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Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Written by Deborah Khora Illustrated by Karen Hunziker

Copyright 2012 by Deborah Khora Illustrations copyright 2012 by Karen Hunziker

Fairy Tale ABCs by the McLoughlin Brothers are public domain.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher except for reviews.

ISBN 13: 978-1477542217 ISBN 10: 1477542213

This book is dedicated to: Erica, Lucien, Nicole, Bernadette & Justin, Heidi, Christopher, Eric, James, Ashleigh, Tayler, Aaron, Joshua, Thomas & Adam, Sean OBrien & Fallon. With special thanks to Charlie for his good faith and support.

In memory of Alva Hollander, elementary school principal (1929-2008) And David OBrien (1956-2009)

Table of Contents
Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature .................... xi The Little Shoeshine Boy...................................................................... 2 The Little White Kitten who Thought the Snow was Her Mother .... 6 The Wise Man & The Wishing Well .................................................. 12 The Code Word .................................................................................. 16 The Little Hamlet that Came to Life.................................................. 22 The Shepherd Girls Blanket .............................................................. 30 The Little Bird who Would Not Fly Free .......................................... 46 The History of the Monarch............................................................... 50 The Owl who Would Not Keep Quiet .............................................. 58 The Everlasting Garden ..................................................................... 62 Angels Always Dip Their Ink Pens in Honey .................................. 70 The Little Star that Refused to Shine ................................................. 74 Night Fall ............................................................................................ 78 Symbols ............................................................................................... 82 Glossary .............................................................................................. 88 End Notes ........................................................................................... 98 References ......................................................................................... 100

Table of Illustrations
F is for Fishermans Luck .................................................................. xi A Montage of Proverbs ................................................................... xxi Main Street .......................................................................................... 2 The Little Shoeshine Boy .................................................................... 4 The Little White Kitten....................................................................... 6 Shadow of the Hawk .......................................................................... 8 The Witch .......................................................................................... 12 The Wise Man ................................................................................... 14 The Warlock ...................................................................................... 16 Gertrude in the Forest ...................................................................... 18 Candlelight ....................................................................................... 22 The Fields Burst into Fruition .......................................................... 23 Ladybugs & Gentleman Bugs .......................................................... 24 The Ogre............................................................................................ 27 The Castle ......................................................................................... 30 The People Prepared for an Elaborate Celebration ........................ 32 Chess Pieces the Size of Small Children.......................................... 33 The Citizens Padded the Treasury .................................................. 34 Snow on the Dogwood Tree ............................................................ 36 The Shepherd Girls Blanket ............................................................ 38 The Beautiful Princess with the Golden Tresses ............................ 42 A Tell-tale Trail Through the Garden Gate..................................... 46 K is for King Lir ................................................................................ 50 The Snow upon the Mountain Top Melts into a River ................... 51 Windmill ........................................................................................... 52 The Monarch Butterfly ..................................................................... 56 The Owl who Would Not Keep Quiet ........................................... 58 Skull & Hands................................................................................... 59 Three Dry Beans ............................................................................... 62 Blue Jays ............................................................................................ 64 Plum Trees ........................................................................................ 67 Feather Quill ..................................................................................... 70 Sarahs Garden ................................................................................. 72 Starry Night ...................................................................................... 74 The Little Star that Refused to Shine ............................................... 76 Bedtime Stories ................................................................................. 78

F is for Fishermans Luck Fairy Tales ABCs McLoughlin Brothers, 1870s

Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature Although this book is intended for readers approximately ages 8-14 years old, this introduction is scholarly material for mature students, parents and teachers. It fills a known gap between classical childrens literature and education. 1 Fairy tales and folklore have their origins in the medieval dark ages when the masses, adults and children alike, were illiterate compared to a relatively small group of ruling elite. Although official history as told by various conquerors reflects the development of trade routes and weapons to defend those trade routes, folklore by contrast is history told by common folk. It has deep roots in public education at a time when superstition was rampant. As we shall see, there are legitimate reasons why this genre of wizards, witches, warlocks and elves has endured through the ages. The above image, for instance, is how the illiterate were taught to read. What is more, according to Nietzsche, folklore is the happy medium between communicating with the use of images and communication that does not use images, such as music. 2 Nietzsche
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makes this distinction between Apollonian and Dionysian art consecutively, both names of Greek rulers and gods. History prior to the development of the printing press is classified by ages: the stone age, bronze age & iron age, the golden age of enlightenment during the 5th century, and the dark ages of the medieval period, followed by the Renaissance of the 14-16th centuries. The European Renaissance was a revival of 5th century ideals with a new twist; the development of the printing press and literacy for the masses. This was followed by the industrial age to what may be currently described as the information age, or the technological revolution due to the internet. As with the technological revolution, the development of the printing press was responsible for disseminating large amounts of information and education to the masses unprecedented in history. The development of trade routes and increasingly sophisticated weapons beginning with stone and iron to defend those routes, the invention of the printing press and the internet combined have created a global system of world trade and a global education for children as well. Many forks in the road occurred between official history, art and literature and that of the common folk as they gained skills in literacy. Well highlight some of those forks in the road, the schools of thought and art movements, their impact upon the common folk and how the folk impacted art. This book may be considered a form of folklore and folk art. We hope it will provide inspiration to the elementary artist and the child, as the Renaissance did to the newly literate masses. In some ways certain ages of antiquity were socially and artistically superior to our modern corporate culture. In a world without newspapers or books, there was a certain liveliness to the social climate of the first century we might find lacking on Main Street today. Dion Chrysostrom, who lived in 70 A.D. gives an account of his day:
One may see in all the crowd and cram and crush everyone calmly doing his own business; the piper piping and teaching to pipe often in the streets with his pupils, while the crowd passes by and does not interfere with him; the trainer producing his dancers for a stage play without noticing a few fights going on; most remarkable of all, schoolmasters sit in the streets with their boys, teaching or learning for all that

