1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Public attributes Private attributes Instance attributes Static attributes Public methods Private methods Constructor method Static constructor Protected components Polymorphism

Public attributes Public attributes are defined in the PUBLIC section and can be viewed and changed from outside the class. There is direct access to public attributes. As a general rule, as few public attributes should be defined as possible.
PUBLIC SECTION. DATA: Counter type i.

Private attributes Private attributes are defined in the PRIVATE section. The can only be viewes and changed from within the class. There is no direct access from outside the class.
PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: name(25) TYPE c, planetype LIKE saplane-planetyp,

Instance attributes There exist one instance attribute for each instance of the class, thus they exist seperately for each object. Instance attributes are declared with the DATA keyword. Static attributes Static attributes exist only once for each class. The data are the same for all instances of the class, and can be used e.g. for instance counters. Static attributes are defined with the keyword CLASS-DATA.
PRIVATE SECTION. CLASS-DATA: counter type i,

Public methods Can called from outside the class

PUBLIC SECTION.

METHODS: set_attributes IMPORTING p_name(25) TYPE c, p_planetype LIKE saplane-planetyp,

Private methods Can only be called from inside the class. They are placed in the PRIVATE section of the class. Constructor method Implicitly, each class has an instance constructor method with the reserved name constructor and a static constructor method with the reserved name class_constructor. The instance constructor is executed each time you create an object (instance) with the CREATE OBJECT statement, while the class constructor is executed exactly once before you first access a class. The constructors are always present. However, to implement a constructor you must declare it explicitly with the METHODS or CLASS-METHODS statements. An instance constructor can have IMPORTING parameters and exceptions. You must pass all non-optional parameters when creating an object. Static constructors have no parameters. Static constructor The static constructor is always called CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR, and is called automatically before the class is first accessed, that is before any of the following actions are executed:

Creating an instance using CREATE_OBJECT Adressing a static attribute using <classname>-><attribute> Calling a static attribute using CALL METHOD Registering a static event handler Registering an event handler method for a static event

The static constructor cannot be called explicitly. Protected components When we are talking subclassing and inheritance there is one more component than Public and Private, the Protected component. Protected components can be used by the superclass and all of the subclasses. Note that Subclasses cannot access Private components.

Polymorphism Polymorphism: When the same method is implemented differently in different classes. This can be done using inheritance, by redefining a method from the superclass in subclasses and implement it differently. Subcategories
Contributed by Henrik Frank

Template for making a class | Template for calling a class | Subclass | Template for calling a class | Using af class as a parameter for a method | Who needs ABAPers??? The functional person's Interfaces | Events tool for stress testing and

Template for making a class Delete the parts that should not be used
****************************************** * Definition part ****************************************** CLASS xxx DEFINITION. *-----------------------------* Public section *-----------------------------PUBLIC SECTION. TYPES: DATA: * Static data CLASS-DATA: * Methods METHODS: * Using the constructor to initialize parameters constructor IMPORTING xxx type yyy, * * * Method with parameters mm1 IMPORTING iii TYPE ttt. Method without parameters mm2. Static methods CLASS-METHODS:

data conversions..

*---------------------------------------------------* * Protected section. Also accessable by subclasses *--------------------------------------------------PROTECTED SECTION. *--------------------------------------------------* Private section. Not accessable by subclasses *--------------------------------------------------PRIVATE SECTION. ENDCLASS. ****************************************** * Implementation part ****************************************** CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor.

ENDMETHOD. METHOD mm1. ENDMETHOD. METHOD mm2. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

Template for calling a class

* Create reference to class lcl_airplane DATA: airplane1 TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane. START-OF-SELECTION. * Create instance using parameters in the cosntructor method CREATE OBJECT airplane1 exporting im_name = 'Hansemand' im_planetype = 'Boing 747'. * Calling a method with parameters CALL METHOD: airplane1->display_n_o_airplanes, airplane1->display_attributes.

Subclass
CLASS xxx DEFINITION INHERITING FROM yyy.

Using af class as a parameter for a method

The class LCL_AIRPLANE is used as a parameter for method add_a_new_airplane: METHODS:

add_a_new_airplane importing im_airplane TYPE REF to lcl_airplane.

Interfaces
In ABAP interfaces are implemented in addition to, and independently of classes. An interface only has a declaration part, and do not have visibility sections. Components (Attributes, methods, constants, types) can be defined the same way as in classes.

