Vertical sectors

of reasoning. Nanotechnology is, therefore, a horizontal and enabling technology that will potentially impact ALL industries. The word conmgent is quite fre-quently associated with nano. Convergence is the coming together from differ-ent directions of previously equal but independent reas of science and technology. The integration of DNA with silicon is an example of convergence of biology with inorganic chemistry. We add, then, another definition to the pre-vious ones: "Nanotechnology is a horizontal-enabling convergent technology that cuts acioss all vertical industrial sectors, while nanoscience is a horizontal-integrating interdisciplinary science that cuts across all vertical science and engineering disciplines." Nanotechnology has the potential to impact all producs manufactured now and in the future. It has the potential to change the way we all uve. This inakes nanotechnology a disniptive technology. The iron sword of the Hittites, gunpowder, atom bomb, automobile, telephone, penicillin, and computer are examples of disruptive technologies that molded history and changed our lives. These examples, however; are a list of materials and devices rather than a wave of a new type of technology. In this sense, nanotechnology is not a specific entiry but rather a generalized formone that has the potential to disrupt. Nanotechnology, unlike the "dot.com" businesses, requires PhD expertise, significant capital, and a new generation of partnerships to "make it go." Nanotechnology is a disruptive technology with a high barrier of entry that will impact the development of materials and devices. Nanotechnology will require that a new genre of partnership be formed among and between business, academe, and government. It will devote study and effort to potential societal impcations. Nanotechnology is predicted to significantly impact the wealth and security of nations. Nanotechnology is the next Industrial Revolution. Societal impcations ol technology are importan! now more so than.ever. The relationship of nanoscience. nanotechnology, and society will be discussed in more detail in chapter 2. Nanotechnology is expected to exert vvidespread societal impact. "Nanotechnology is considered, more so than mos other technologies, to have great impact on all aspeas of culture and society." We have usted some definiions, platitudes, and phraseology concerning nanoscience and nanotechnology. We have attempted to define the nebulous, the transitory, the ephemeral, and, perhaps, the concrete. Nanotechnology is everything in the basest sense but it is also unique. Nanotechnology has been around for quite some timethousands of years in our synthetic civilization and billions of years if nature is included. The onus is now upon you, the stu-dent, to formlate an impression of this exciting and imponant field, platform, technology, or businessor word. A lapanese produaion engineer devoted to accuracy and precisin, Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University, introduced the term nanotechnology in 1974. His statement is recorded in the Proceedmgs of che International Conference of Produccin Engineering, On che Basic Concepc of NanoTechnology, 197(3. Thus did the word begin. - Nanotechnology-: -

1,1

HISTORICA! PERSPECTIVES

Histrica! transcription of nanotechnology or any science comprises individuis, records, deas, experiments, tools, applications, and everything outside the science and technology. Historical accounts are a blend of many things. The word hiscory itself (from the Greek historia, meaning "record, account") is based on the root histor, or "wise man." An individual able to grasp all the knowledge of the ancient world was referred to as a polyhistor. There are no polyhiston of nanotechnology today. As a case in point, a team of contributors was required to compile this textbook. Nanoscience was a part of our heritage well before the formal designation .of the concept of nano arrived on the scene. We are at a crossroads, a juxtaposition between the past and present. We ask that you absorb the following historical petspective so that you will be able to stand on the shoulders of the giants and take nanoscience to the next level. 1^ 1.1.1

Concept of Atomism

The earliest roots of recorded atomism date back to India 2600 years ago. The Vaiseshika philosophical school founded by the Hind sage Kanada proposed the first record of atomistic theory. The philosophers of' the school described atoms as eternal, indivisible, infinitesimal, and ultmate parts of matter [6j. According to the school, if matter could be subdivided infinitesimally. "there would be no difference between a mustard seed and the Meru Mountain" [6|. The stze of an atom, from the Buddha biography Lalicaviscara 2200 years ago, was estimated to be 10~' m [6j. In the West, Anaximander in the sLxth century B.C. speculated that the basic element of the universe was an unobservable infinite substance referred to as apron j7], Leucippus, a Greek philosopher of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C, invented the concept of atomism (from the Greek acarnos, uncut: "not" + tomos, "cut") (8]. Specifically, he stated that matter is comprised of invisible

