Understanding vapour pressure.(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.

edu/hbase) Evaportion Ordinary evaporation is a surface phenomenon some molecules have enough kinectic energy to escape .If the container is closed ,an equilibrium is reached where an equal number of molecules return to the surface .The pressure of this equ ilibrium is called the saturation vapour pressure.In order to evaporate ,a mass of water must collect the largest heat of vaporization.so evaporation is a cool ing process.Heat of vaporization is needed to break intermolecular forces (poten tial energy associated with molecules ) and to provide the energy to expand th e gas(kinectic energy and rotational ,vibrational energy). Saturated vapour pressure The process of evaporation in a closed container will proceed until there are a s many molecules Returning to the liquid as there are escaping .at this point the vapour is Said to be saturated and the pressure of the vapour (usually expressed in mmhg) is called saturated vapour pressure. Since the molecular kinectic energy is greater at high temperature,more molecule s can escape the surface and saturated vapour pressure is correspondingly higher .if the liquid is open to the ai ,then the vapour pressure is seen as partial p ressure along which the other constituents of the air.The temperature a which va pour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.is called boiling point. Evaportion vs boiling Ordinary evaporation is a surface phenomenon- since vapor pressure is low and s ince the pressure inside the liquid is equal to atmospheric plus the liquid pr essure,bubbles of water vapor cannot form.but at the boiling point, the saturate d vapor pressure is equal To atmospheric pressure,bubbles form,and the vaporization becomes a volume pheno mena. Bolining vapour point The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the saturted vapour pressure of aliquid is equal to Surrounding pressure.For water ,the vapor pressure reaches the standard sea leve l atm pressure of 760mmhg @ 100 deg celusius. At boiling point bubbles can form and rise since the vapor pressure overcomes atmospheric pressure. Before boili ng point atmospheric forces the liquid or exerts pressure in opposite side wher e air exerts force on liquid once in boiling point this force is counter effec ted.so molecules movement starts from inside of the vessel making it to boil.b ubbles collapse @ surface.when Vapor pressure less than atm pressure bubbles air will exert more pressure that only molecules are from surface.In boiling point vapor pressure acts as a defe nse to counter effect atmospheric pressure so no force excerted by air on liquid so bubbles form same as 10 mts of water column countereffects 760mmhg negative pressure and does t allow atm to enter the vaccum. 1)whenever vapour pressure of fluid equals surrounding pressure,it starts to b oil. 2) when vapor pressure of a substance is more @ atm conditions.It would automati cally more vapor will be in atm conditions ,when vessel is opened it will flow to atmosphere.solvents like methanol having high vapor pressure @ atm pressure i s having a great freedom to be in vaporstate as equilibrium takes place at larg e pressure of vapor or takes longer time to acheive.but for other ordinay liquid s equilibrium is fast established they don t get a chance to Be in vapor state.so li quid having high vapour pressure can considerably put large proportion of itsel f in vapor state as equilibrium is not attained quickly. 3)Boiling is a volume evaporation not a surface phenomenon. 4)when temperature increases liquids have kinectic energy so it can have lot of energy to put itself to vaporstate.at higher temperature liquids will have high

er energy to break equilibrium until next equilibrium is attained.so vapor press ure increases with temperature and decreases with temperature.so solvents can p ut large proportion of its volume in increased temperature as equilibrium vapor pressure is high.making a safety concern. 5)while boiling if we open the system to atmosphere air losses pressure or con centration, so as long as heat is given vapour pressure is high as kinetic ener gy is high now.so more liquid will be put in vapor state.but this time as syste m is opened ,system to attain equilibrium will not reverse towards low pressure liquid side .but to low pressure atmospheric side to acheieve equilibrium with liquid . 6)vapor pressure reduces with temperature.when with air mixture vapour pressure is called partial pressure.If you want to prevent vaporizing you can increase su ounding pressure so that defense system of Equilibrium vapor pressure is broken and surrounding pressure exerts force on li quid.so only equilibrium is maintained. 7) In drying beyond 100% relative humidity ,when you reduce temperature,vapour pressure suddenly reduces so water will condense from air to solid as unbound moisture as molecules has put themselves in liquid phase when vapour pressure re duces. 8)A liquid with increase pressure can boil at low boiling point. 9) A liquid at mountain will boil at low temaperature due to low surrounding prssu re but it will take longe time to cook as temperature is low. 10) Flashing can be done by introducing a liquid at boiling point or heat the su sbstance at high temperature and suddenly reducing surrounding pressure.Flashin g can be seen as bumping in reactors.