Carrier Class Ethernet, Metro Ethernet tester, Metro Ethernet testing, Metro Ethernet installation, Metro Ethernet maintenance,

Metro Ethernet commissioning, Carrier Class Ethernet tester, Carrier Class Ethernet testing, Carrier Class Ethernet installation, Carrier Class Ethernet maintenance,

Trends SDH/Sonet
40 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s 622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s STM-256 OC-768 STM-64 OC-192 STM-16 OC-48 STM-4 OC-12 STM-1 OC-3/STS-3
x1

Pocket Guide

AUG-256 STS-768
x4

x1

AU4-256c STS-768c AU4-64c STS-192c AU4-16c STS-48c AU4-4c STS-12c AU-4 STS-3c

VC4-256c STS-768c SPE VC4-64c STS-192c SPE VC4-16c STS-48c SPE VC4-4c STS-12c SPE VC-4 STS-3c SPE
x3

C-4-256c C-4-64c C-4-16c C-4-4c C-4 TUG-3

x1

Payload 10GbE ATM ATM E4

x1

AUG-64 STS-192
x4

x1

x1

AUG-16 STS-48
x4

x1

x1 x4 x1

AUG-4 STS-12 AUG-1 STS-3

x1

x1

x3

TU-3

VC-3 C-3 ATM DS3 E3 ATM DS2 ATM E1 ATM DS1

52 Mbit/s

STM-0 OC-1/STS-1

x1

AU-3 STS-1

VC-3 STS-1 SPE

x7

x7

Frame transmission Aligning Multiplexing Mapping

Pointer processing SDH Container Group POH addition STM frame

TUG-2 VT-Group

x1 x3

TU-2 VT-6 TU-12 VT-2 TU-11 VT-1.5

VC-2 VT-6 SPE VC-12 VT-2 SPE VC-11 VT-1.5 SPE

C-2

C-12 C-11

x4

Figure 1

SDH and Sonet multiplexing map.

1 1 A1 A2 J0 * * *
Transport Overhead

3 4

STS-1
4

90 90

VT POH V5

Virtual Tributary Path Overhead

Section D1 D2 D3 Overhead) H1 H2 H3 B2 K1 K2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 Line Overhead 9 pointer

B1 E1 F1

SOH SPE ptr

LOH

9 S1 M1 E2

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 Z3 Z4 N1

ptr

ptr

VT pointers

J2

Z6

Z7

V5

125 s 250 s V5 375 s 500 s

VictoriaCombo
Based on a truly modular and stackable architecture, Victoria Combo is a futureproof platform for testing optical and metropolitan networks.
STM-1

VT SPE

VT SPE
MUX

STS POH HP POH

11

STS-1 SPE
(payload)

STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 TU pointers

VC4 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
10 ptr ptr

3:1

The 10G module includes a full set of functions for SDH analysis at 10 Gbit/s. The NG 2.5G module can test Ethernet over SDH in metropolitan networks that use VCAT, LCAS and GFP. It can also test classic SDH/ SONET and legacy PDH from 1.5 Mbit/s to 2.5 Gbit/s. The Jitter/Wander module can analyse synchronisation issues in your nextgeneration or classic SDH/ SONET networks

RSOH AU4 ptr

V5

LP POH
V5

Lower Order Path Overhead

V5

J2

N2

MSOH
9 1 9 10

VCn

VCn 270 270 125 s 250 s

K4

STM-1

375 s 500 s

Figure 2

STS-1 and STM-1 frames.

TrendCommunications

x3

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LO Path LO Path HO Path MSOH RSOH Section RSOH Mux Section Paths Sections
x00 V2 VC-n V3 x01 x10 V4 C-3 Payload x11

SDH
Layers

VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3 VC-4 (VC-3) MSOH RSOH Section RSOH Mux

HO Path Mux Section

Section

Terminal multiplexer

Regenerator

Multiplexer VTn SPE STS SPE

Regenerator

Terminal multiplexer VT Path STS Path Paths

Sonet
Layers

VT Path STS Path Line Section SOH LOH Section SOH

Line/Mux Section SOH

LOH Section SOH

Line Section

Figure 3

SDH and Sonet layered client/server model.

