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Introduction

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24 August 2011: Why Study Geography? I. Places are unique and dynamic (changing) resulting from erosion, technology, and architecture. a. Sense of place: feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place and the symbolism they attach to it. II. Places influence our lives and affect our physical well-being (Chernobyl meltdown) III. Provides a cultural and emotional symbol. This is similar to the idea of sense of place but on a large scale. (Statue of Liberty, football stadiums) IV. Structure our social relations (church and the actions allowed and not allowed there) V. Places are increasingly interdependent and interconnected (Globalization). What happens in one place has an impact on another place. Globalization aspects (Some may overlap): Economic Cultural (fashion, music, movies, tv shows) Political Environmental (global climate change) 26 August 2011:The Regional Concept Regions: places with no specific size and therefore can me identified at multiple geographical scales. (Statesboro is part of North America, The South, and South Georgia) Compartmentalizing: a divisive limiting concept yet regions help us make sense of the world What characteristics define a region? I. Physical geography (topography, climate, geology) 29 August 2011: What Characteristics Define a Region (cont.) I. Cultural characteristics (food, religion, tradition, gender roles) II. Political Control\Relations III. Economic Relations\Activities\Social Well-Being (standard of living)

Human Development Index (HDI) combines literacy, life expectancy, and income. (Page 25-26 HDI Map) The regions on a HDI map are debatable. There are multiple factors that can be used to delineate the regions such as economics, cultural, politics, and environmental and therefore regional boundaries are unclear. 31 August 2011: Economic Development The geography of development is uneven (access to technology and available resources) The World System: interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition. There are three tiers of the World System I. Core: countries that have economic and political domination II. Semi-periphery: countries exploited by the Core III. Periphery: vulnerable economies and politically weak. CORE USA Western Europe Canada Australia Japan SEMI-PERIPHERY Russia China Mexico India Brazil Chile Saudi Arabia PERIPHERY Cuba Turkey Egypt El Salvador Vietnam Pakistan Iraq

Globalization and Uneven Development Development is uneven at multiple geographic scales. It isnt just global. Who benefits from globalization? o Core countries Who continues to come out on the bottom? o Periphery countries o Core countries (when jobs are outsourced) 2 September 2011: Core-Periphery Variations in Economic Development

GDP per Capita: the total value of good and services produced by a country in a year divided by its total populations. Tends to be an imperfect measure. GDP does not measure Literacy Life expectancy Unemployment rate Wealth gap Subsistence agriculture Informal economy (drugs, gambling, prostitution) Economic Structure (Sectors) Primary (mining, fishing, logging, agriculture) Secondary (manufacturing) Tertiary (services) International Division of Labor (IDS) Where are these sectors most prevalent? What kinds of jobs do people have in different places within the world system? Why do people produce where they produce? Current Trends Associated with Globalization Shift from secondary to tertiary in Core countries Increased secondary in periphery and semi-periphery countries Jobs outsourced from the United States to a lower country increasing manufacturing in semi-periphery and periphery countries.

North America

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7 September 2011: North America (United States and Canada) Economy: Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA) enacted in 1994 during the Clinton administration and includes the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It focuses on removing trade barriers such as (Page 92) Tariffs (tax on imports) o These are used to help protect the producer Subsidies (money or incentives from the government) Quotas Labor regulations Environmental regulations United States Connections to Canada Canada is our [USs] primary trading partner. Canada accounts for 21% of all US exports while the US accounts for 80% of all Canadian exports making Canada depend heavily on the United States (Page 86-89) Other (Non North American) Global Economic Connections Asia (China, Japan, South Korea) o Production of goods sold\consumed in North America (eg. 22% of Chinese exports come to factories located in the United States) 9 September 2011: Urbanization Demographic: percentage of a population living in metropolitan areas (80% in North America; Page 98-101) Trends in the United States Prior to the 1950s, rural to urban immigration resulted in populations concentrating in central cities. Numerous areas of a city developed around the Central Business District (CBD); usually downtown areas. Suburbanization After 1950, suburbanization movement out of central cities and into fringes (now called the suburbs). This was caused by:

