Steel plates

Wood

Bending Stress (Composite Beams)

Consider a composite beam to be made of two materials 1 and 2 which have the cross sectional areas as shown If a bending moment is applied to this beam, like one that is homogeneous, the total cross sectional area will remain plane after bending, hence normal strain will vary linearly In order to apply the normal flexural formula, the beam needs to be transformed to a single material

Bending Stress (Composite Beams)

The beam is to be transformed into a less stiff material 2

The height, h of the beam remains the same, since the strain distribution must be preserved The upper portion of the beam must be widened in order to carry loads equivalent to that carried by the stiffer material 1

To determine the new width:-

dF dF '

dA ' dA'

E1 dz.dy E2 ndz.dy E2 ndz.dy

E1 dz.dy

E1 E2

Transformation factor

Bending Stress (Composite Beams)

The normal stress distribution over the transformed cross section will be linear The neutral axis and the second moment of area for the transformed area can be determined and the flexure formula applied in the usual manner to determine the stress at each point on the transformed beam

For the transformed material, the stress found is to be multiplied by the transformation factor, n

dF dA ' dA' dzdy ' ndzdy n '

Bending Stress (Composite Beams)

Examples of composite beams:-

Shear Force & Bending Moment (Examples of questions)

Assignment 2:The weightless beam, ABCD, is supported by a pin support at B, and a roller bearing at C. There is a P1 kN/m UDL along the whole beam, as shown. There is an P2 kNm clockwise couple at A. The cross section of the beam is also shown below. a) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams and indicate all the important points b) Calculate the maximum bending stress in tension and compression for the beam 40mm
UDL P1kN/m P2kNm

D = 15mm 20mm

A
1.8m

B
P3m

C
2.2m

20mm Group 4 P1= 7.5kN/m P2= 100mm8.5kNm P3= 3 m

60mm

Group 1 P1= 4kN/m P2= 11.2kNm P3= 2 m

Group 2 P1=10kN/m P2= 13kNm P3= 2.5 m

Group 3 P1= 5kN/m P2= 10.5kNm P3=1 m

20mm

Shear Stress in Beams (Introduction)

The presence of shearing stress on longitudinal planes

Shear Stress in Beams (Introduction)

Method of analysis will be limited to the beam with:

Prismatic cross section Homogeneous material Behaves in a linearelastic manner

Effect of wrapping is assumed to be small for slender beams

Shear Stress in Beams (Shear formula)

Shear Stress in Beams (Shear formula)

Shear Stress in Beams (Shear formula)

Fx H
H

0;
c

dA
D C

dA 0

dA

If x H x
dH dx

0: M Q x I

MD y MC y dA I I MD MC y c ydA y y1 I M Q I

dM Q dx I VQ q I

Shear flow

where:

q
MC ydA also known as
y c y y1

M Q

MD

dH known as shear flow (N/m) dx dM is shear force (N) dx

first moment of area above y1 (m 3 ) second moment of area for the cross section (m 4 )

first moment of area Q

Shear Stress in Beams (Shear formula)

H A

q x A

VQ x I t x

Shear stress

VQ It

Shear Stress in Beams (Shear formula)

Consider the beam width, b and height, h The distribution of the shear stress throughout the cross section can be determined by computing the shear stress at an arbitrary height, y from the neutral axis Applying shear stress formula:A' y ' b c y V b 2 c y2 2 bh3 b 12 1 c 2 y b 2 c 2 y2

Qshaded area VQ It

3 c2 y2 V 4 bc3

For layer rs, y = c:

min

3V c2 1 2 2A c

If the cross sectional area is A = b(2c),

For layer at neutral axis, y = 0:

3 c2 y 2 V 2 2bc c 2

3V y2 1 2 2A c

NA

max

3V 0 1 2 2A c

3V 2A

Shear Stress in Beams (Shear formula)

max

max

Rectangular cross section

max

Circular cross section

max

3V 2A

4V 3A

Shear Stress in Beams (Examples of Question)

Example 1:The beam shown below is made of wood and is subjected to a resultant internal vertical shear force of V = 3 kN. Determine:a) the shear stress in the beam at point P b) the maximum shear stress in the beam.

Shear Stress in Beams (Examples of Question)

I
Q

bh3 12
A' y '

0.1 0.125 12

16.26 10 6 m 4
1 0.05 2 18.75 10 5 m 3

0.05 0.1 0.0125

at P

VQ It
QNA

3 103 18.75 10 5 16.28 10 6 0.1

A' y ' 0.0625 0.1

0.346 MPa
1 0.0625 2

19.53 10 5 m 3

max

VQ It

3 103 19.53 10 5 16.28 10 6 0.1

VQ It 3 3 103 2 0.1 0.125

0.360 MPa

or

max

0.360 MPa

Shear Stress in Beams (Examples of Question)

Example 2:The beam shown below is made from two boards. Determine the maximum shear stress in the glue necessary to hold the boards together along the seam where they are joined. The supports at B and C exert only vertical reactions on the beam.

Shear Stress in Beams (Examples of Question)

0.15 0.03 0.165 0.15 0.03 0.12 m 0.03 0.15 0.075 0.03 0.15

I NA

0.15 0.03 12

0.15 0.03 0.165 0.12

3

0.03 0.15 12 27 10 6 m 4
QD A' y '

0.03 0.15 0.075 0.12

0.15 0.03 0.18 0.12 0.015 0.2025 10 3 m 3

Shear Stress in Beams (Examples of Question)

19.5 103 0.2025 10 27 10 6 0.03
3

VQ It

4.88 MPa

Shear Stress in Beams (Examples of Question)

Example 3:A timber beam 4m long is simply supported at its ends and carries a uniformly distributed load of 8kN/m over its entire length. If the beam has the cross section shown below, determine:a) The maximum horizontal shearing stress in the glued joints between the web and flanges of the beam b) The maximum horizontal shearing stress in the beam c) Sketch the distribution of the shearing stress along the cross section