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Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature multitudinous mob. I myself saw people doing all sorts of things there, piping, dancing, one giving a show, one reciting a poem, one singing, one reading a story or fable, and not one of them preventing anyone else from his own particular business. 3

As in the first century described above, and the golden age of the fifth century as well (during which time lived Socrates and Confucius), education and literature during the medieval dark ages of the 12-13th centuries were reserved for the wealthy elite and the masses were by comparison ignorant. Books were hand-written and too expensive to produce on a scale large enough to educate the masses. They were often bound in animal skin called vellum and written in Latin. Wealthy patrons hired artists to produce illustrated books of devotional material called illuminated manuscripts. The most famous of these is The Book of Hours produced by the three Limbourg brothers for the Duke of Berry. These artists were later commissioned to illustrate a Bible. All three brothers died during the bubonic plague. The plague was believed by some to be a punishment from God and was used by the Church to lead their followers to repentance. One example of a later version of an illuminated manuscript for children is found at the beginning of this introduction, Fairytale ABCs by the McLoughlin brothers. The cost of an illuminated manuscript today ranges from the hundreds to hundreds of thousands of dollars. The cost of the graphic at the beginning of this introduction is in the public domain due to copyright expiration and can be purchased for only a few dollars. Patrons of the arts were especially fond of having themselves portrayed in the company of saints in their illuminated manuscripts. Perhaps their love of saints was due to the fact that the only literate class besides themselves were priests. Another possible rationale, given the special emphasis on art during this time period is that their devotion and patronage of the arts earned them a special place in heaven. After all, even the great banking family, the Medicis, fostered art, as well as many Popes. The European Renaissance which followed the medieval dark ages is a commonly accepted starting point from which to examine the masses so-called emergence from the darkness of ignorance and superxiii

Tales From the Enchanted Forest

stition to the enlightenment of education and the hope of economic, social and political mobility by the underclasses that came with it. It began with the proto-Renaissance (pre-Renaissance) of the 12-13th centuries, followed by the Renaissance of the 14-15th centuries, reached its peak during the High Renaissance of the 16th century when Pope Julius commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. With the development of the printing press in Germany in 1440, the first Bible was mass-produced called the Gutenberg Bible. During this same time period, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church and the Protestant religion emerged. As the Protestant church moved in the direction of humanism, fewer angels were depicted in religious art. Catholic Michelangelo, however, did not waiver from his belief in angels, nor his apparent belief in God as a source of inspiration, clearly depicted in his masterpiece Creation of Adam. But his contemporary, Raphael, pursued yet another school of thought; philosophy, which was a neoPlatonic revival of the golden age of the fifth century. He produced The School of Athens with mathematical precision according to Platos concept of universal geometry and dimension as an ideal form. This marked a significant fork in the road between official art sponsored by the government, religious art sponsored by the churches, and the landscape genre, freelance art, which came soon after. Some schools of thought practiced bringing order out of chaos as a form of idealism, while others practiced realism. In a charming example of the abhorrence for chaos written in the 1700s, a French Catholic missionary describes Niagara Falls as:
falling from a horrible precipice, foaming and boiling after the most hideous manner imaginable, and making an outrageous noise and dismal roaring, more terrible than thunder. 4

Such irreverence for nature would be unthinkable to those artists producing the landscape genre, but travel literature had emerged with the development of the printing press, and this piece was feasibly written to entertain an audience back home in France. Proto-Renaissance art progressed from flat-surfaced, one-dimensional paintings and sculpture to multi-dimensional works of art that included weather and atmosphere, light, shadows, perspective, gestures, and the folds of drapery. Even sculpture advanced to portraying the folds of drapery in marble.
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Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature

Some were offended by the attempts to portray divinity in art altogether and the iconoclast movement began as Protestants moved toward humanism. Catholicism and Protestantism continued to use religious imagery to gain as yet illiterate converts and eventually both churches sought new converts in the Americas during a time period called the Counter-Revolution; thus Europe brought its unresolved conflicts to the new world. America was viewed by the European immigrants as the promised land and a restored Garden of Eden, but not for the Indians, who were subject to a genocide that reduced their population by more than a million people. These indigenous hunting and gathering societies were converted to cattle ranching and farming. As with the bubonic plague during the 13th century, rats, presumably barn rats, brought new diseases to the native inhabitants who were without prior exposure or immunity. The sacred texts of the indigenous populations were burned. The temples of the South American Incas, Aztecs and Mayans were superimposed with Western architecture and Christian churches were built upon the very ruins of the temples of the conquered tribes. Architecture is an art. In its ideal form, architecture attracts business and tourism to the city of God, parishioners in the case of churches, and hospitals in the case of the Bubonic plague. 5 It also symbolizes mans conquest over nature. Meanwhile in the East, China, Japan and Korea, found a happy medium in geometrical architecture surrounded by asymmetrical gardens and landscapes. Unfortunately, an in-depth study of Eastern art is outside the scope of this work. In fact, the earliest origins of the printing press are found in China and Korea, but our focus here is on the Western Renaissance. All great artists travelled to Italy. The city of Florence was a haven to which artists of every sort fled. During his pilgrimage across the mountains to Italy, Piter Bregel the Elder developed the landscape genre. He later merged his art with literary proverbs and another technique for educating the illiterate masses with images and morals was born. This work was called The Netherlandish Proverbs. In this piece, village peasants are engaged in a variety of proverbial activity associated with the underclasses as perceived by the elite, such as one man beating his head against the wall. Our variation of this is called A Montage of Proverbs and it is located on the last page of this introduction. xv