Post World War II economy-more money, baby boom, desire for more space. Construction of interstates Affordability of cars Overcrowding, pollution, crime, white flight (push factors in central cities) 12 September 2011: Consequences of Suburbanization Consequences of Suburbanization More development\investment in suburbs meaning less in the inner cities. Formation of Megalopolis (continuous urban area) Sprawl: unchecked and unplanned growth that extends into rural areas and Is generally auto-centric.

Central and South America

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Era of Colonization: Circa 1500-1850 main European power: Spain and Portugal. Why colonize? o Raw materials (Gold) o Power (Glory) o God (God) 14 September 2011: Consequences of Colonization Consequences of Colonization Disease (caused by war) Decimation of many indigenous people and ways of life Cultural losses\changes (belief systems and languages) Architecture Art and music City infrastructure designed explicitly for the extraction of resources or political control (roads, railroads, boats, ports, utilities, communications)

Europe

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Political Geography Concepts States vs. Nation o State is a synonym for a country. Must have a population and a defined border (populated territory) Sovereignty (others countries cannot tell you how to run your territory and population) Some type of established government o Nation is a group of people with a strong sense of unity (through common ethnicity, culture, and\or history) Shared cultural characteristics include language and religion along with shared beliefs and values. o State-less nation: a nation without a state like Palestinians, Roma (Gypsies), Basques, Kurds, Chechens. Supranational Organization is a collection of individual states with a common goal (usually economic and political) it is not just a group of countries. States that join have to give up some of their sovereignty (EU). Muy Importante An example of a supranational organization is the European Union where the Western European countries are the older members of the EU and the Eastern countries being the newest. The European Union (Page 222-225) Economic Integration of EU Countries Trade barriers between EU members removed. Common currency (Euro) Many manufacturing facilities are moving to southern and central Europe (Greece, Spain, Portugal, Poland, and the Czech Republic). This allows for the European Union countries to compete with other core countries like the United States and Japan. 30 September 2011 The EU is not just about Economics. It also includes: The free movement of people across borders, not just goods. o Significant difference between the EU and free trade agreements.

o With an aging population, (increase in life expectancy) most EU countries (will) need immigrants to fill jobs. o With increased immigration, many countries are worried about national identity. Population Issues in Europe Age-sex Structure o Population pyramids provide information on the age and sex structure of a population. Periphery countries look like pyramids while core countries are more shaped like columns with wider bottoms and narrower tops. Each age section is called cohorts. Percent population under age 15 Percent population over age 65 o Dependency ratio is calculated as the sum of under age 15 and over age 65 divided by the working class (everyone else). The term dependency ratio is the population who depends on other people either family or the government. Population pyramids give a good idea of the dependency ratio but you cannot calculate this without having exact numbers. Population pyramids show that many European countries have aging populations (average age is increasing). Why? o The average age increases because people are living longer and not having as many children. These are the only two reasons. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime. In European counties TFRs are blow replacement levels (2.1 count of children per household) Longer life expectancies 3 October 2011 What social, cultural, political, and economic factors affect Total Fertility Rate? Which ones might be more common in periphery, semi-periphery, and core countries? Poverty

