Chemical Kinetics

Liandro Reuben J. Dolojan Ron Michael N. Olaguera

INTRODUCTION

 Chemical Kinetics
Deals with the study of rates of chemical reaction

Rate of Reaction
Change of concentration over change in time Measure of the rate of appearance of products or rate of disappearance of reactants

Rate Law
Mathematical expression that relates the rate of reaction to the concentration of reactants/products = [] Where n=order of reaction k=rate constant

Theories on Reaction Rates

Collision Theory Transition State Theory

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

Nature Surface area Catalyst
Path Activation Energy May be homogeneous or heterogeneous

Temperature Concentration

Arrhenius Equation
Gives the dependence of K on Temperature and Activation Energy =

ln = ln()

1 ()

Zero-order
Rate is independent of the concentration [] = + The plot is concentration vs. time

First-order
the rate is proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants [] = + [] Plot [] vs time

Second-order
Rate is proportional to the square of the concentration

1 []

= +
1 []

1 []

Plot

vs. time

Objectives
To determine the order of the reaction To determine and compare the activation energy of an uncatalyzed and catalyzed reaction To determine the effects of concentration, temperature, and catalyst on the rate of reaction

METHODOLOGY

Effect of Concentration
Prepare by serial dilution, 5M, 4M, 3M, 2M and 1M HCl

Place 10 ml of HCl solution to ignition tube

Add Zn Metal and close with stopper

Dip the tip of delivery tube to beaker of water and measure required time for 30 bubbles to appear

Effect of Temperature
Place 10 ml of 2M HCl solution to ignition tube

Warm in water bath for 40, 50, 60 and 70oC

Add Zn Metal and close with stopper

Dip the tip of delivery tube to beaker of water and measure required time for 30 bubbles to appear

Effect of Catalyst
Place 10 ml of 2M HCl solution and 0.5M Cu(NO3)2 to ignition tube

Warm in water bath for 70, 80, 90, and 100oC

Add Zn Metal and close with stopper

Dip the tip of delivery tube to beaker of water and measure required time for 30 bubbles to appear

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Effect of Concentration
Concentration Log(Conc) Time Rate Log (rate)

1M 2M

0 0.301

1:29.13 30:27

0.0112 0.03304

-1.9508 -1.481

3M
4M 5M

0.4771
0.6021 0.699

8.84
6.86 5.53

0.11312
0.1458 0.1808

-0.9465
-0.8362 -0.7428

A. Effect of Concentration
Plot of log rate vs. log[HCl]
Log[HCl]
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

-0.5

Log rate

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

A. Effect of Concentration
= [] log = log []
log = log +nlog[]

= = 1.8286 = [] 1.8286 An increase in concentration results to an increase in the rate

b=1.8286 a=-1.9519 r=0.9861 = = 1.9519 = 0.0117

B. Effect of Temperature
t(oC) T(K) 1/T time 1/time k lnk

40

313.15

0.003193

10.78

0.04276

0.026115

-3.64523

50

323.15

0.003095

8.74

0.1144

0.032208

-3.43554

60

333.15

0.003002

8.14

0.1229

0.034601

-3.36387

70

343.15

0.002914

6.94

0.1441

0.04057

-3.20474

B. Effect of Temperature
For k at 40oC: 1.8286 = [] = [] 1.8286 = 1.8286 2 0.09276 = 1.8286 2 = 0.026115 1 ln = ln()
Plot lnk vs. 1/T

b=-1500.06 a=1.1643 r= -0.9856 = /R 1500.06 8.314 = = 12.471

B. Effect of Temperature
1/T
-3.15 0.0029 -3.2 -3.25 -3.3

0.00295

0.003

0.00305

0.0031

0.00315

0.0032

0.00325

lnk

-3.35 -3.4 -3.45 -3.5 -3.55 -3.6 -3.65 -3.7

m=-1500.06

B. Effect of Temperature
An increase in temperature results to an increase in the rate By heating the mixture, the energy levels of the molecules involved in the reaction are raised Higher temperature, more collisions take place, faster reaction rate

C. Effect of Catalyst
t(oC) T(K) 1/T time 1/time k lnk

70

343.15

0.002914

57

0.0175

0.004927

-5.31304

80

353.15

0.002832

40.87

0.0245

0.006898

-4.97657

90

363.15

0.002754

0.143

0.04026

-3.2124

100

373.15

0.00268

6.71

0.149

0.041949

-3.1713

C. Effect of Catalyst
For k at 70oC: 1.8286 = [] = 1.8286 [] = 1.8286 2 0.0175 = 1.8286 2 = 4.927 103
Plot lnk vs. 1/T

b=-10513.11 a=25.216 r= -0.9322 = / 10513.11 8.314 = = 87.406

C. Effect of Catalyst
1/T
0 0.00265 -1 0.0027 0.00275 0.0028 0.00285 0.0029 0.00295

-2

lnk
-3

m=-10513.11
-4

-5

-6

C. Effect of Catalyst
Negative catalyst The addition of the catalyst led to the decrease of the rate

CONCLUSION

 The reaction is of 2nd order The Ea of the reaction for uncatalyzed and catalyzed reaction is 12.471 and 87.406 An increase in concentration results to an increase in the rate An increase in temperature results to an increase in the rate The addition of the catalyst led to the decrease of the rate

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. Why is the reaction rate independent of the amount of Zn used in the experiment? 2. How does trebling the concentration of HCl affect the reaction rate? 3. How does the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction compare with that of the uncatalyzed reaction?