Tales From the Enchanted Forest

In his mastery of the landscape genre, Bregel used nature as the greater back drop to humanity, and common folk as the lessor subject matter in the forefront. In this manner he created the effect that man is subject to nature rather than the other way around. This created a popular world-upside-down debate amongst the artists of his day. There remains some question amongst scholars as to whose side Bregel was on, the peasantry or the elite. 6 The elite counter-acted with an art movement of their own to keep the poor peasants in their place. To the elite, order meant obedience by the peasantry. They contributed to stereotyping the lower classes and thwarting their upward mobility with images of war heroes, villains, shepherds, farmers and fools. Hogenberg and Ewout Muller of Amsterdam portrayed the activities of the peasantry and their heroic efforts to overcome their lot as foolish and subversive. 7 A popular theme that emerged was virtue versus folly. The peasantry sought to eliminate the stereotypes the elite cast upon them by creating the folklore genre artist as hero, and the elite as fraudulent, amoral villains. Folklore aimed at an egalitarian ethos 8 and some scholars now view folklore as the social and unofficial history of the peasantry in their conflicts with the elite. 9 Meanwhile, Catholic priest Desiderius Erasmus challenged the Latin translation of the Bible, restored it to Greek, criticized the folly of the church and art altogether, and attempted to reform monks who were fond of wine, women and song and loathe to work. Folklore triumphed as a literary genre in the 1800s. Queen Elizabeth I implemented the public school during the Protestant Reformation so the poor peasants might have as good an education as she did. By now the common folk could read and write. Hans Christian Anderson produced The Ugly Duckling, famous for its underlying message of the artist as social outcast until he is reunited with his true family of swans. Additionally he produced The Princess and the Pea, Thumbelina, and The Little Mermaid. The Grimms brothers produced Snow White, Hansel and Gretel and others, until they were exiled from the Kingdom of Hanover for putting up a resistance to royal absolutism. The Berlin Academy of Sciences took them under their umbrella so they could produce a dictionary. 10 Since Socrates and Plato, childrens literature has never been without its social radicals and revolutionaries. Early indications of folklore are found in The Pied Piper of Hamelin. The legend behind the Pied Piper is that a man hired himself to rid the xvi

Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature

town of Hamlin (Hameln) of rats and when he was not paid for his work, he returned to the village and lured children away who were enchanted by his flute. Factual support for the disappearance of numerous children is found in the 15th century Luenenberg manuscript which reads:
In the year of 1284, on the day of Saints John and Paul on 26 June, 130 children born in Hamelin (Hameln, Germany) were seduced by a piper dressed in all kinds of colors and lost at the place of execution near the koppen. 11

It is said that the childhood song ring around the rosies, a pocket full of posies, ashes, ashes, we all fall down was written about a village that had to be burned to the ground due to the plague. In Discovering the Global Past, author Merry Weisner suggests that the rhyme was intended to make certain future generations never forgot the plague. 12 There are those who dispute this, claiming the limerick was written in the 18th century. Many great artists died during the plague, including Ambrosio Lorenzetti, famous for his masterpieces, The Effects of Good Government and The Effects of Bad Government. Many nursery rhymes and fairy tales are believed to have been written about actual historical events. Mary, Mary, quite contrary is said to have been written about Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholic, cousin to Protestant Queen Elizabeth. Mary Queen of Scots was convicted of treason for plotting to overthrow her cousin. The Emperors New Clothes by the brothers Grimm is said to have been written about Julius Caesar because Rome was then seen as a naked tyranny. According to child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, the genie in the bottle originated from a German-Swiss doctor named Theophrastus Bombastus , the first doctor to put medicine in bottles. 13 The earliest printed version of Little Red Cape (Little Red Riding Hood) Is Charles Perraults 1697 version. Perrault was one of the first folk tale authors next to sop to draw from classical Greek literature and state an explicit moral at the end of his stories.
Children, especially attractive, well-bread young ladies, should never talk to strangers, for if they do so, they may well provide dinner for a wolf. I say wolf but there are various

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Tales From the Enchanted Forest kinds of wolves. There are also those who are charming, quiet, polite, unassuming, complacent, and sweet, who pursue young women at home and in the streets. Unfortunately it is these gentle wolves who are the most dangerous ones of all. 14

