SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES Properties of Semiconductors 1.

Semiconductor is a group of materials that can conduct better than insulators but not as good as metal conductors. 2. The examples of pure semiconductor are:i. Silicon ii. Germanium iii. Selenium 3. What is the doping process? Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of other substances called dopants such as Antimony and Boron to a semiconductor, to increase its conductivity. 4. Types of semiconductor:n-type semiconductors p-type semiconductors

Silicon like Silicon doped with atoms such as or phosphorus . the number of free electron. The phosphorus atoms have .. Valence electrons, with .. being used in the formation of covalent bonds. The fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has ... as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type semiconductor.

Semiconductor like Silicon doped with .. atoms such as or indium has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only . valence electrons; hence . of the covalent bonds has a missing electron. This missing electron is called a positive hole. The majority charge-carriers in this semiconductor are the . and this semiconductor is thus known as a p-type semiconductor.

The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode) 1. The function of semiconductor diode is to allow current to flow through it in one direction only. 2. Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol of the diode.

Negative electron

Symbol

Forward-biased (i) In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to . and the n-type is connected to the of the battery. (ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in forward-bias.

Reverse-biased (i) In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to . , and the n-typeterminal positive is connected to the of the battery. (ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.

Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram

Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram

What the meaning of rectification? Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode

The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO. (i) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-base is on.

Figure 9.16

(ii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

Figure 9.17

The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO. (iii) Draw arrows to show the current flow in the first half cycle and to show the current flow in second half cycle in the diagram. (iv) Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-base is on.

To CRO

Figure 9.18

(v) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

To CRO

Figure 9.19

What is the function of the capacitor?

Acts as a current regulator or smoother. TRANSISTOR Terminals of a Transistor. 1. What is a transistor? 2. Draw and label the symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor. Collector, C Collector, C Base, B Base, B Emitter, E

Emitter, E State the function for each terminal in a transistor. (a) The emitter, E : . (b) The base, B : (c) The collector, C: ...

Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V across the maximum resistance, S so that the bulb is lighted up.

Transistor as an Automatic Switch. 1.Complete the statement below.

Light Controlled Switch 1. Complete the statement below.

RX Battery voltage Base voltage RY IB

IC

10 k

R 1k

IC 6V IE

IE

LDR

The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a . are being used to form a potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is . and the transistor switches . However, if the resistance of the variable resistor is increased, the base voltage will. When the base voltage reached a certain minimum value, the base current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current, IC flows to light up the bulb. 2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit?

Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch. The .. (LDR) has a very high resistance in the . and a low resistor in ... R is a fixed . The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit. In bright light, the LDR has a very . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too .. to switch on the transistor. In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very and the voltage across the LDR is enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be used to automatically switch the bulb at night. 2. Complete the table below. Condition RLDR VLDR R

VR

ON/O FF

Daylight Darkness 3. How can the circuit in figure be modified to switch on the light at daytime?