Tradition Higher male population Gender equity (the more educated a woman is, the less likely she is to have children) Income (the higher the income, the lower the TFR) Children as laborers in agricultural areas In some cultures, the more children, the higher status you have. Use\lack of contraceptives (religious and cultural reasons like Catholicism, availability, and education) Infant mortality increases TFR (families tend to have more children to make up for those other children that have been lost during either miscarriage or early death.) Government policy (One child policy, state sponsored dating service, incentives to have more or fewer children) 5 October 2011 Immigration in Europe There are two major SOURCES for immigration: o Immigrants from other European countries o Former colonies (Algeria and Morocco to France, Indonesians to the Netherlands (Holland), India and Pakistan to Great Britain) Two major REASONS for immigration o Need for a larger labor force in receiving countries (countries being immigrated too) o Sense of obligation to former colonies. Assimilation vs. Acculturation These are expectations or models of the receiving society. Assimilation requires SIGNIFICANT changes among immigrant groups (they may give up many of their cultural characteristics from home countries and adopt ways of life of their new country.) Page 231 in book. Acculturation requires MINIMAL changes among immigrants; just enough to function in the new country like learning the language, but keeping many original beliefs and customs. Page 167 in book. 7 October 2011

Immigrant Issues in Europe Most European countries want immigrants to assimilate, not just acculturate Why do you think this is? o Keep France the same France as they dont want it to change Cultural Differences and National Identity Muslims in France o Religious identity and the state Veiling in Public Space (hijab, burka, niqab) The hijab was banned in public schools in France (2004) Burka and niqab were banned in public spaces o Banned in public space but not in your home. o Geography part, the where, Microgeography. Its about where you can and cannot wear it [headscarves] Fits with assimilation? o Making it illegal to wear a burka makes them more French (assimilating) by not allowing burkas but Muslim opportunity to become French is less than other immigrants.

Russia
7 October 2011

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Russia and Newly Independent States Western Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova (Western part of the region) Caucasia (along the Caucasus Mountains between Black and Caspian Sea) Central Asia and Eastern Russia Siberia (Eastern part of the region) Independent states once part of USSR (Soviet Union) until 1991 The biggest theme was transition (changes) Devolution: process by which part of a state becomes independent from the rest of it. Examples include the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia, Slovenia), Czechoslovakia, Germany, Koreas, India Transition from Communist (state controlled) economies to Capitalist (free market) economies Communist: government makes all decisions in both politics and economics Transition to non-Communist political systems but not necessarily became democratic political systems like the US Economic Transition to capitalism has been difficult High debt in Russia Growing Informal Economy in Russia Changing relationship between the state (government) and business Economic dependency on Russia leaves newly independent republics with many questions Maintain economic relationships with Russia? o Find new economic relationships and capital investment elsewhere

12 October 2011 Russia and Newly Independent States Economic Transition to Capitalism has been difficult because of: Russias high debt.

The growing informal economy in Russia (prostitution, gambling, drugs etc). Changing relationship between the states (government) and business Economic dependency on Russia leaves newly independent republics with many questions like: o How to maintain economic relationships with Russia? o Where and how to find new economic relationships and capital investment? Socio-cultural issues in newly independent states o Project of Russification (Page 286) ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The promotion of a Russian ethnic identity for the entire country. Promoting the Russian language and forbidding any other languages to be spoken or taught. Expression of local cultural identities )ethnic and religious) increasing in Central Asia and Caucasi sub-regions. 14 October 2011 Nationalist\Separatist Movement What are these? o People within stateless nations vying for their own state. Usually done with violence. o Examples: Basque (Spain\France), Palestinians (Israel), Kurds (Iraq\Turkey\Syria), Tamil Tigers (Sri Lanka), Chechens (Russia). Chechnya is a region in Russia near Georgia, north of the Caucasus Mountains. Chechens are a predominately Muslim nation with a shared language (Chechen) and history (Page 302). Fighting between Chechen separatist and the Russian military was pervasive throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Militant separatists fighting against Russian army from 1991 until 2006. Many innocent Chechens were caught in the middle. Tens of thousands were killed or simply just disappeared.