Walter Crane created a wood-cut illustration for Little Red Cape (wood-cuts were used for printing prior to the development of the printing press) and went on to both write and illustrate numerous folk tales including Sing A Song of Sixpence and One, Two, Buckle my Shoe. He added another quality to educating the illiterate in keeping with the neoPlatonic revival of the time: he made learning fun. Another well-known trick of the trade that developed was to eliminate adult intervention as far as possible, and allow children to discover creative solutions to difficult problems on their own. Hansel and Gretel, for instance, provides visual imagery of a childlike sense of abandonment. In spite of the fear factor, children are enchanted and filled with admiration at Hansels clever use of bread-crumbs and stones to trace his path home. Folk tales as art are external representations of internal psychological processes. They are often placed in pastoral settings with town-weary folk as celebrities, are larger than life, and represent struggles to overcome difficult circumstances. They are rife with social, political and economical absurdities which children relish. Witches, warlocks and ogres represent real dangers in the world, hostile forces , prejudices and obstacles which one must overcome to fulfill a goal. Identifying which forces are real and which are fictitious develops courage. 15 Then as now, to many adults these figures are mere superstition, but to others they are very real, thus the controversy surrounding J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. The moral at the end of folklore suggests if nothing else that there is something to be learned from reading, and, of course, this technique was another tool used by the church to both educate and teach the newly literate morals., and, perhaps, liberation from poverty. Although the great moralist sop is alleged by some to be a legendary figure rather than an actual person, some scholars claim he was a Greek slave. Shortly after the development of the printing press, publishing companies began printing the best classical books at very inexpensive prices.16 A great deal of original material was lost in these translations, including translations of the Bible. The most famous work of art resulting
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Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature

from a Biblical mistranslation is Michelangelos Moses. The sculpture depicts Moses descending Mount Sinai with two horns on his head, resembling a devil, rather than two rays of light emanating from his head as in the original text. 17 It had always been the goal of the Catholic church, Michelangelo especially, to prove the existence of God. The flat-surfaced onedimensional paintings of the proto-Renaissance were now multidimensional, and artists had indeed proven that there is more than meets the eye. This achievement of Renaissance artists may be compared to the recognition that a square has multiple dimensions in the form of a cube, rather than one. Literature, once called language art, is perceived as one-dimensional art, that is text on paper. But literature also uses literary images to demonstrate there is more than meets the eye. These images are most notably found in the Bible. Iconoclasts have not objected to this form of imagery, however, to any degree close to their objections to the portrayal of divinity in art . It may in fact be the hidden meaning, that which is not seen, that which is not spelled out, the second or third dimension, the ideal rather than the real, the symbols and the imagination that engage children to fairy tales and folk lore. Symbolism has always played a large role in art and although I have not discussed it here, I have included a list of commonly recognized symbols at the back of this book. A forest symbolizes a place of testing, for example. Crossing a bridge symbolizes making a transition. A cube symbolizes the end of a cycle of immobility. Once upon a time, long, long ago, I learned to read fairy tales and I decided I wanted to be a fairy-tale writer when I grew up. Many times I wondered if Hogenberg and Ewout Muller were right. Great folly has been committed in this pursuit on occasion, not the least of which is directly related to ignorance about mathematics and the unyielding specifications of the printing press. Ive actually awaken from a nightmare where columns of text were pillars of Roman architecture in symbol. It behooves the budding author, then, to learn a bit about the transition from illuminated manuscripts to the commercial printing press, lest midway through the process one is facing the ghost of Erasmus and his admonishments for playing with complex questions, and second childhoods. 18 It is entirely feasible that a whole new genre of horror stories can be written on this subject matter alone.

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I studied a bit of art in college and Id like to study it further. A great deal of my study on this genre has been supplemented by independent study . There is at least one fact I can authoritatively conclude about the genre: a child who grows up in the company of Kings & Queens, Princes & Princesses, paupers and fool, has a greater likelihood of pursuing a higher education and learning about monarchies, Queen Elizabeth I, public education versus private Catholic schools, the French Revolution, the American Revolution, the Native American Indian holocaust, The American Constitution, and so on. Ideally, I hope to inspire the same love of learning that was instilled in me when I learned to read, either by studying independently or pursuing a formal education. Indeed, the Public Library opened in 1571 courtesy of the Medici family of Florence that all might have access to learning via independent study; the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. There is a vast field of treasure in medieval history for adults and children alike, far more than is within the scope of this work. Tutorials for the proper public behavior of Princes, as well as table manners for Princesses were written during this period. Work considered pagan, such as the fables of sop, were gradually shunned as well as works considered too moralizing. 19 These works retain great value for their insights into the life and times of the characters who graced their pages and the celebration of human achievement that is the humanities. In retrospect to my childhood, I cannot recall an educational bridge between fairy-tales, folklore, and real art history. I hope this book provides an elementary bridge. ~Deborah Khora~

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Folklore: An Introduction to History, Art & Literature

A Montage of Proverbs From top left to bottom right: Let sleeping dogs lie, laughter is the best medicine, money talks, dont cry over spilled milk, youll catch more flies with honey than vinegar.

