LAB - 2 FREQUENCY MODULATION

2.1 OBJECTIVE
In this lab, you will learn how to perform the Frequency modulation using IC 566 and to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.

2.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED

AFO, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, Bread board and connecting wires, RPS

2.3 PREPARATION (PRE-LAB)

Do the complete revision of Frequency modulation and its modulation index and also about IC 566 working principles. 2.4 THEORY Frequency modulation is a process of changing the frequency of a carrier wave in accordance with the slowly varying base band signal. The main advantage of this modulation is that it can provide better discrimination against noise. 2.4.1 Frequency Modulation using IC 566 A VCO is a circuit that provides an oscillating signal whose frequency can be adjusted over a control by Dc voltage. VCO can generate both square and triangular Wave signal whose frequency is set by an external capacitor and resistor and then varied by an applied DC voltage. IC 566 contains a current source to charge and discharge an external capacitor C1 at a rate set by an external resistor. R1 and a modulating DC output voltage. The Schmitt trigger circuit present in the IC is used to switch the current source between charge and discharge capacitor and triangular voltage developed across the capacitor and the square wave from the Schmitt trigger are provide as the output of the buffer amplifier. The R2 and R3 combination is a voltage divider, the voltage VC must be in the range 3/4 VCC < VC < VCC. The modulating voltage must be less than 3/4VCC the frequency fc can be calculated using the formula fo = 2 (VCC-Vc) R1 C1 VCC For a fixed value of VC and a constant C1 the frequency can be varied at 10:1 similarly for a constant R! C1 product value the frequency modulation can be done at 10:1 ratio.

2.4.2 Circuit diagram

Fig. 2.1 Frequency Modulation

Fig 2.2 Frequency Modulation Model Graph

2.4.3 Test procedure 1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. The modulating signal FM is given from an AFO (1KHZ) 3. For various values of modulating voltage Vm the values of Fmax and Fmin are noted 4. The values of the modulation index are calculated. 2.5 LAB RESULT Thus the FM circuit using IC566 was performed and the modulation index was found. 2.6 POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. What will be the changes in the wave under FM when the amplitude or frequency of the modulating signal is increased ? 2. The FM station have less noise while receiving the signal. Justify your answer. 3. What happens when a stronger signal and a weaker signal both overlap at the same frequency in FM? 4. Name two applications of two way mobile radio? 5. Which mathematical expression is used to decide the side band amplitudes in a FM signal ?

ASSESSMENT Prelab (design (10), circuit (10), tabulation (10)) Lab performance Viva-voce : 30 marks : 15 marks : 30 marks