Slip Slip: the movement of large numbers of dislocations to produce plastic deformation

p. 10.1

Analogy caterpillars, carpets, worms (Figure 7.3) Allows deformation without breaking ductility Allows a material to deform at lower stresses than predicted by bond strength

A slip system identifies crystallographically where the moving dislocations are where they are going Slip plane Contains the dislocation line & its direction of movement (Callister, Fig. 7.2) Is usually a closest-packed plane Direction of movement of dislocation line is
|| Burgers vector || applied stress for edge dislocns Burgers vector applied stress for screw dislocns

and consists of

Slip direction

Usually the closest-packed direction in the plane

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p. 10.2

Movement of edge dislocations is analogous to the travel of caterpillars, worms, or rugs: (Callister, Fig. 7.3)

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p. 10.3

(Callister, Fig. 7.1) Note: In Callister Fig. 7.1, at no point does the material break into two pieces Though individual bonds must be broken for the dislocation to move, new bonds are formed throughout the slip process The resulting deformation does not reverse itself on removal of the load i.e., the process is irreversible, in contrast to elastic deformation

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p. 10.4

(Callister, Fig. 7.2) Note: Same initial and final states can be bridged by two different types of slip, i.e. movement of edge dislocations (a) or screw dislocations (b) cant tell which type of slip occurred just by looking macroscopically at material after the fact Thermodynamics sidebar: The amounts of energy consumed in (a) and (b) are in general not the same Same initial and final state, but different amounts of work done at least one of the slip processes must be irreversible in the thermodynamic sense (and in fact both are)

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p. 10.5

SLIP SYSTEM IN FCC: {111} <110>

A A B C B C D E F D E F

Close-packed planes: {111} _ _ _ ( 4 per unit cell: (111), (111), (111), (111) ) Close-packed directions: <110> _ _ _ ( 3 per slip plane: e.g. [110], [101], [011] for (111) (shown above) ) 4 3 = 12 distinct close-packed slip systems

Callister, Fig. 7.6 close-packed directions in FCC

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Slip _ SLIP SYSTEM IN BCC: {110} <111>

p. 10.6

B A C E D

C D E

Closest-packed planes: {110} _ _ _ (6 per unit cell: (110), (110), (101), (101), (011), (011) ) _ Close-packed directions: <111> (

_ _ 2 per closest-packed plane: e.g., [111], [111] in (110), as shown above ) 2 = 12 distinct closest-packed slip systems

Callister, Fig. 3.10 closest-packed plane in BCC

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p. 10.7

Q: For an arbitrarily oriented crystal under a uniaxial stress , what is the component of on the slip plane, and in the slip direction? A: The resolved shear stress, R: R = (cos ) (cos ) where angle between and the normal to the slip plane angle between and the slip direction Derivation: F R AR R where F R is the component of applied force F in the slip direction; FR = Fcos A R is the projection of original cross sectional area A on the slip plane; A A R = cos R = Fcos = (cos ) (cos ) A cos

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p. 10.8

Callister, Fig. 7.7 derivation of resolved shear stress

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p. 10.9

Q: What is the minimum resolved stress necessary to induce slip on a particular slip system? A: The critical resolved shear stress, crss A characteristic property of The material The slip system under consideration Orienting a single-crystal sample w.r.t. applied stress Measuring yield strength (y), , and Calculating crss = y cos cos

Can be measured by

Q: Under what conditions can a materials minimum possible yield strength, y,min, be measured? A: In a single crystal sample, when easiest slip system (i.e., with minimum crss) is oriented to give maximum (cos)(cos) i.e., when = = 45: y,min = crss = 2crss 2 2 2 2
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Slip FACTORS FAVORING SLIP (start) Material characteristics Short b ( CP directions on CP planes) 5 independent slip systems

p. 10.10

3 in HCP: <112 0> {0001} (i.e., CP directions in basal planes) brittle e.g., Be, Mg, Ti, Zn, Zr, Cd 12 in FCC: <110> {111} ductile with low to moderate strength e.g., Al, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt, Au In BCC, 48 nearly-CP slip systems (Table 7.1) can lead to dislocation pile-ups ductility with high strength e.g., V, Cr, Fe, Mo, W

Non-directional bonds: Metallic, ionic; not covalent Covalents and ionics: usu. brittle at low T Covalent solids (e.g. diamond, Si, SiC): bond directionality hinders movement of dislocations Ionic solids (e.g. NaCl, MgO): 2 different atoms Longer Burgers vectors Slip brings ions of similar charge closer together, causing repulsion
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Slip

p. 10.11

FACTORS FAVORING SLIP (end) Externally imposed conditions High temperature Some materials that are brittle at low T are more ductile at high T Low strain rate Impact encourages brittle behavior Stress state Shear Compression encourage slip

Uniaxial tension permits slip Triaxial tension discourages slip

(see Callister 8.6)

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