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Main Street

The Little Shoeshine Boy

nce upon a time in the Enchanted Forest there lived a little boy who shined shoes for a penny at the village inn. If he did an extra fine job, a kind patron might toss him a quarter and say, Go home early today, boy. He was so very poor. Yet there was no end to the shoes in sight. As he gazed down Main Street at all the pedestrians strolling the walk he thought to himself, there is no end to the money I could make. The thought of it made him very happy. But in truth his employment rendered him only fifty cents each day. One hot summer afternoon the little shoeshine boy grew weary of his life of servitude. He realized he must take decisive action. He could walk away from it all. Leave Main Street behind. Start a new life. Never look back. So that is what he did. But as he ran
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Tales From the Enchanted Forest

free through the meadow to his cottage in the woods, the shoes he left unfinished came running after him. His eyes opened wide in horror as he raced faster toward home. He skipped across the stone bridge over the brook, out of breath, heart pounding, til he was safe inside. Then he heard a knockity-knock-knock. The shoes were kicking at the door. So what did the little shoeshine boy do? He grabbed a tin of shoeshine, some cheese cloth, and courageously opened the door. Then he finished shining the shoes. Moral of the story: Finish what you start, then you are free to move on.

The End

The Little Shoeshine Boy

As he ran through the meadow to his cottage in the woods, the shoes he left unfinished came running after him.

Glossary

Glossary A
Abandon: To desert. To surrender to ones feelings or impulses. Leave
without intending to return.

Abdicate: To give up formally, renounce as a throne, power or rights.

Give up a possession, claim or right.

Abroad: Out of ones home. In foreign lands. Abundance: A plentiful , ample supply. Wealth. Bounty. Aesthetic: One who is very responsive to beauty in art or nature. Align: To place in line. Ambiguous: Having a double, doubtful or uncertain meaning. Cloudy. Ambrosia: The food of the gods giving immortality in mythology. Amorous: Loving, affectionate. Antiseptic: Preventing infection. Clean. Apothecary: An ancient pharmacy.
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Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Archaeologist: One who studies history from buried remains by excavation.

Aristocrat: Nobility. Self-government. Government by its best citizens. Artifact: Anything made by human work or art. Aster: A family of flowers. Greek for star.

B
Ballad: A sentimental poem or song. Banish: To expel, send away to a foreign place, exile. Deport. Bold: Taking risks, adventurous. Bombard: Originally hurling with stones. To attack with bombs. Botanist: One who studies plants. Bree: Broth. Bucolic: Characteristic of shepherds or herdsmen. Pastoral, country. Buffoon: One given to jokes or pranks. Italian for clown.

C
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: To revive the heart and lungs by
injecting air and putting pressure on the heart.

Centralism: Concentration of control in a central authority. Charge: To entrust with a duty. To commit, pledge. Cithara: An ancient Greek stringed instrument. The poor mans harp. Citizen: A person owing loyalty to and protected by the government . Clew: Something that serves as a guide in solving a problem, usually
spelled clue.

Conservative: A political tendency to preserve the existing order of

things. Opposed to change.

Constitution: The composition of a thing. The fundamental laws that

govern a state.

Conquer: To overcome by force, as in war. Beat, best, defeat, master. Cordially: Warmly, heartily and sincerely. Courage: To meet danger or opposition fearlessly. Bravery. Criteria: A standard or rule by which a judgment can be made. Mark,
standard, yardstick.

D
Damsel: A young unmarried woman. Decisive: Ending uncertainty or dispute. Unquestionable.
7

Glossary

Delectable: Delightful. Enchanting. Dionysus: Greek god of wine. Dowry: A natural talent. Also, the property a wife brings to her husband at marriage.

Dominion: Sovereign authority. The right to command, rule or judge.

E
Ecosystem: An interdependent system of production. Edify: To enlighten and benefit, especially morally and spiritually. Elixir: A sweetened, alcoholic medicinal preparation for prolonging life. Elucidate: To explain. To clarify something. Illustrate. Emerge: To come into view, as from a hiding place. Employment: Hired to work for another in return for wages or salary. Engulf: To swallow up, bury or overwhelm. Drown, flood, overwhelm. Enlighten: Revealing or increasing knowledge. Educate, inform. Enzyme: Protein able to hasten a chemical reaction. Epiphany: A sudden realization. Equestrian: A rider on horseback. Ethics: The philosophy of human conduct with emphasis on right and
wrong. A rule of habit or conduct.

Erudite: Extensive learning. Scholarship. Lettered. Excavate: To uncover by digging. Unearth. Break, turn over, remove
with a tool.

Exculpate: To free from blame, prove innocence. Exotic: Not native. Belonging to another part of the world. Expulsion: To drive out by force. Exquisite: Marked by rare and delicate beauty or excellence.

F
Fanfare: A noisy parade. Fte Galante: An outdoor celebration. In Rococo art, a place for upper
class amusements that does not exist.

Fictitious: Not genuine or real. False. Fanciful, made-up. Flatter: To praise excessively. To try to gain favor by praising. Butter
up. Sweet-talk.

Fortnight: Two weeks. Fragment: Parts broken off. A small detached portion. A separated bit.
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Tales From the Enchanted Forest

G
Gallant: Unafraid, possessing spirit, courage. Garb: Clothing, drapery. Italian for grace. Apparel, attire. Generous: Abundant and overflowing. Plenty. Handsome. Freely giving.

Genre: A particular category, especially a category of art or literature

characterized by a certain form, style or subject matter.

Genius: In ancient mythology, a supernatural being appointed to guide

a person throughout life. Unusual intelligence. Liveliness of imagination or talent.