AU-4 / STS3c AU-4 ptr / STS ptr

H1 Y Y H2 1 Y: 1001SS11 1: all 1s byte J1 B3 1 H3 H3 H3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

TU-n / VT-m SPE TU-n ptr V1 V1 VT ptr V2

V3

Payload

AU-3 ptr / STS ptr

H1 H2 H3 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

AU-3 / STS-1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

TU3 ptr STS ptr

H1 H2 H3 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

TU-3

C-3 Payload

H1 or V1 NNNNS S I D
NDF

H2 or V2 I D I D I D I D
Pointer Value

H3 or V3
Negative justification

Payload
Positive justification N: New Data Flag SS: Unspecified I: Invert if increment D: Invert if decrement

Pointer Movement
NNNNS S I D I D I D I D I D

New Pointer
NNNNS S I D I D I D I D I D 1 0 0 1SS x x x x x x x x x x New pointer value NDF enabled: NNNN=1001 (0001, 1101, 1011, 1000 also accepted) NDF disabled: NNNN=0110 (1110, 1010, 0100, 0111 also accepted)

Increment

Frame 0 1 1 0 SS 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 i i+1 0 1 1 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 i+2 0 1 1 0 S S 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 SS 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Decrement

j j+1 j+2

0 1 1 0 SS 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 SS 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 SS 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

Concatenation
NNNN S S I D I D I D I D I D 1 0 0 1 SS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Figure 4

Pointer formats, codification and procedures.

Sections

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STS-1/STM-0 1 A1 A2 J0 * * *
B1 E1 F1 D1 D2 D3 H1 H2 H3 B2 K1 K2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 9 S1 M1 E2 1 1

STM-1/STS-3/OC-3
* X ^ E1 ^ ^ D2 ^ Pointer (s) F1 X D3 K2 D6 D9 D12 M1 E2 X

* * * * * * * A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 ^ D1 ^

9 * X X

B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 D5 D8 D11

STM-4/OC-4
B1 D1

J0: Section Trace A1= 11110110 Frame Alignment A2= 00101000: Frame Alignment B1: Section Parity Code BIP-8 B2: Multiplex Parity Code BIP-n x 24 D1-D3: 192 kbps OA&M data D4-D12: 576 kbps OA&M data E1, E2: 64 kbps orderwire channels F1: 64 kbps user channel H1, H2, H3: pointer bytes K1, K2: Request/answer APS channels F1: 64 kbps user channel M0, M1: Re-sending of B2 errors Z0: reserved * Non-scrambled bytes X bytes reserved for national use ^ Media-dependent bytes

1 13 25 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 ^ D2 Pointer (s) B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 D5 D8 D11 M1 17 ^ ^ 33 ^ ^ 49 65 ^ ^ 81 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 X X 97 X X ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ F1 X D3 X X X

* X
X

36

* X
X

X 113 X

X 129 144

STM-16/OC-48
1 1 B1 D1

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 X + + + +
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 ^ D2

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X $

* X
X $

+ + + + + +

^ ^

^ ^

+ + + + + +

F1 X D3 K2 D6 D9 D12

+ + + + + + + + + +
X X

+ +
Pointer (s)

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 1 D5 D8 D11

+ +

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X X

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X 576

+ +

+ +

+ +
193

M1

E2 X 385

STM-64/OC-192
1 B1 D1

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 X + + + +
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 ^ D2

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X

* X
X $

* X
X $

+ + + + + +

^ ^

^ ^

^ ^

+ + + + + +

F1 X D3 K2 D6 D9 D12

+ + + + + + + + + +
X X

+ +
Pointer (s)

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 D4 D7 D10 9 S1 D5 D8 D11

+ +

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X X

+ + + +
X

+ + + +
X

+ +

+ +

+ +

M0 M1

E2 X

STM-16/OC-48 + + $ $ FEC sequence: FEC sequence: 1 Q1 P1 P1 P1 15 P1 1

STM-64/OC-192 P1 P1 Q1 P1 P1 P1 16 P1 P1 P1 20 P1 P1 P1 63 P1 +, $: FEC sequences Q1, P1: Optional Forward Error Correction

Figure 5

STM-N/OC-M frames.

Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting, Gigabit Ethernet protocols, Gigabit Ethernet Alarms, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet tester
+RSOH +MSOH STM-1 AUG + Stuffing + Justification +LO-POH + Overhead VC-12 C-12 E2

+AU pointer +HO-POH x3 x3 x7 TU-12 AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2

1
CCS TS0 Time Slot 1 to 31 CAS 1 TS0 Channels 1 to 15 TS16 Channels 16 to 30 byte 34

C-12 Synchronous
1

VC-12
V5

C-12 1 Asynchronous
RRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRR
Data 32 bytes

34 bytes

Data 32 bytes

125 s

D: Data bit R: Fixed stuff bit O: Overhead bits Ci: Justification control bits Si: Justification if CiCiCi=000, then Si is a data bit if CiCiCi=111, then Si is a justification bit