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IncrodHCMA: Nanoscience

MroduiUon to Nmokicnu ind Nanouchnology

transistor) to micron dimensions (e.g., integrated citcuits), and, finally, into the nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The definicin of nanotechnology connotes industry, products, and Nanotechnology and nanoscience have different meanings 10 different people. In the ultmate analysis, a formal dehnition of nano is not tequired, but we need to communicate what we discover and manufacture in the language of science. We begin by defining the nanoscale. By necessity, we must include a broadet perspeaive with regard to size than that given by NSET. Micron-sized particles and those in the submicron realm are generally considered to be bulk matetials. In other words, the physical propertiesof micron-sized matetials resemble those of bulk materials, for example, they possess continuoui (macroscopic) physical properties. It is only when particles assume ptoponions smaller than ca. 10 nm that the principies of dassical physics begin to wobble a bit. We then define the nanoscale to include (1) the size domain less than ca. 10 nm, where materials demnstrate remarkable properties and phenomena apart ftom the bulk form of that material; (2) larger materials (colloids, thin films) with properties and phenomena between the thresholds of dassical physics and the quantum domain; and (3) large molecules that are less than 1 nm in sizeand why not indude materials that ate less than 1 tim in some dimensin? We propose the following dehnition of the nanoscale as it applies to nanoscale science: 'The nanoscale, based on the nanometer (nm) or one-billionih of a meter, exists specifically between 1 and 100 nm. In the general sense, materials with al least one dimensin below one micron but greater than one nanometer are nanoscale materials." Nanosdence is the study of nanoscale materials. It is the study of the temarkable properties and phenomena associated with nanoscale materials. Nanoscience is the study of properties and phenomena of materials that are a funcin of size and size alone. "Nanosdence is the study of nanoscale materialmaterials that exhibit remarkable properties, functionality, and phenomena due to the influence ofsmall dimensions." Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology miniaturi?ation from the bulk macroscopic world (e.g the plow) to millimeter-sized objects (e.g., the first : commerce. "Nanotechnology, based on the manipulaon, control, and integration of atoms and molecules to form materials, structures, components, devices, and systems at the nanoscale, is the application of nanoscience, especially to industrial and comtnercial objectives." Is nano in general (the combination of nanoscience t nanotechnology) a platform, an arena, a fteld, or a frame of referente1. Is nanoscience purely an academic enterprise? And is nanoiechnology to be viewed purely from the perspeaive of applications 7 Such superfidal boundaries have not stopped universities wotld-wide from teaching nanoscience and nanotechnology or offering special degree programs in either. or has it stopped businesses from aeating nanotechnology divisions within their companies. These programs and divisions without ques-tion are all perfeoly valid and grounded in reality. On the flip side, others believe that nano should be incorporated into traditional compartmentalized academic depaaments iike physics, engineering, materials, and chemistry courses without the need to aeate radically new cumculum or degTee programsonce again, a valid position.
The academic platfomi commonly known as materials science (and engineer-

ing) comes closest to resembling nanoscience. Although both ate inherently interdisciplinary in nature, nanoscience transcends the boundaries of materials science by adding biology and biochemistry into the mix. In addiiion, materials science, unlike nanotechnology, was never labeled as "the next Industrial Revolution" and societal impcations were not a serious pan of the materials science equation. A comprehensive graphic relating science, technology, size and a timene isshown in Figure 1.5. Industrial seaors such as aerospace, biotech, energy, transportation, health care, telecommunications, and information are considered to be vertically ori-ented (Fig. 1.6). Since all industrial seaors depend on materials and devices made of atoms and molecules, by defauli they can all be improved by appii-caon of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. There is no argument with this line