ART YEAR mid 1400s to early 1600s EVENT Renaissance Imitation of nature Perfection of human form Da Vinci, Raphael,

el, Michelangelo Mannerism Distorted proportion Anxiety and confusion Baroque Art combined classical concepts of Renaissance and spiritual feelings of 16th century; was magnificently detailed Music ranged from mean of worshipping God to highly secular French Classicism Emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance, harmony Reflected shift in 17th century French society from chaos to order Dutch Realism Realistic portrayal of everyday secular life Age of Theatre Plays popular in England, Spain, France Playwrights like Shakespeare, de Vega, and Moliere Plurality of Worlds Made ideas of Enlightenment available to common people Rococo Emphasized grace and gentle action Secular Classical era of music Haydn and Mozart Operas and orchestra music Development of Novel Introduced by English

16th century

1600 to 1750s

Started late 17th century 17th century 1580 to 1640

1686 Began 1730s

1750 to 1830

18th century

EXPLORATION TIME 1419 1488 1498 1492 1513 1519 1519 1530 1534 1535 1542 1531 to 1550 1518 16th century Mid-17th century 1514 1549 1607 1608 1663 1699 1763 EVENT Prince Henry founds navigation school Bartholomeu Dias sails around Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope In search of Christians and spices Columbus sets sail and discovers New World Vasco Nunez de Balboa Expedition across Isthmus of Panama and reaches Pacific Ferdinand Magellan sails around South America to Philippines Spainish expedition led by Hernan Cortes lands at Veracruz Francisco Pizarro lands on Pacific coast of South America Jacques Cartier claims Canada for France Pizarro establishes capital at Lima for new Spanish colony Encomienda system abolished; more protection for natives Spanish gain control of northern Mexico Spanish ship carries first African slaves directly from Africa to New World Portuguese established limited trade relation with several mainland Asian states Europeans arrive in Vietnam Portuguese drop anchor off coast of China Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrives in Japan Jamestown rounded Champlain establishes settlement at Quebec Canada made property of French crown English trading post at Canton established France surrenders rest of Canadian lands to England

ECONOMY TIME 13th century 14th century 1471 16th century 1560s 1609 17th century EVENT Hansa League formed Control over trading in Germany and northern Europe Italian merchants prosper; economic depression elsewhere Portuguese discover gold along South African coast Inflation Especially on food Inflation associated with influx of precious metals from New World Bank of Amsterdam established Mercantilism Volume of trade unchangeable Role of state in economy Statement of laissez-faire by Adam Smith

1776

RELIGION, WARS, AND BATTLE TIME 1450s 1453 1503 1511 1517 1519 1521 1521 to 1544 1524 1525 1527 1531 1533 1534 1534 1536 1540s 1540 1542 1545 to 1563 1555 1562 to 1598 1566 to 1609 1587 th 16 to 17th century 1598 EVENT War of the Roses Turks seize Constantinople Handbook of the Christian Knight by Erasmus Christianity should be guiding philosophy for direction of daily life Praise of folly by Erasmus Humorous criticism of clergy 95 Theses by Luther Denounced indulgences Leipzig debate Luther excommunicated Habsburg-Valois wars Francis vs. Charles over territories Peasants revolt Ruthlessly suppressed by German princes Luther marries Catherine de Bora Rome sacked by Charles War erupted between Swiss Protestant and Catholic cantons Zurich killed Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII marry Anabaptists seize Munster New Jeruselum Parliament completes break with Rome Act of supremacy Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin Scandinavia became Lutheran stronghold Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded Roman Inquisition/Holy Office established by Pope Paul III Council of Trent Peace of Augsburg Division of Christianity formally acknowledged French Wars of Religion Ended with coronation of Henry IV in 1594 Revolt of the Netherlands Spanish Armada defeated by English Witchcraft craze Edict of Nantes Gave rights to Huguenots and established Catholicism as official religion Protestant Union formed Catholic League formed 30 Years War Militant Catholics vs. militant Protestants Bohemian Phase