Gourmet: Good food and drink.

H
Hamlet: A little village without a church. Handsome: Generous. Haversack: A bag for carrying rations on a hike. Herald: A messenger. Any bearer of important news. Announce, introduce, proclaim.

Humble: Free from pride or vanity. Modest, lowly, meek. Hullabaloo: A loud, confused noise. Uproar. Racket, din. Hypothesis: An unproved scientific conclusion drawn from known
facts. Theory.

I
Iconoclast: One who attacks conventional or cherished beliefs and institutions. One who opposes the use of religious images.

Idyll: A poem or prose piece, usually short, depicting simple scenes of

pastoral, domestic or country life.

Infirmary: A place for treatment of the sick. Inequity: Grievous violation of right or justice, wickedness, a wrongful
act.

Inspiration: The arousal of the mind with some idea, feeling or impulse, especially one that leads to creative action. Encouragement. Uplift.

Intent: Purpose, aim, goal, design, objective. Intrigue: Curiosity, interest or fascination. Secret plan.

Glossary

J
Jester: One who provokes laughter. A court fool. Clown. Justice: The rendering of what is due or merited. Traditionally a system of reward and punishment.

K
Kaleidoscope: A swiftly changing scene or pattern. Kin: Kindred, alike. Ones relatives by blood, family.

L
Law: A rule of conduct, recognized by custom or decreed by formal
enactment, considered as binding on members of the community. Decree, edict.

Legend: An unauthenticated story from earlier times, preserved by

tradition and thought to be historical.

Leisure: Freedom from the demands of labor or duty. Liberal: Characterized by or inclining toward opinions or policies favoring progress or reform, as in politics or religion. Not intolerant, or prejudiced. Broad-minded.

Litigant: A participant in a lawsuit. Lo and Behold: See! Observe! Lofty: Having great or imposing height. Occupying a high position.

M
Marinate: Soak in brine. Pickle with wine, oil and spices. Tenderize. Meander: To wind and turn in a curving course. Wander aimlessly. Medicine: Any agent used in the treatment of disease, the relief of
pain, or to restore to health.

Minstrel: A wandering musician who sings and recites poetry. Moderate: Keeping or kept within reasonable limits. Temperate. Not
extreme.

Muse: To experience dreams or daydreams. Music. Eloquence. In

Greek mythology any of nine goddesses who presided over the arts and sciences.

N
Native: Natural rather than acquired. Born in a particular place or
region. Hereditary. 10

Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Noble: Having excellence or dignity. Displaying superior moral qualities. Elite.

Nullify: To make useless or ineffective. Undo. Put an end to.

O
Official: Arising from or derived from authority. Ogre: One who is brutal, hideous, feared. Ominous: Threatening. Foreshadowed by an omen or sign. Unlucky. Opus: A literary or musical work or composition.

P
Pantaloon: A tight fitting garment for hips and legs. Trousers, pants. Patron: One who protects, fosters, or supports some person, thing or
enterprise.

Peasant: Farmer or land laborer. Country person. Pedestrian: Moving on foot, walking. Common

people.

Pedantry: Slavish adherence to forms or rules. One who needlessly makes a point of his learning or who insists upon trifling points of scholarship.

Perspective: Viewpoint, vista, outlook. Persecute: To annoy or harass persistently. Treat unjustly. Plague: Any of various forms of virulent, febrile, highly contagious
diseases. Epidemic.

Pluck and guts: Pluck a strong heart. Guts a strong stomach and
stamina for disagreeable or frightening experiences.

Pomposity: Marked by boastfulness or self-importance. Ponder: To weigh in the mind, consider carefully. Precipitous: Fast moving, dark, carrying rain. Steep cliff.

R
Radical: Thoroughgoing, extreme, advocating widespread reforms. Recoil: To draw back, as in fear or loathing. Shrink. Regional: Geographical. Pertaining to a particular territory. Renounce: To give up, especially by a formal statement. Renaissance: The revival of letters and art in Europe, making the
transition from medieval to modern history. A new birth, resurrection, renew, revive.

Resemblance: The quality of similarity in nature or form.

11

Glossary

Resplendent: Shining with bright luster. Vividly bright, splendid,

gorgeous.

Ruble: A Russian silver coin.

S
Salvage: To save, as a ship or its cargo from wreck or capture. Save
from destruction or danger. Rescue, redeem.

Scholar: A person eminent for learning, usually elderly, noted for

wisdom.

Science: Known facts, ideas and skill. Scullery: Room where kitchen vegetables are cleaned and vegetables
are washed.

Sculptor: One who creates sculpture by carving wood, modeling clay

or plastics, working metal or chiseling stone, etc.

Servitude: Enslavement. Bondage. Duties of a servant. Menial service.

Shilling: British coin. A former coin of colonial America. Simpleton: A weak-minded or silly person. Sinister: Suspiciously wrong or wicked. Sociology: The science that treats of the origin and evolution of human society and social phenomena.

Specialty: A special occupation, craft or study. An article dealt in exclusively or chiefly.

Spectrum: The band of color observed when a beam of light is passed

through a prism that separates each component of the light according to wavelengths, ranging from long for red to short for violet.

Spinster: A woman who has remained unmarried, especially one no

longer young.