RRRRRRRR
J2

RRRRRRRR C1C2OOOORR
34 bytes

Data 32 bytes

RRRRRRRR

TU-12
V1 H4=00 35 bytes

N2

500 s

C1C2OOOORR

3
34 bytes

Data 32 bytes

RRRRRRRR
K4

V2 H4=01 35 bytes 140 500 s H4=10 35 bytes 9 V4 H4=11 V3 1 1 V3 4 V3 V3

34 bytes

C1C2RRRRRS1 S2 DDDDDDD Data 31 bytes RRRRRRRR

#1

#2

#3

125 s

4 TUG-2
1 V3 V3 V3 125 s 12

125 s

35 bytes

LO-POH = V5 J2 N2 K4 TU-12 pointer = V1 V2 V3 V4

Figure 6

Synchronous and asynchronous transport of a 2-Mbit/s circuit (I).

Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting, Gigabit Ethernet protocols, Gigabit Ethernet Alarms, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet tester
1

TUG-2

12

TUG-2

12

TUG-2

12

TUG-2

12

x7 #1
9 9

#2
9

#3
9

#7

TUG-3
1 N P I

5
86 N P I

TUG-3 #2
N P I R R

TUG-3 #3

R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2....... R 9

#1

6
R

7 +HO-POH
1 1 9 10

10 11 12 13

VC-4

270

RSOH 8 AU4 ptr

MSOH
9

J1 B3 C2 G1 R F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

Byte-interleaving 3 TUG-3

STM-1

Figure 7

Synchronous and asynchronous transport of a 2-Mbps circuit (II).

500 s

RSOH VC-4 MSOH

RSOH STM-1 VC-4 MSOH H4=xx00

RSOH STM-1 VC-4 MSOH H4=xx01

RSOH STM-1 VC-4 MSOH H4=xx10

STM-1

125 s

H4=xx11

x3
TUG-3 #1 TUG-3 #1 TUG-3 #1

x3 x7 x3

x3 x7 x3
x3 x7 x3
H4=xx00 V1

H4=xx01

V2

x7
TUG-2 #1 TUG-2 #2 TUG-2 #7

H4=xx10

V3

500 s

H4=xx11

V4 125 s

x3

VC-12

Figure 8

VC-12 is a multiframe and needs four STM-1 frames (500 s) for full mapping.

Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting, Gigabit Ethernet protocols, Gigabit Ethernet Alarms, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet tester
Nine bytes Path Overhead (POH)
SDH SONET

G1:

REI

RDI

E-RDI

Spare

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 C2:

J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 Z3 Z4

Path trace, message with CRC BIP-8 parity control Signal label (mapping) Path status Path user channel (voice or data) Position and sequence indicator Path user channel (voice or data) Automatic Protection Switching Tandem Connection Monitoring

REI (Remote Error Indication) BIP-8 violation count RDI (Remote Defect Indication) is sent back E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information) (RDI=0) 10: Payload defect (PLM) (RDI=1) 01: Server defect (AIS, LOP), (RDI=1) 10: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ) multiframe

N1:

IEC

TC REI OEI

TC-API, TC-RDI
ODI, reserved

IEC Incoming Error Count, BIP-8 errors in Tandem Conn. TC-REI: Remote Error Indication in a TC subnetwork OEI: Outgoing Error Indication Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)

00: unequipped 01: reserved 02: TUG 03: locked TU 04: E3, T3 12: E4 13: ATM

14: DQDB 15: FDDI 16: HDLC/PPP 17: SDL 18: HDLS/LAPS 1A: 10GEthernet FE: Test-Signal

H4:

LO Seq

LO Multiframe Sequence xx11xx00: pointer to V1 xx11xx01: pointer to V2 xx11xx10: pointer to V3 xx11xx11: pointer to V4

K3:

APS

HODL

Spare

H4:

MFI2 (frames 0 and 1) SQ (frames 14 and 15)

Multiframe Indicator 1

APS: Automatic Protection HODL: Higher Order Data Link

Four bytes Path Overhead (POH)

SDH
V5

VC-3/4-Xv sequence bit 5-8: MFI1 multiframe indicator (0 to 15) frame 0 bit 1-4 MFI2 MSB Multiframe Indicator 2 frame 1 bit 1-4 MFI2 LSB frame 14 bit 1-4 SQ MSB sequence indicator frame 15 bit 1-4 SQ LSB sequence indicator

SONET

V5 J2 N2 K4

V5 J2 Z6 Z7

V5:

BIP-2

REI RFI

Signal Label

RDI

Path Overhead Path Trace Reserved or TCM Additional Path Overhead

J2

N2

K4

BIP-2 bit 1: odd bit parity of the previous VC bit 2: even bit parity REI (Receive Error Indication RFI (Remote Failure Indication VC signal label (mapping) 000 - Unequipped 001 - Reserved 010 - Asynchronous floating 011 - Bit synchronous 100 - Byte synchronous 101 - Extended signal label 110 - Test Signal O.181 111 - VC- AIS RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

500s

N2:

BIP-2

I-AIS TC OEI REI

multiframe TC-API, TC-RDI ODI, reserved

K4:

ESL

VC

APS

E-RDI

DL

BIP-2 for Tandem Connection calculated over the VC I-AIS: Incoming AIS TC-REI: Remote Indication Error in a TC subnetwork OEI (Outgoing Error Indication) Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)

ESL (Extended Signal Label) 32 bits multiframe bits 1-11 Multiframe Alignment bits12-19: 09: ATM 0A: HDLC/PPP 0B: HDLC/LAPS 0C: Concatenated test signal bits 20-32: 0 (reserved for future) VC (Lower Order Virtual Concatenation) APS: Automatic Protection Switching channel E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information) (RDI=0) 010: Payload defect (PLM) (RDI=1) 101: Server defect (AIS, LOP), (RDI=1) 110: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ) DL: Lower-Order Data Link

Figure 9

Nine bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC3, VC4 and VC4-Xc. Four bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC11, VC12 and VC2.

Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting, Gigabit Ethernet protocols, Gigabit Ethernet Alarms, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet tester

SDH

Transmission Line Signal A1/A2 J0 B1 LOF LOS RS-TIM / TIM-S RS-BIP / CV- S

Reg. Sect.

Multiplexer Section

Higher Order Path

Lower Order Path

AIS

OR (logical function) Event detection Event registration

B2 M12-8 M1 K26-8 K26-8 AU ptr AU ptr J1 C2 C2 G15-7 B3 G11-4 G11-4 H47-8 TU ptr TU ptr J2 V55-7 V55-7 V58 V54 V51-2 V53 V53

MS-BIP / CV- L MS-REI / REI- L MS-REI / REI- L MS-AIS / AIS-P MS-RDI / RDI-L AU-AIS / AIS- P AU-LOP / LOP-P HP-TIM / TIM-P HP-UNEQ / UNEQ- P HP-PLM / PLM-P HP-RDI / RDI-P HP-BIP / CV- P HP-REI / REI-P HP-REI / REI-P TU-LOM / LOM TU-AIS / AIS-V TU-LOP / LOP-V LP-TIM / TIM-V LP-UNEQ / UNEQ-V LP-PLM / PLM-V LP-RDI / RDI-V LP-RFI / RFI-V LP-BIP/ CV-V LP-REI / REI-V LP-REI / REI-V AIS AIS

Signal flow Error indication received Error indication sent Alarm indication sent

AIS

AIS

AIS

Transmission

Section
Sonet

Line

STS Path

VT Path

Figure 10

Events management. SDH in regular characters, SONET in italic.

Acronyms
AIS API APS ATM AU AUG BIP CV DQDB ESL FDDI FEC HDLC HODL HP LAPS LO Path LOF LOH LOM LOP LOS LP MS MSOH MUX
Alarm Indication Signal Access Path Identifier Automatic Protection Switching Asynchronous Transfer Mode Administrative Unit Administrative Unit Group Bit-Interleaved Parity Code Violation Distributed Queue Dual Bus Extended Signal Label Fibre Digital Data Interface Forward Error Correction High-level Data Link Control Higher Order Data Link Higher Order Path Link Access Procedure SDH Lower Order Path Loss of Framing Lower Order Overhead Loss Of Multiframing Loss Of Pointer Loss Of Signal Lower-Order Path Multiplexor Section Multiplexor Section Overhead Multiplexor

Ref: 700700 03 02.07

NDF OA&M OC-n ODI OEI PLM POH PPP RDI REI RFI RS RSOH SDH SOH SONET SPE STM-n STS-n TC TIM TS TU TUG VC VT

New Data Flag Operation, Administration and Maintenance Optical Carrier level n Outgoing Defect Indication Outgoing Error Indication Payload Mismatch Path Overhead Point to Point Protocol Remote Defect Indication Remote Error Indication Remote Failure Indication Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Overhead Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Section Overhead Synchronous Optical Network Synchronous Payload Envelope Synchronous Transport Module level n Synchronous Transport Signal level n Tandem Connection Trace Identifier Mismatch Time Slot Tributary Unit Tributary Unit Group Virtual Container Virtual Tributary

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