Shorter Commumcatlons

Heat transfer studies in agitated vessels

(Recewed 2.5 July 1979, acccepled 1 September 1979)

Literature survey on heat transfer in aatated vessels mdlcated that most of the workers presented correlation of heat transfer coefficients as functions of geometnc and kmematlc parameters and fluad propertles, based on expenmental data m the form Nu = f(Re, Pr. ) (1)

where kl and !JZ are the heat transfer coefficients for transfer across the layer above and below the impeller plane and A, and AZ are the heat transfer surfaces respectively An expression for the rate of heat transfer due to the mlxmg of the boundary layer with the bulk can be wrltten as Qe,C, (FB - T) (5)

THEORElJCAL In the present mvesttgation an attempt has been made to propose a model for heat transfer m a turbine agitated vessel from theoretical prmciples based on the established flow pattern NagataM reported that m the case of turbine lmpcllers the hquld IS Jetted out by the impeller m the radial drrecbon perpendicular lo the vessel wall At the wall thrs flow IS divided mto two portions near the stagnation pomt One portion flows upwards along the wall and the other downwards At the top and bottom of the vessel these streams mix with the bulk of the bquld instantaneously Strek[ I] measured temperatures In the liquid bulk at a large number of locations and observed that beyond 77 rpm of the Impeller the bulk temperature was uniform Therefore m a heat transfer situation where the wall temperature IS constant at T, and the bulk temperature IS T the temperature drop r, - T occurs m the layer near the wall Under these cucumstances the average temperature-of the fluid, flowrng mside the boundary layer near the wall, TB would be greater than the bulk temperature T at any instant Therefore, when the fluid flowmg m the boundary layers mixes with the bulk at the top and bottom of the vessel, It contnbutes to the transfer of heat from the wall to rhe liquid bulk m addition to the transfer occurring across the layer due to convection and conduction Thrs particular contnbution to heat transfer by the boundary layer mixing has not been considered so far quantltatlvely m the predlctlon of heat transfer coefficients from theory In thrs mvestlgatlon the contnbutlon due to the boundary layer mixing has been taken mto account For an unsteady state heat transfer situation m an agitated vessel a heat balance coutd be wrltteu as [Rate of heat Input mto the hquld bulk by transfer across the layer near the wall] [Rate of heat input mto t+hehquld bulk by transfer due to mlxrng of the boundary layer with the the bulk] = [Rate of accumulation of heat m the liquid bulk] The rate of accumulation IS gwen by

where QsL IS the flow rate of the hqmd m the layer near the wall When these terms (3)-(5) are Introduced, eqn (2) can be written as

PC~V~=(I)IA,+~~A~)(T,-T)+~Q~LC~(~*-T)

(6)

To obtain an expresslon for FB at the top and bottom of the vessel the Blassms solution for heat transfer across the laminar layer over a ilat plate with flow at zero incidence IS utdtzed The expresslon for the temperature TB m the boundary layer IS
wm[Sl by

T,- Tw = 3/2(y/6, ) - 1/2(y/&)3 T--T,

T, m the present case IS nottung but the butk temperature T at any instant and y LSmeasured m a dlrectlon perpendicular to the wall 8, IS the thtckness of the thermal boundary layer Therefore, T, - T, = 3/2(y/&) - 1/2(y/& )3

T-T,

The average temperature pa IS obtamed by Integrating eqn (8) over the thickness 6, and the followmg equation LSobtamed FB--=~~/~(T,-T) Introduction of eqn (9) Into eqn (6) gwes (10) (9)

PCpV~=Ih,A,+hZA2+318(QeL)PCpl(Tw--) This can be rewritten as

(2) where

~=M(T,-T)

Ill)

(12)
An expression for the rate of heat transfer across the layer 1s obtamed by consldermg that the sections of the wall above and below the stagnatlon point to be two different flat plates The flow over these plates IS consldered to be similar to the flow of lammar boundary layer over a flat plate wth How at zero mcuience Then the rate of heat transfer across the layer can be wntten as If M IS constant wrth respect to time and temperature eqn (I 1) could be solved easily and after applymg the tmtlal condltlon f =o, the solution can be obtamed as T = TO (13)

T-T,
To- Tw

= e-Mr

(14)