Interfaces are listed in the definition part lof the class, and must always be in the PUBLIC SECTION. Operations defined in the interface atre impemented as methods of the class. All methods of the interface must be present in the implementation part of the class. Attributes, events, constants and types defined in the interface are automatically available to the class carrying out the implementation. Interface components are addressed in the class

by <interface name>~<component name>

Example of how to implement an interface: INTERFACE lif_document DATA: author type ref to lcl_author. METHODS: print, display.
ENDINTERFACE.

CLASS lcl_text_document DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES lif_document. METHODS display. ENDCLASS. CLASS lcl_text_document IMPLEMENTTION. METHOD lif_document~print. ENDMETHOD. METHOD lif_document~display ENDMETHOD. METHOD display. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
REPORT zzz.

DATA: text_doc TYPE REF TO lcl_document. Start-of-selection. CREATE OBJECT text_doc. CALL METHOD text_doc->lif_document~print. CALL METHOD text_doc->lif_document~display. CALL METHOD text_doc->display. Events
For events of controls, refer to How to use controls.

Events can only have EXPORTING parameters When an event is triggered, only those events handlers that have registered themselves using SET HANDLER by this point of runtime are executed. You can register an event using ACTIVATION 'X' and derigert it by using ACTIVATION 'SPACE'. Defining events: CLASS <classname> DEFINITION. EVENTS: <event> EXPORTING VALUE (<ex_par>) TYPE type. CLASS <classname> IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD <m>: RAISE EVENT <event> EXPORTING <ex_par> = <act_par>. Handling events: CLASS <classname> DEFINITION. METHODS: <on_event> FOR <event> OF <classname> ! <interface> IMPORTING <imp_par1>...<imp_parN> SENDER. Setting handler SET HANDLER <ref_handle> <on_event> FOR <ref_sender> ! FOR ALL INSTANCES [ACTIVATION <var>]

Define, implement and use simple class | Use constructor to create an object with parameters | Subclassing | Polymorphism | Events

Define, implement and use simple class

***INCLUDE ZBC404_HF_LCL_AIRPLANE . ****************************************** * Definition part ****************************************** CLASS lcl_airplane DEFINITION. *-----------------------------* Public section *-----------------------------PUBLIC SECTION. TYPES: t_name(25) TYPE c. METHODS: constructor, set_attributes IMPORTING p_name TYPE t_name p_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype, display_attributes, display_n_o_airplanes. *-----------------------------* Private section *-----------------------------PRIVATE SECTION. * Private attributes DATA: name(25) TYPE c, planetype TYPE saplane-planetype. * Private static attribute CLASS-DATA n_o_airplanes TYPE i. ENDCLASS. ****************************************** * Implementation part ****************************************** CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. * Counts number of instances n_o_airplanes = n_o_airplanes + 1. ENDMETHOD.

METHOD set_attributes. name = p_name. planetype = p_planetype. ENDMETHOD. METHOD display_attributes. WRITE:/ 'Name:', name, 'Planetype:', planetype. ENDMETHOD. METHOD display_n_o_airplanes. WRITE: / 'No. planes:', n_o_airplanes. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. REPORT zbc404_hf_maintain_airplanes . INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_airplane. * Create reference to class lcl_airplane DATA: airplane1 TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane, airplane2 TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane. START-OF-SELECTION. * Create instance CREATE OBJECT airplane1. CALL METHOD: airplane1->display_n_o_airplanes. CREATE OBJECT airplane2. * Setting attributes using a method with parameters CALL METHOD airplane1->set_attributes EXPORTING p_name = 'Kurt' p_planetype = 'MD80'. END-OF-SELECTION. * Using methods CALL METHOD: airplane1->display_n_o_airplanes, airplane1->display_attributes. The resulting report: Maintain airplanes No. planes: 1 No. planes: 2 Name: Kurt Planetype: MD80 Use constructor to create an object with parameters CLASS lcl_airplane DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. TYPES: t_name(25) TYPE c. METHODS: constructor importing p2_name type t_name p2_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype, ..... more code ....... CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. name = p2_name. planetype = p2_planetype. ..... more code ....... START-OF-SELECTION.

CREATE OBJECT airplane1 exporting p2_name = 'Hansemand' p2_planetype = 'Boing 747'.

