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Geometry History The word geometry comes from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and metria,

meaning measure.Along with arithmetic, geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics.Ancient Egyptians used geometry principles as far back as 3000 BC, using equations to approximate the area of circles among other formulas.Babylonians measured the circumference of a circle as approximately 3 times the diameter, which is fairly close to todays measurement which uses the value of Pi (around 3.14).A Greek mathematician named Euclid who lived around the year 300 BC is often referred to as the Father of Geometry for his amazing geometry works that included the influential Elements, which remained the main textbook for teaching mathematics until around the early 20th century.Greeks constructed aesthetically pleasing buildings and artworks based on the golden ratio of approximately 1.618.Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras lived around the year 500 BC and is known for his Pythagorean theorem relating to the three sides of a right angle triangle: a + b = cArchimedes of Syracuse lived around the year 250 BC and played a large role in the history of geometry including a method for determining the volume of objects with irregular shapes.The compass and straight edge were powerful tools in the advancement of geometry, allowing the construction of various lengths, angles and geometric shapes. What is a Polygon? A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together. The sides do not cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at every vertex. Types of Polygons Regular - all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons are both equiangular and equilateral. Equiangular - all angles are equal. Equilateral - all sides are the same length.

The number of diagonals in a polygon = 1/2 N(N-3) The number of triangles (when you draw all the diagonals from one vertex) in a polygon = (N - 2) Polygon Parts Side - one of the line segments that make up the polygon. Vertex - point where two sides meet. Two or more of these points are called vertices. Diagonal - a line connecting two vertices that isn't a side. Interior Angle - Angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon. Exterior Angle - Angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.

Special Polygons Special Quadrilaterals - square, rhombus, parallelogram, rectangle, and the trapezoid. Special Triangles - right, equilateral, isosceles, scalene, acute, obtuse. Polygon Names Generally accepted names Name N-gon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Decagon Dodecagon Names for other polygons have been proposed. Name Nonagon, Enneagon Undecagon, Hendecagon Tridecagon, Triskaidecagon Tetradecagon, Tetrakaidecagon Pentadecagon, Pentakaidecagon

Sides n 3

Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygoncrosses at most two sides. Every interior angle is less than 180.

4 5 6 7 8 10 12

Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon that crosses more than two sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180.

Polygon Formulas (N = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner) Area of a regular polygon = (1/2) N sin(360/N) S2 Sum of the interior angles of a polygon = (N - 2) x 180 Sides 9 11 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1,000 10,000

Hexadecagon, Hexakaidecagon Heptadecagon, Heptakaidecagon Octadecagon, Octakaidecagon Enneadecagon, Enneakaidecagon Icosagon Triacontagon Tetracontagon Pentacontagon Hexacontagon Heptacontagon Octacontagon Enneacontagon Hectogon, Hecatontagon Chiliagon Myriagon To construct a name, combine the prefix+suffix Sides Suffix +1 +2 +3 + +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 ...henagon ...digon ...trigon ...tetragon ...pentagon ...hexagon ...heptagon ...octagon ...enneagon

Sides Prefix 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Icosikai... Triacontakai... Tetracontakai... Pentacontakai... Hexacontakai... Heptacontakai... Octacontakai... Enneacontakai...

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