Shorter Commumcatlons
EVALUATION OF THE TERMS IN THE EXFWXSION

1487 i., and L above and below the impeller

MIRM

For plates lengths plane we have

Al and A2 are the heat transfer surfaces above and below the impeller plane V, the volume of the hqmd in the vessel can be considered constant at all mstants The expressIon for avetage heat transfer coefficient m the case of lammar boundary Layer over a parallel plate qven by Schhchtmg[6] has been used to obtam cxpresslons for h, and h2 as

& = 3 01(Pr)- 3(L~/Up)os and &, = 3 01(Pr)- (L~/Up)05 The volume of the liquid m the thermal boundary above and below the Impeller plane) at any instant, obtained as

(25)

(26) layer (both if,, can be

and (16) A simplrfymg assumption IS made here that U (the mam stream velocity) in the case of agtated vessel would not be much drfferent m magnitude from the veloccty of the hqmd m the ra&al Jet at the wall The radial velocity of the Jet near the wall can be obtamed from the turbine discharge flow rate Q as,

VEZL. A&% I) + A&W =

(n)

u=

v/=-J&

(17)

where w IS the width of the turbine blade For a turhne impeller of the 6-flat bladed disc type and a geometnc ratio of d/D equal to 0 33 Fort et al (7l have deterrmned the flow rate cntenon k, to be 0 76, I e

In the expression for M Gven by eqn (12) all the quantities except N can now be evaluated Since the boundary layer thickness itself will be small and smaller still will be the thickness of the thermal boundary layer It would be a dticult task for one to undertake measuring, expenmentally or evaluatrng theoretically the quantity N Therefore N has been determined by comparmg the theoretical and experunental time-temperature data for one model experiment and the value for N thus obtamed has been used m the theoretical calculations made corresponding to the other expenments The heat transfer coefficients /I, and hz given by eqn (IS) and eqn (16) can be seen to be functions of both Reynolds number and Prandtls number which mvolve the viscosity term (CL) The vanatlon of viscosity would affect the heat transfer coefficient at every instant and thus it has been necessary to take into account the effect of temperature on vlscoslty and in turn on h, and hz

But Qsr the flow rate of fluid m the boundary layer near the wall across which the temperature drop (T, - T) occurs will not be equal to the clrscharge flow rate of the turbme Ttns quantity QSL would be a fraction of the total discharge flow rate Q

Qm.=NxQ

(19)

where N IS a proportionality factor V, IS the volume of the hqmd m the bulk which IS at a uniform temperature at any instant If V IS the volume of the hqmd m the vessel and V,, IS the volume of the hqmd m the thermal boundary layer (above and below the unpeller plane) at any instant. then V, IS aven by v, = vv,, (20)

F-e 1 shows the layout of the expenmental set up used m this mves&@on The vessel, made of l/16 tn brass sheet has a dished bottom and a Jacket and IS of 30 cm m diameter Surface bafaes have heen provided at 90 mterval wdh about 3 m of the baflk length rhppmg mto the hqmd Chromelalumel thermocouples are unbedded mto the wall and soldered at two dtierent he&s of the vessel on opposite sides A coppertonstantan thermocouple IS arranged such that Its Jucntion ISdipped mto the lrqmd bulk 15 cm below the hqmd surface to measure the bulk temperature Fmre- 2 sves the detads of the 6-flat blade disc type turbine used m the present study The geometnc configuration used IS slrmlar to the standard co&gurat~on described by Holland and Chapman [8] Three concentrations of glycerol-water solution and pure water have been used as expenmental hqmds The physical propeties of the fluid obtamed from literature have been presented m Table 1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Smce viscosity 1s a fun&on of temperature, VBL IS a vanable quantity with respect to temperature and hence with respect to time in the present situation An expressIon can be obtamed for V,, d the average thermal layer thrckness IS known The thermal layer thrckness S, for lammar Row IS gwen as [6] (h/S) = (l/l 026)(1/Pr) d IS given by 6 =464@lu)05 Therefore the average thermal boundary a plate length L IS gven by layer tluckness (22) $ over (21)

03)

ie

4 = 3 01 (Pr)-o =(LjL/ c&P5 CBSVd

35 No 6-O

(24)