Subclassing This example uses a superclass LCL_AIRPLANE and subclasses it into LCL_PASSENGER_AIRPLANE and LCL_CARGO_PLANE. LCL_AIRPLANE has a method display_n_o_airplanes that displays the number of object instances. LCL_PASSENGER_AIRPLANE has the private instance attribute n_o_seats, and redefines the superclass method display_attributes, so it also displays n_o_seats. LCL_CARGO_PLANE has the private instance attribute cargomax, and redefines the superclass method display_attributes, so it also displays cargomax. All instance attributes are provided by the cunstructor method. Superclass LCL_AIRPLANE
***INCLUDE ZBC404_HF_LCL_AIRPLANE . ****************************************** * Definition part ****************************************** CLASS lcl_airplane DEFINITION. *-----------------------------* Public section *-----------------------------PUBLIC SECTION. TYPES: t_name(25) TYPE c. METHODS: constructor

IMPORTING im_name TYPE t_name im_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype, display_attributes.

Static methods CLASS-METHODS: display_n_o_airplanes.

*-----------------------------* Protected section *-----------------------------PROTECTED SECTION. Private attributes DATA: name(25) TYPE c, planetype TYPE saplane-planetype. * Private static attribute CLASS-DATA n_o_airplanes TYPE i. *

ENDCLASS. ****************************************** * Implementation part ****************************************** CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. name = im_name. planetype = im_planetype. * Counts number of instances n_o_airplanes = n_o_airplanes + 1. ENDMETHOD. METHOD display_attributes. WRITE:/ 'Name:', name, 'Planetype:', planetype. ENDMETHOD. METHOD display_n_o_airplanes. WRITE: / 'No. planes:', n_o_airplanes. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

Sub class LCL_PASSENGER_AIRPLANE

***INCLUDE ZBC404_HF_LCL_PASSENGER_PLANE .

******************************************************************* * This is a subclass of class lcl_airplane ******************************************************************* CLASS lcl_passenger_airplane DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_airplane. PUBLIC SECTION. * * The constructor contains the parameters from the superclass plus the parameters from the subclass METHODS: constructor IMPORTING im_name TYPE t_name im_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype im_n_o_seats TYPE sflight-seatsmax, Redefinition of superclass method display_attributes display_attributes REDEFINITION.

PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: n_o_seats TYPE sflight-seatsmax. ENDCLASS. CLASS lcl_passenger_airplane IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. * The constructor method of the superclass MUST be called withing the * construtor CALL METHOD super->constructor EXPORTING im_name = im_name im_planetype = im_planetype. n_o_seats = im_n_o_seats. ENDMETHOD. The redefined display_attributes method METHOD display_attributes. CALL METHOD super->display_attributes. WRITE: / 'No. seats:', n_o_seats. ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

Sub class LCL_CARGO_PLANE

***INCLUDE ZBC404_HF_LCL_CARGO_PLANE . ******************************************************************* * This is a subclass of class lcl_airplane

******************************************************************* CLASS lcl_cargo_plane DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_airplane. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: * The constructor contains the parameters from the superclass * plus the parameters from the subclass

constructor IMPORTING im_name TYPE t_name im_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype im_cargomax type scplane-cargomax, * Redefinition of superclass method display_attributes display_attributes REDEFINITION. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA:cargomax TYPE scplane-cargomax. ENDCLASS. CLASS lcl_cargo_plane IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. * The constructor method of the superclass MUST be called withing the * constructor CALL METHOD super->constructor EXPORTING im_name = im_name im_planetype = im_planetype. cargomax = im_cargomax. ENDMETHOD. METHOD display_attributes. * The redefined display_attributes method CALL METHOD super->display_attributes. WRITE: / 'Cargo max:', cargomax. ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

The Main program that uses the classes

REPORT zbc404_hf_main . * Super class INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_airplane. * Sub classes INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_passenger_plane. INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_cargo_plane. DATA: * Type ref to sub classes. Note: It is not necesssary to make typeref to the superclass o_passenger_airplane TYPE REF TO lcl_passenger_airplane, o_cargo_plane TYPE REF TO lcl_cargo_plane. START-OF-SELECTION.