Sprig: A young shoot or sprout of a tree or plant. Subtle: Slight difference. Difficult to notice. Swain: A young country gallant. A lover., admirer, beau.

T
Temperance: The state or quality of being temperate, habitual moderation. Avoiding extremes.

Thatched: A covering of reeds or straw, etc. as for a roof. Theater: Stage. A place to present dramas, operas, lectures.
12

Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Threadbare: Worn so that the threads show, as a rug or garment. Tattered. Showing signs of neglect.

Tinker: Loosely, one who does repairing work of any kind; a jack-ofall-trades. To fidget.

Translation: To express in another language. Re-state. Treacherous: Having a deceptive appearance. Unreliable, untrustworthy. Not true to duty.

Treasury: The place where public or private funds are kept. Where
valuables are kept.

Triumph: To win a victory. Be successful. Master. Troubadour: A singer, especially of love songs. French. Tu-whit-tu-whoo: The cry of an owl, as used by Shakespeare. Tyrant: One who rules oppressively or cruelly. Dictator.

V
Vagabond: One who wanders from place to place without visible
means of support. Nomad, vagrant.

Van Guard: The advance guard of an army. Those in the forefront of a

movement, as in art.

Vigor: Vital or natural power, as in a healthy animal. Virtue: Any admirable quality or trait. A love of what is right. Moral
excellence. Goodness, innocence.

W
Wane: To diminish in size and brilliance, as the moon. Less active or
intense.

Wax: To become full, especially of the moon. Wastrel: An idler, loafer, vagabond. Spending resources wastefully. Whit: The smallest particle or speck. Dot, dash, grain, speck. Wisdom: The power of true right and discernment. Conformity to a
course of action dictated by such discernment. Mature understanding. Thorough.

Woe: Overwhelming sorrow or grief. Agony, stress, pain.

Y
Yore: Old time. Days long past. Yester-year.

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14

End Notes

Snipes, Jack, Fairy Tale Discourse: Toward a Social History of the Genre, Introduction to Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion (N.Y., Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006), pg. 1. Even though the fairy tale may be the most important cultural and social event in most childrens lives, critics and scholars have failed to study its historical development as a genre. 2 Benton, Janetta Rebold, Arts & Culture, ( Saddle River, Pearson Education, Inc., 2008), pg. 288. 3 Graves-Rouse, John Clive, Great Dialogues of Plato, (N.Y., The New American Library of World Lit.., Inc., 1956), pg. 7. 4 Artz, Frederick B., From the Renaissance to Romanticism, (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1962), pg. 164. 5 Kleiner, Fred S., Gardners Art Through the Ages, (Boston, Thomson Higher Education, 2009), pg. 502.
1 6 Kunzle, David, Bruegels Proverb Painting and the World Upside Down, (Art Bulletine, June 77, vol. 59, Issue 2), pg. 202. 7 ibid, pg. 201. 8 Perrie, Maureen, Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalitie: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture, (The Russian Review, 1989, vol. 48, No. 2), pg. 127. 9 ibid, pg. 119. 10 Damrosh, David, The Longman Anthology, World Literature, vol. D, (N.Y., Pearson Education, Inc., 2009), pg. 192. 11 Rerez-Cuervo, Maria, J., The Lost Children of Hamelin, Retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/3805/ the_lost_children_of_hamelin.html. 12 Weisner, Merry, Discovering the Global Past: A Look at the Evidence, (Boston, Houghlin Mifflin Co., 2007), pg. 379. 13 Bettelheim, Bruno, The Uses of Enchantment, (N.Y., Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), pg. 316. 14 Ashliman, D.L., Charles Perraults Mother Goose Tales, Retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.pitt.edu/~dash/perrault02.html. 15 Sterling & Scott, Plato: The Republic, (N.Y., W.W. Norton & Co., 1985), p.p. 128-136. 16 Flemming, William, Arts & Ideas, (N.Y., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 3rd Ed.), pg. 292. 17 ibid, pg. 271.

16

Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Erasmus, Desiderus, The Praise of Folly, Retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.information.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/ etexts05/7efly10.htm. 19 Kline, Daniel, Medieval Literature for Children, (N.Y., Routledge, 2003), pp.1-10. 20 Rogers, Ann, The New Cookbook for Poor Poets, (N.Y., Charles Scribners Sons, 1979), pg. 1. 21 Weisner, Merry, E., Discovering the Global Past: A Look at the Evidence, (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007), pg. 3.
18

ibid., pg. 2. de La Tour Landry, Geoffroy, Book of the Knight of the Tower, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.quod.lib.umich.edu/c/cme/kntTourL/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext., pg. x.
22 23

The History of Plumbing, Roman & English Legacy, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.plumbingsuppy.com/pmroman.html. 25 ibid. 26 Gower, John, Confessio Amantis, modern English translation by Richard Brodie, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.richardbrodie.com/ Prologue.html. 27 Blackburn, Nick, Kings & Queens, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011 www.snap-dragon.com/kings_and_queens.htm. 28 ibid. 29 www.plumbingsupply.com. 30 Blackburn, Nick.
24