Southwest Asia (Middle East) and Northern Africa


17 October 2011

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Southwest Asia or Middle East? (Page 314) A very brief history of political change in the region Circa 2000 BCE Southwest Asia (The Middle East) was the site of two ancient civilizations. o Mesopotamia (current day Iraq) o Ancient Egypt Until WWI, (1918) there was the rise and fall of numerous empires (from Sumerians, to Assyrians, eventually to Ottomans) Interwar Period: increasing European influence (particularly from Great Britain, France, and Italy) many boundaries were redrawn. (Page 322-327) Post WWII onward: political independence for most countries (Iraq independence in 1932, creation of Israel in 1948). Middle East Contemporary Cultural Diversity Religions: o Islam (Sunni and Shia sects) Difference? One is more politicized than the other but both are under the relation of Muslim The Sunni sect wanted it to be the best man for the job. The Shia sect said the next leader needed to be a direct blood relative from Mohammed being Ali. Majority worldwide? Worldwide, Sunni is the majority of the Muslims (About 85%) Exceptions? There are two countries in this region where the majority is Shia is Iraq and Iran. o Judaism o Christianity Jerusalem as a significant city for all three of these religions. Languages (Page 332)

o Three language families Afro-Asiatic (Arabic and Hebrew) Indo-European (Persia, Kurdish, English, French, Italian, Spanish and German) Altaic (Turkish) o Many ethnic categories and affiliations are based upon language. Iranians (Farsi\Persian) and Kurds are not Arabs, as they do not speak Arabic. o Ethnic and Religious affiliations overlap Not all Muslims are Arabs and not all Arabs are Muslims (Kurds are Sunni Muslims, Christian Arabs in Lebanon). 19 October 2011 Map on page 332. Iraq (The people) Ethnics groups o Arabs (75-80%) o Kurds o Turkomen o Assyrians 21 October 2011 Answers to Video Questions 1. Ethnicity. (Arabs, Kurds, and Turkomen) 2. Kurds were pushed out. See map in 362 for map of Kirkuk. 3. Arabization occurred under Saddam Hussein. Oil isnt the only reason for the conflict but its a main reason. After the removal of Saddam, Kurds, Arabs, and Turkomen are still competing for power. For the exam, you need to know about the story and the answers to the questions. Pages 347-348 be sure to read and use your notes to improve what the text says.

24 October 2011 History of Islam Islam means Submission (to Gods will) [living your live to god] Surrender of entire being to Allah (god) It is the second largest religion in the world with about 1.5 billion follower next to Christianity. Indonesia is the largest Islamic country in the world. A monotheistic religion. Muhammad: (570-632) a wealthy member of a powerful Arab tribe in Mecca (present day Saudi Arabia) He is not worshipped as a deity. Seen by Muslims as the last prophet (after a long line of prophets including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.) The Quran (Koran) (meaning recitations) came to Muhammad in pieces over 23 years, originally written in Arabic. It is considered the word of God as relayed by the Archangel Gabriel. It later became a masterpiece of Arabic prose and poetry. Mecca and Islam Mecca is the birthplace of Muhammad. He lived there until moving with his followers to Medina until he dies. Mecca is the home of the grand Mosque to which millions of Muslims make the hajj (pilgrimage) each year. Other holy places (sacred places\spaces) o Mecca: birthplace of Muhammad o Medina: burial place of Muhammad. o Jerusalem: site of the Al-Aqsa Mosque Five Pillars of Islam (Pages 324-325, 328) 1. Pilgrimage (Hajj): Peak of religious life 2. Prayer (Selah): 5 times per day facing Mecca 3. Fasting (Sawm): During the month of Ramadan. Greater needs than bread. 4. Alms (Zakah): Enshrines social responsibility to community and less fortunate 5. Profession of Faith (Shahadah): There is only one god but Allah. Muhammad as the messenger of God.