* Display initial number of instances = 0 CALL METHOD lcl_airplane=>display_n_o_airplanes. * Create objects CREATE OBJECT o_passenger_airplane EXPORTING im_name = 'LH505' im_planetype = 'Boing 747' im_n_o_seats = 350. CREATE OBJECT o_cargo_plane EXPORTING im_name = 'AR13' im_planetype = 'DC 3' im_cargomax = 35. * Display attributes CALL METHOD o_passenger_airplane->display_attributes. CALL METHOD o_cargo_plane->display_attributes. * Call static method display_n_o_airplanes * Note: The syntax for calling a superclass method, differs from the syntax when calling a * subclass method. * When calling a superclass => must be used instead of -> CALL METHOD lcl_airplane=>display_n_o_airplanes.

Result: No. planes: 0 Name: LH505 Planetype: Boing 747 No. seats: 350 Name: AR13 Planetype: DC 3 Cargo max: 35,0000 No. planes: 2

Polymorphism Polymorphism: When the same method is implemented differently in different classes. This can be done using inheritance, by redefining a method from the superclass in subclasses and implement it differently. Classes:

lcl_airplane Superclass lcl_cargo_airplane Subclass lcl_passenger_airplane Subclass

The method estimate_fuel_consumption is implemented differently in the 3 classes, as it depends on the airplane type.

Object from different classes are stored in an internal table (plane_list) consisting of references to the superclass, and the processed identically for all the classes. What coding for the estimate_fuel_consumption method taht is actually executed, depends on the dynamic type of the plane reference variable, that is, depends on which object plane points to. DATA: cargo_plane TYPE REF to lcl_cargo_airplane, passenger_plane TYPE REF to lcl_passenger_airplane,

plane_list TYPE TABLE OF REF TO lcl_airplane. * Creating the list of references CREATE OBJECT cargo_plane. APPEND cargo_plane to plane_list. CREATE OBJECT passenger_plane APPEND passenger_plane to plane list. * Generic method for calucalting required fuel METHOD calculate required_fuel. DATA: plane TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane. LOOP AT plane_list INTO plane. re_fuel = re_fuel + plane->estimate_fuel_consumption( distance ). ENDLOOP. ENDMETHOD. Working example:

This example assumes that the classes lcl_airplane, lcl_passnger_airplane and lcl_cargo plane exists. Create objects of type lcl_cargo_plane and lcl_passenger_airplane, adds them to a list in lcl_carrier, and displays the list.
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------* *& Include *& ZBC404_HF_LCL_CARRIER * *

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------* * CLASS lcl_carrier DEFINITION *

*----------------------------------------------------------------------* CLASS lcl_carrier DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. TYPES: BEGIN OF flight_list_type, connid TYPE sflight-connid, fldate TYPE sflight-fldate, airplane TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane, seatsocc TYPE sflight-seatsocc, cargo(5) TYPE p DECIMALS 3, END OF flight_list_type. METHODS: constructor IMPORTING im_name TYPE string, get_name RETURNING value(ex_name) TYPE string, add_a_new_airplane IMPORTING im_airplane TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane, create_a_new_flight importing im_connid type sflight-connid im_fldate type sflight-fldate im_airplane type ref to lcl_airplane im_seatsocc type sflight-seatsocc optional im_cargo type p optional, display_airplanes. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: name TYPE string, list_of_airplanes TYPE TABLE OF REF TO lcl_airplane, list_of_flights TYPE TABLE OF flight_list_type. ENDCLASS. *---------------------------------------------------------------------* * CLASS lcl_carrier IMPLEMENTATION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------* CLASS lcl_carrier IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. name = im_name. ENDMETHOD. METHOD get_name. ex_name = name.

ENDMETHOD. METHOD create_a_new_flight. DATA: wa_list_of_flights TYPE flight_list_type. wa_list_of_flights-connid = im_connid. wa_list_of_flights-fldate = im_fldate. wa_list_of_flights-airplane = im_airplane. IF im_seatsocc IS INITIAL. wa_list_of_flights-cargo = im_cargo. ELSE. wa_list_of_flights-seatsocc = im_seatsocc. ENDIF. APPEND wa_list_of_flights TO list_of_flights. ENDMETHOD. METHOD add_a_new_airplane. APPEND im_airplane TO list_of_airplanes. ENDMETHOD. METHOD display_airplanes. DATA: l_airplane TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane. LOOP AT list_of_airplanes INTO l_airplane. CALL METHOD l_airplane->display_attributes. ENDLOOP. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

REPORT zbc404_hf_main . ******************************************************************* * * This reprort uses class LCL_AIRPLNAE and subclasses LCL_CARGO_PLANE and LCL_PASSENGER_AIRPLANE and class LCL_CARRIER