Viscosity values have been measured for all the hqmds used, at 5 degree interval from 30 to 95C Vanation of temperature wth time from the model have been calculated by stepwise integration of eqn (11) usmg Smpson Rule Assummg that the s vlscoslty IS constant m a temperature Interval of 0 02C IBM/44 dl.gtal computer IS used for mterpoIation of viscosity values at OozC intervals and also for undertakmg the numerical mtegrabon For an unpeller speed of 7 84 rps, with 97% glycerol as the fluid system theoretical vanation of temperature wrth trme has been calculated for different values of N These data have been compared with the expenmental data for the same system and unpeller speed and found that for an N value of 0 0166 the theoretical and expenmental tune-temperature data agree with each other very well Theoretical plots of time-temperature data for a value of 00166 for N and when the transfer due to boundary layer mumg IS not at all considered have been shown In Fu 3 along wzth the experunental points For all the other expenmeats with dlfIerent liquid systems and lmpe&r speeds the same value of 00166 has been used for N m the theoretical caicul#~ons At 15 different speeds of the unpelJer experunents have been conducted vnth each of the four hquld systems From FQ. 3 it can be clearly seen that it IS essential that the transfer due to the boundary layer mumg vnth the bulk IS taken mto

1488

AGITATED ELECTRICAL DC MOTOR

VESSEL BOILER

6 7 B

MlLllVOLT BALL

METER SUPPORT COLD JUNCTION BOX

BEARING

THERMOCOUPLE STEAM TRAP

HONEY

WELL

RECORDER

9 10 FQ

RECTIFIER

UNIT

STABILIZED set-up

VOLTAGE

SUPPLY

Expenmental

DIMENSIONS

ARE

IN ems

Ftg 2 Iktads of the turbme impeller

0 0166 for N can be used m the model sattsfactordy This value. N

account whale the heat balance IS made on the turbme wtated

vessel

have glycerol-water system m Ftg 4 From clearly seen that the agreement between and the theorettcal values IS sattsfactory for other Itqutd systems also mdlcated Hence the value of 0 0166for N ISpsblkd

Typical plots of tune-temperature

been presented for 97% these plots It could be the expcrunental data Snmlar plots prepared satisfactory a@-eement Therefore. thrs value of

ISnot sensrtrve to wscostty and the theory also predtcts the trend of the expenmental results at dlfferrnt Impeller depths, as shown below In the relattonship QBL = N x Q (eqn 19) Q 1s gtven by the impeller speed and Its dlmenslons are mdependent of vlscoslty As QBL can be shown to be Independent of vlscoslty It can be consldered that N IS mvarumt wth wscoslty QeL. the flow rate

Shorter Commumcatmns Table I Properties of the hqmds used propsrig 97 V Cilyodol 1.2288 709 Ql~oePol 1.1652 30 (Ilyo a 01 + .0772 uater 0.980517

1489

Daxmity * @a/0.0.

xeet

oapaoitp. o&./gm.OC

0.620855

0.720

0.867

1.00079

Thernml

oonduot~vi~,
[cal/oa
.68C-

0.000686

0.0008516

0.001095

O.OOl576

OWCm3

80

SYSTEM 97%
SPEED
0

GLYCEROL RPS

WATER

7 8419

EXPERIMENTAL THEORETICAL THEORETICAL BOUNDARY (WITHOUT LAYER CONSIDERING MfXING)

101 0

200

LOO

600 TIME

800 IN SECONDS

1000

1200

1400

FW 3 Tune-temperature

plot

of hqmd m the boundary layer can be consrdered as a product of tbe velocity m the boundary layer and the boundary layer tickness Tbe boundary layer thickness 6 IS gweo by S=464(@/Upfa~ from tius equafion root of vlscoslty Thus d could be seen that 6 vanes (22) as the square

In the above expresston y/S (I e 7) 1s less than umty as y attams a maxunum of S, Thus (l/2)$ can be consldered negbgtble compared to (3/2) I) Therefore

From this It can be seen that the velocity term can be consldered to be varymg wth vlscoslty as sat/r JW WP for the velocity r) = y/6 term m (31)

ScbIlchtmg[6] gwes the expresslon lammar boundary layer, as rc,/U = H(v) The funcuon where