1608 1609 1618 to 1648 1618 to 1625

1625 to 1629 1629 1630 to 1635 1635 to 1648 1642 to 1660 1645 1648 1654 1667 to 1713 1683 th 18 century 1773 th 18 century 1781

Catholics victorious Danish phase Catholics victorious Edict of Restitution Prohibited Calvinist worship Swedish phase Catholics victorious Franco-Swedish phase Protestants victorious English Civil War Peace of Westphalia ended war in Germany Made clear that church and state were now two different entities United Provinces (Dutch Republic) recognized as independent by Spain Peace of the Pyrenees ended war between France and Spain Four wars waged by Louis XIV Turks seize Vienna Many Catholic states began to seek greater authority over countrys churches Jesuit society dissolved by Pope Clement XIV Methodists and religious skepticism Toleration Patent Gave non-Catholics right to worship privately in Austria

SCIENCE AND EDUCATION TIME 1423 1445 to 1450 1543 1559 Mid 1500s 1609 1610 1628 1632 1637 1643 1650s 1662 1666 1684 to 1686 1730 to 1790 EVENT Humanist school founded by Vittorino da Feltre at Mantua Mainly geared for education of elite ruling class Printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg Gutenbergs Bible first book to be produced from movable type On the Fabric of the Human Body by Vesalius John Calvins Genevan Academy founded Mercator projection created Kepler publishes first two laws of planetary motion Starry Messenger by Galileo published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood by William Harvey Dialogue by Galileo published Discourse on Method by Descartes Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Pensees by Pascal English Royal Society officially recognized French Royal Academy formally recognized Newton writes Principia Hinge point of modern scientific thought Drawings of males and females emphasize female inferiority

GOVERNMENT TIME 15th century 15th century 15th century Mid 15th century 1469 16th century 1581 1585 to 1609 1609 to 1725 1643 to 1715 EVENT 5 states and independent city-states in Italy French territorial state developing Rise of the Habsburgs Took control of papacy position Russian state created by Ivan III Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand Most Catholic monarchs Sweden breaks from Denmark and becomes independent state United Provinces of the Netherlands established Henry VII, first Tudor king Reign of Peter the Great Wanted to westernize Russia Reign of Louis XIV Sun King Brought France under monarchial control English commonwealth Established by Oliver Cromwell Monarchy restored in England English Bill of Rights Foundation of English constitution Versailles completed Spain began to decline Establishment of Romonov dynasty Austria created by Leopold I Multiracial, many different laws and political life Austria replaces Spain as dominant power in Italy

1649 to 1653 1685 1680 1688 Early 17th Mid 17th Late 17th Early 18th

SOCIAL, HUMAN, AND POLITICAL THOUGHT TIME 16th century 1513 Starting 15th century EVENT Society divided into three estates The Prince by Machiavelli Abandoned morality as basis for political activity Humanism Intellectual movement based on study of classic Greek and Roman literary works Petrarch Father of Italian Renaissance humanism First to characterize Middle Ages as dark Marsilio Ficino Translation of Plato and exposition of Neoplatonism Utopia by Thomas More First African slaves arrive in America Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke Denied Descartess belief of innate ideas A Serious Proposal to the Ladies by Mary Astell Plurality of Worlds by Fontenelle Persian Letters by Montesquieu Philosophic Letters on the English by Voltaire Expressed deep admiration of English life The Spirit of the Laws by Montesquieu Comparative study of governments Diderots Encyclopedia begun The Social Contract by Rousseau Tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority Emile by Rousseau Focused on education On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria System of Nature by Baron Paul dHolbach Argued everything in the universe consisted of matter in motion French abolish slavery Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft Progress of the Human Mind by Condorcet Human perfectibility is infinite British abolish slavery

1304 to 1374

1433 to 1499 1516 1518 1690 1697 1700s 1721 1733 1748 1750 1762 1762 1764 1770 1790s 1792 1795 1807