******************************************************************* * Super class for airplanes INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_airplane. * Sub classes for airplanes INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_passenger_plane. INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_cargo_plane. * Carrier class INCLUDE zbc404_hf_lcl_carrier. DATA: * Type ref to classes o_passenger_airplane TYPE REF TO lcl_passenger_airplane, o_passenger_airplane2 TYPE REF TO lcl_passenger_airplane, o_cargo_plane TYPE REF TO lcl_cargo_plane, o_cargo_plane2 TYPE REF TO lcl_cargo_plane, o_carrier TYPE REF TO lcl_carrier. START-OF-SELECTION. * Create objects CREATE OBJECT o_passenger_airplane EXPORTING im_name = 'LH505' im_planetype = 'Boing 747' im_n_o_seats = 350. CREATE OBJECT o_passenger_airplane2

EXPORTING im_name = 'SK333' im_planetype = 'MD80' im_n_o_seats = 110. CREATE OBJECT o_cargo_plane EXPORTING im_name = 'AR13' im_planetype = 'DC 3' im_cargomax = 35. CREATE OBJECT o_cargo_plane2 EXPORTING im_name = 'AFL124' im_planetype = 'Iljutsin 2' im_cargomax = 35000. CREATE OBJECT o_carrier EXPORTING im_name = 'Spritisch Airways'. * Add passenger and cargo planes to the list of airplanes CALL METHOD o_carrier->add_a_new_airplane EXPORTING im_airplane = o_passenger_airplane. CALL METHOD o_carrier->add_a_new_airplane EXPORTING im_airplane = o_passenger_airplane2. CALL METHOD o_carrier->add_a_new_airplane EXPORTING im_airplane = o_cargo_plane. CALL METHOD o_carrier->add_a_new_airplane EXPORTING im_airplane = o_cargo_plane2. * Display list of airplanes call method o_carrier->display_airplanes.

Result: Name: LH505 No. seats: Name: SK333 No. seats: Name: AR13 Cargo max: Name: AFL124 Cargo max:
Events

Planetype: Boing 747 350 Planetype: MD80 110 Planetype: DC 3 35,0000 Planetype: Iljutsin 2 35.000,0000

Below is a simple example of how to implement an event.

REPORT zbc404_hf_events_5. *---------------------------------------------------------------------* * CLASS lcl_dog DEFINITION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------* CLASS lcl_dog DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. * Declare events EVENTS: dog_is_hungry EXPORTING value(ex_time_since_last_meal) TYPE i. METHODS: constructor IMPORTING im_name TYPE string, set_time_since_last_meal IMPORTING im_time TYPE i, on_dog_is_hungry FOR EVENT dog_is_hungry OF lcl_dog IMPORTING ex_time_since_last_meal. ENDCLASS. *---------------------------------------------------------------------* * CLASS lcl_dog IMPLEMENTATION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------* CLASS lcl_dog IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. WRITE: / 'I am a dog and my name is', im_name. ENDMETHOD. METHOD set_time_since_last_meal. IF im_time < 4. SKIP 1. WRITE: / 'You fool, I am not hungry yet'. ELSE. * Subsrcribe for event: * * set handler <Event handler method>

FOR <ref_sender>!FOR ALL INSTANCES [ACTIVATION <var>] SET HANDLER on_dog_is_hungry FOR ALL INSTANCES ACTIVATION 'X'. * Raise event RAISE EVENT dog_is_hungry EXPORTING ex_time_since_last_meal = im_time. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. METHOD on_dog_is_hungry. * Event method, called when the event dog_is_hungry is raised SKIP 1. WRITE: / 'You son of a bitch. I have not eaten for more than', ex_time_since_last_meal, ' hours'. WRITE: / 'Give me something to eat NOW!'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. *---------------------------------------------------------------------* * R E P O R T

*---------------------------------------------------------------------* DATA: o_dog1 TYPE REF TO lcl_dog. START-OF-SELECTION. CREATE OBJECT o_dog1 EXPORTING im_name = 'Beefeater'. CALL METHOD o_dog1->set_time_since_last_meal EXPORTING im_time = 2. * This method call will raise the event dog_is_hungy * because time > 3 CALL METHOD o_dog1->set_time_since_last_meal EXPORTING im_time = 5.

Result: I am a dog and my name is Beefeater You fool, I am not hungry yet You son of a bitch. I have not eaten for more than 5 hours Give me something to eat NOW!