Thus GL wtuch IS the product of the two terms rc, and S can be consldered mvanant w&h vlscoslty. I e QBL = 8 x ux (32) (33) vrscoslty as shown,

(28)

Holman[Sl cons&red

IS (29) Smce &

QSU~~PXWCC
can be umsrdered mv-t ah

U,/U = (312)~ -(i/W

Shorter Commumcations

Y
z z S : e 40 THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL . 20
X

60

3 5

7771 6802

RPS IV

0 TIME Fig 4

800 IN SECONDS

1200

1600

97% Glycerol-water

system

N can reasonably be considered mvartant of vlscostty and thus apphcablc to other systems satisfactory An attempt has also been made further to check the vahdlty of the value of the constant N usmg the relationship
QBI. = VB&-/& 1 04)

QBL values have been determmed usmg the ahove relationship for the 40% glycerol-water system at the tmpeller speed of 8 95 rps at three different temperatures 50, 65 and 80C The average hqmd velocity tiX m the thermal layer has been derived from the expresslon for the velocity profile m the boundary layer as shown below

3 u

3Y

JY

2s

2s(->

(35)

on mtegratmg over the hmlts 0 and St for x, +=(3/4)2-(l/8)5 where (36)

For an Impeller speed of 8 95 rps, the values of Q~L and those of N obtained are mven m Table 2 From the above table It can be seen that use of the above relatlonshtp has ylelded such values of N which are close to the value of N, Le 0 0166 taken m the present work Thus It can be consrdered that the model employed satlsfactordy predicts the phenomenon Expenments have also been carried out to check the effect of the Impeller depth (HB) on the value of N Heat transfer experiments have been conducted at two more lmpefler depths (He = 4 Hr and HB = :HL) Tables 3 and 4 show the theoretlcal as well as expenmental values for the three

different Impeller depths studied The values presented m Tables 3 and 4 indicate that the model IS not very sensltlve m predlctmg the effect of Impeller depth on the heat transfer However the theory appears to predict the trend satlsfactordy The generally employed standard tank configuratlon with the Impeller at 0 67HL from the surface, for efficient heat transfer performance IS also Indicated by the model and the experiments The data given m Tables 3 and 4 are shown m the form of time-temperature ptots m Figs 7 and 8 The values calculated from the model for the three different Impeller heights are too close to plot them as three different curves Therefore a smgle theoretical hne shwn in Figs 7 and 8 represents all the values for the different impeller heights The devlatlon of the expenmental values from those of theory IS not very slgmficant Thus It appears that the model satlsfactorily explains the observed phenomenon The value of N taken as 0 0166 appears to be Just&d as the model predicts the expertmental values at different impeller heights reasonably well The theoretical ttme taken for ralsmg the temperature of the liquid m the vessel from 35 to 95C has been plotted agamst the speed of the Impeller for each of the four hquld systems and presented in Fg 5 It Ls seen from these plots that as speed mcreases the heat transfer rate Increases but the time reqmred to raise the temperature from 35 to 95C m each of the lrqurd systems tend to be asymptotic m nature Fwure 6 presents plots of temperature against bme both from theoretlcal model and expenments for all the systems at the same (almost) speed of the impeller From these plots It can be seen that for systems with lower viscosity range the heat transfer rate IS higher than with the bqmd systems of higher vlscoslty range CONCLUSION A modet takmg mto account the contnbutron of the boundary layer to the heat transfer m an agitated vessel by maxmg with the bulk has been proposed The value of N which IS the ratlo of the flmd flowing mslde the thermal boundary layer to the discharge flow rate of the turbine tmpelter has been determmed to be 0 0166 from one model experunent and IS used m the other theoretlcal

Shorter Commumcatlons Table 2 Values of & Temperature oC 50 65 am v at d&rent temperatures cu Qm Speed = 8 9552 rps System = 40% glycerol-water value of II

1491

value

oo/soo .
116.67 122 -19 127.36

0.0163

0.01-n
0.0178

80
Table 3 Theoretical and expertmental

impellerdepths System 40% glyceroltemperature-time data for different water,lmpeIlerspeed 7 8419rps lxme 1P eN3COIldB 0.67 I# Expt.
0.0