17

References

Africa, Thomas W., Rome of the Caesars, (N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965). Artz, Frederick B., From the Renaissance to Romanticism, (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1962). Aurelius, Marcus, Meditations, (N.Y., Walter J. Black, 1945). Benton, Janetta Rebold, Arts & Culture, (Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education, Inc., 2008), pg. 288. Bettelheim, Bruno, The Uses of Enchantment, (N.Y. Alfred A. Knopf, 1976). Blackburn, Nick, Kings & Queens, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.snap -dragon.com/kings_and_queens.htm. Browne, Lewis, This Believing World, (N.Y., The MacMillan Company, 1926). Bulliet, Richard, The Earth & Its Peoples, 4th Ed., (N.Y., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2009). Burns, Roger A., The Bandit Kings, (N.Y., Crown Publishers, 1995). Cirlot, J.E., A Dictionary of Symbols, (N.Y., Philosophical Library, Inc., 1972). Colish, Marsha L., Republicanism, Religion, and Machiavellis Savonarolan Movement, (Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 60, No. 4, Oct., 1999). Damrosh, David, The Longman Anthology, World Literature, (N.Y., Pearson Education, Inc., 2009). Dawson, Miles Meander, The Basic Thoughts of Confucius, (N.Y., Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1934). de La Tour Landry, Geoffroy, Book of the Knight of the Tower, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.//quod.lib.umich.edu/c/cme/ KntTour-L/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext. Dietz, Mary G., Trapping the Prince: Machiavelli & the Politics of Deception, (The American Political Science Review, vol. 80, No. 3, Sept., 1986). Donaldson, Francis, Edward VIII, (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Ltd., 1974). Durant, Will, Caesar & Christ, (N.Y., Simon & Schuster, 1944). ibid, The Life of Greece, (N.Y., Simon & Schuster, 1939). Erasmus, Desiderus, The Praise of Folly, Project Gutenberg, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/ etext05/7efly10.htm.

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Tales From the Enchanted Forest

Estes, Clarissa Pinkola, PhD., Women Who Run With the Wolves, (N.Y., Ballantine Books, 1992). Fisher, David, Legally Correct Fairy Tales, (N.Y., Warner Books, Inc., 1996). Flemming, William, Arts & Ideas, 3rd Ed., (N.Y., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.). Fromm, Erich, Escape From Freedom, (N.Y, Henry Holt & Company, 1941). Garner, James Finn, Once Upon A More Enlightened Time, (N.Y., MacMillan, 1995). ibid, Politically Correct, The Ultimate Storybook, (N.Y., Smithmark Publishers, 1998). Gibbon, Edward, The Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire, (N.Y., Wise & Co., 1943). Gibson, Walters, Bruegel, (N.Y., Thames & Hudson, Ltd., 1977). Giordano-Zecharya, Manuela, As Socrates Shows the Athenians Did Not Believe in gods, (Numen International Review for the History of Religions, 2005, vol. 52). Gower, John, Confessio Amantis, modern English translation, Richard Brodie retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, ww.richardbrodie.com/ Prologue.html. Graves-Rouse, John Clive, Great Dialogues of Plato, (N.Y., The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1956). Hearn, Clark & Clark, Myth, Magic & Mystery, (Boulder, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1996). Jensen, De Lamar, Machiavelli, Cynic, Patriot or Political Scientist?, (Boston, D.C. Heath & Co., 1960). Ji-Merlin, Oto-Bihal, Primitive Artists of Yugoslavia, (N.Y., McGraw Hill Book Co., 1964). Kacirk, Jeffrey, The Word Museum, (N.Y., Simon & Schuster, 2000). Katz, Solomon, The Decline of Rome & the Rise of Medieval Europe, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1955). Kleiner, Fred S., Gardners Art Through the Ages, 13th Ed., vol. 2, (Boston, Thomson Higher Education, 2009). Kline, Daniel, Medieval Literature for Children, (N.Y., Routledge, 2003).

19

References

Kunzle, David, Bruegels Proverb Painting and the World Upside Down, (Art Bulletine, June 77, vol. 59, Issue 2). Levi, A.H.T., The Importance of the Praise of Folly, Retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011 at www.ourcivilization.com/smartboard/shop/erasmus/ intro/intro1.htm. Malloy, Michael, Experiencing the Worlds Religions, (N.Y., McGrawHill, 2008). Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, (N.Y., Alfred A Knopf, 1992). Nietsche, Friedrich, Twilight of the Idols, (Chicago, The Great Books Foundation, 1966). Omar Kayaam, The Rubaiyat of Omar Kayaam, (N.Y., Walter J. Black, 1942). Pierre, Maureen, Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalitie: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture, (The Russian Review, 1989, vol. 48). Protas, Allison, Symbolism Project, retrieved on Dec. 31, 2011, www.umich.edu/~umfandsf/symbolismproject/ symbolism.html/index.html. Rogers, Ann, The New Cookbook for Poor Poets, (N.Y., Charles Scribners Sons, 1979). Singh, Simon, The Code Book, (N.Y., Doubleday, 1999). Snipes, Jack, Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion, (N.Y., Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006). Sochen, June, Herstory, (N.Y., Alfred Publishing Co., Inc., 1974). Sterling & Scott, trans., Plato: The Republic, (N.Y., Doubleday, 1999). Weisner, Merry, Discovery of the Global Past; A Look at the Evidence, (N.Y., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007). Zinsser, Hans, Rats, Lice & History, (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1935).

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