Temp OC 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 99

EB = 0.5 Model 0.0 18.65 38.72 60.37 84.12 110.50 140.12 174.14 214.23 263.25 326.79 418.00 584.20 93675 31

EL *pt.
0.0

H*

= 0.75

% Expt.
0.0

Model 0.0 18.6 38.7 60.3 84.1 110.4 140.0 174.0 214.1 263 0

Modal
0.0

21.2 42.4 63.6 85.3 l15.5 148.9 186.7 230.6 283.4 350.8 445.9 615.7

20 3 40.6 60 9

18.7 38.8 605 84.6 110.8 140.5 174.6 214.8 264.0 327.8 419.2 585.9 93959.2

22.2 44.4 66 6

81.2 101 128.7 159.5 195.6 239.7 301.6 388.6 553.2 5

95.1 125 159.8 198.3 243-O 296 364.8 460.6 632.3 6 7

326.5 4J.7.6 583.7 93596-O

Table 4 TheoretIcal and expenmental

temperature-time data for different Impellerdepths System water,lmpellerspeed 89552rps Time In eeconde 0.67 Ii2 Bzpt. 0.0 18.4 36.8 55.2 73.6 92.0 116.8 145.5 179.3 223.4 276.9 359.1 509.4 %' Wodel 000 17.03 35.33 55.20 76.90 100.94 128.10 159.20 195.90 240.80 298.90 382.50 534.70 85749.90 o-75

40% glycerol-

Temp. OC &B Model 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 go 95 99 0.00 17.00 35.23 55.00 76.65 100.67 127.70 158.75 195.34 240.08 298.08 381.35 533.12 85496.69 = 0.5 I$ Iapt. 00 18.7 37.4 57.1 82.6 111.5 143.5 179.4 220.9 270.6 333.4 421.6 578.6 =B = Model 0.0 17.0 35.2 55.0 76.6 100.6 127.6 158.6 195.2 239.9 297.8 3m.o 532.7 85426.1 H2 *pt. 0.0 18.9 37.8 56.7 83.9 114.8 148.2 185.5 228.4 279.5 X3.8 433.5 591.7

Shorter Commumcabons
100

90

60

70

1
-

AX

SYSTEM SPEED

40% 6 9552

GLYCEROL-WATER RPS

THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL 0 a X HI3 b n0 = 213 = /2 =3/b RL HL L

20*
0
100 IO0

200 TlWE

300

400

500

600

700

IN SECONDS

Fw 7 Tune-temperature

plots

Effect of Impeller depth

AX 90

80

60 50

SYSTEM SPEED

40% 7 6619

GLYCEROL-WATER RPS

THEORETKAL EXPERIMENTAL

40

A X

HB R0

112

I-IL HL

= 314

20

I
0

I 100

200

I 300 TIME IN

400 SECONDS

500

600

I 700

Fg

8 Time-temperature

plots

Effect of impeller depth

Shorter Commumcattons

1493

I 1 2 3

97% 70% 40%

GLYCEROL- WATER .. I

ZOO-

01

30

40

60 SPEED

60 tN RPS

10 0

FIN 5 Efiect of speed on heat transfer

60

THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL

z Bi ZJ z 5 4 40 cw 0 x 97% 70 V. GLYCEROL m *I SYSTEM WATER II .> (7 202 (7 3926 (7 3675 (7 3924 RPS) RPS) RPS)

A40.1. 0 WATER

RPS)

I 400 TIME

600 IN SECONDS plots

1200

FIN 6 Time-temperature

calculations Tlua vahie

IS not sen6Uwe to ve3costiy The agreement of tbeoretlcal values wrth those of the experlmental has been found to be sahsfactory

of Ckmmal Engineenng It&an InsrU4Ue of Saence Bangalorr 560012, In& &parimmr

NOTATION A,,A*

M BALAKRISHNA M S MURTHY

heat cepaclty of the hqmd. cal/g C vessel duuneter, cm heat transfer coefficlcnt for transfer across the layer above tbe unpelier plane, caUsec cm C beat transfer coetliclcnt for transfer across the layer below the unpc&r plaae, cailsec cm2 c as described by eqn (18) thermal conductlvlty of the hqmd, Cal/cm set c lengths of the plates above and below the impeller plane, as %&bed by eqn (12)

heat transfer surfaces above and below the unpeller

plane. cm*

1494 as described by eqn (19) Nusselt number, dlmenslonless impeller speed, revlsec Pnr Prandtl number, drmenslonless Q turbine discharge flow rate, cm3/sec QB flow rate of liquid mstde the thermal boundary
cm lsec

N NU

p density of the hqmd, g/cm3 CL vlscoslty of the liquid, g/cm set REFERMCES [l] Strek. F , Inf Clrem Engng 1%3 3(4) 533 [ZJ Edwards M F and Wdkmson W L , Chem Engr Lund 1972 264 310 [3] Edwards M F and Wfkmson W L, Chem Engr Land f972 265328 [4] Nagata S , c s Mem Fnc Engng Kyoto Untuensty, 1959 21 260 IS] Holman J B , Heat Transfer, Int Student Edn McGraw-HI, New York 1%3 [6] Schhchtmg H , Boundary Layer Theory, 6th Edn McGrawHdl. New York>968 VI Fort I, Drbohlov J , Kratky J , Grosplcova M and Knullova 2 , Co11 Czech Chem Commn 1972 37( 1) 222 I81 Holland F A and Chapman F S , Ltqurd hiixmg and Processmng m Stcnrd Tanks, P 14 Remhold, New York 1966

layer,

Re T T* r, TB ; w
Y

Reynolds number, dlmensronless bulk temperature, C wall temperature, C boundary layer temperature, C average boundary layer temperature, time, set
volume of the vessel, cm width of the turbine blade, cm dlrtance measured in a dlrectlon wall, cm

perpendicular

to the

Greek symbols

6,

thermal boundary layer thickness, cm

Derivation of jet cone angfe from bubble theory

(Received 9 July 1979, accepted 25 September 1979)

The two Important

modes of gas dlsperslon m a gas mlecbon system are bubbhng at low gas flow rates and submerged Jettrng at relatively lugher mjection rates Extensive studies have been Jettmg. e g [1,2] and bubbhng[3-51 but

Since V = Qt under constant Bow condlhon at t = 0. the solutton becomes

s

and s = (dsldt) = 0

made of heterogeneous

the two remmes have always been consldered as dlstmct and Isolated The present note shows that the two regmes are really physlcally related, and the cone angle of a submerged Jet can be calculated from the relative sues and posttlons of the bubble at chfferent stages of Its formatton THIWRY The volume of a bubble formed when gas IS elected at a constant rate, Q, through an upward-actmg nozzle or tuyere mto mvlscld hqmd IS generally well represented by an expressron of

=r2gt2

Hence at cut-off,

&gte2=155(3QI *
so that

>

the form [3-51 V = K@Sg-315 (1)

The eqtuvalent

v, = OI, = f 5&3@5*-315 bubble radms at cut-off IS therefore pven by a, = 0 721 Qusg-

(6)

The constant K relates to the stage of bubble formation under consideration and tts value depends on the position of the bubble centre above the or&e At the Instant of detachment, when the base of the bubble IS m tangential contact wrth the or&e, K IS theoretlcally[41 equal to 1090 Thus the equtvalent bubble radius at detachment IS a,, = 0 639Qtg-

The truncated comcal envelope con&mung bubbles m both the detachment and cut-off posmons IS shown m Fig 1 The envelope defines a Jet prollle for a column of hubbies nsmg IQ
quick successxon It can easJy be shown m F@ 1 that a,=ud+(155uC-a&sin@ Subsbtutmg (8)

(2)

Subsequently the bubble moves upwards, away from the onfice plate but still connected to the or&e by a lengthening stem of gas Wraith and KakutamlSl have shown that when the bubble
eventually severes from the gas source at the cut-& bubble centre IS 155 radu above the or&e stage, the

from eqns (2) and (7). and solvmg. we get 0 = sm- 0 171.

The position ratto of the bubble at cut-off corresponds to a vtiuaf mass [6] of 0 55p, V Thus, equatmg the bouyancy force to the rate of change of momentum of the bubble ytelds the equatton of motion as
(31

yleldmg a cone angle of 20 = 19 77

measurements

(9)

cone angle IS in good agreement vnth the of Themelis d al [l] They photographed m Jets m water by tnnetxposure techmques and found that the Jet cone The derived