Women in Islam There are multiple forms of veiling are common throughout Southwest Asia. Veiling is not required for women across the region. Prevalence and type of veiling is geographically contingent. Womens roles in societies (familial expectations, attending university, working outside the home, experiences in public space) vary greatly across countries in the region. Veiling is fundamentally a geographic issue. It is a public vs. private space issue. 26 October 2011 Experiences of women in Southwest Asia and North Africa vary considerably. Ex. Across countries, between urban and rural areas, according to individual characteristics like socio-economic status and age. (Page 328332) The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Pages 348-352) The British had controlled Palestine since the end of WWI and promised Jews a state here. After WWII, majority of the population is Palestinian (ethnic Arab) and many European Jews immigrated to Palestine. The United Nations had a plan that would create both Jewish and Arab states after British were to leave in 1948 (U.N. Partition Plan) Violence erupted in reaction to the U.N. plan; British left in 1948. The state of Israel was created in 1948. Series of wars between Israel and neighboring Arab states (Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) since 1948. This led to numerous changes in territorial control in the region (Pages 349-350) 28 October 2011 The main topic of this story is about who controls what territory. Pages 348-352. Today: Palestinians remain stateless. Most Palestinians live in Israeli-occupied territories and comprise 24% of the population of Israel.

Gaza Strip West Bank (of what? The Jordan River) Golan Heights

Sub-Saharan Africa
2 November 2011

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Major themes: History of the colonization and how this continues to impact the region today. Economic development, debt, and trade relations and how these impact peoples livelihoods in the region o Oil on the Niger River Delta Socio-cultural issues and recent conflicts o Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda. The Sahara is a desert region extending across north Africa from the Atlantic ocean to the Red Sea. European Colonization of Sub-Sahara Africa Europeans had a presence in the region since the 15th century. There was an increased competition between European countries like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal over land and resources leads to need to determine formal control over the region. The Berlin Conference in 1884 formalized all the events that were taking place. Also called the Scramble for Africa or the Carving of Africa. (Page 383-385) Berlin Conference (1884) European powers met in Berlin, Germany to decide how to carve up Africa. o No African leaders were in attendance. o Boundaries were drawn to satisfy Europeans. Map on page 385 Most of these boundaries remain today. In the late 1880s-1960s, European countries maintained formal colonies in the region. How long have most African countries been independent? o About 50 years. Results of Colonization Raw Materials\Resources extracted for industrializing Europe.

Infrastructure developed primarily to meet needs of colonizing people like transportation networks. Most boundaries drawn to satisfy Europeans remain today. Divided many tribal\ethnic groups to weaken them. Certain tribal\ethnic groups favored by colonizing powers. o Lays the foundation for many conflicts between ethnic groups. For example, Rwanda in 1994. 4 November 2011 Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa MNCs (Multi National Corporations) based in Semi-Periphery or Core countries often have control over valuable resources (like diamonds) and\or the wealthy elite profit, but workers and locals oftentimes do not. o Oil in Nigeria Nigeria is the largest country in Africa by population. It is also he leading oil producer in Africa and one in the top ten oil producers in the world. An extremely high degree of Export Dependency (95% of exports are oil in Nigeria) where the U.S. is the number 1 receiver. The government contract with MNCs from Core countries for oil production (Shell and Chevron in Nigeria) Video Questions Where does Nigeria rank in global oil production? o 8th in the world. Who is MEND and what do they want? o Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta; They want to expose the exploitation of the people of the Niger Delta and the devastation to the environment along with an even distribution of oil wealth. What is resource control according to geographer Michael Watts? o To exclude a countries resources and profits from its people. The benefits and costs to the people who live around the Delta. Shell

and the Federal government in Nigeria are the ones benefitting from the Delta. How is the issue about o Economics? The people of the Delta are not seeing any of the profits from the oil companies. o Politics? The laws associated with this issue and how the wealth is distributed among the people of the Delta. o The Environment? The environment surrounding the Delta is prone to oil spills and fires causing major destruction. Along with causing harmful health effects to people. Use examples! 7 November 2011 When did Shell drill its first oil well in the Niger River Delta? o 1956 How much oil has been spilled in the Niger River Delta in the last 50 years? o 1,500,000 tons, 5,000 major oil spills. What are the environmental effects of oil production in the Niger River Delta? What about human health impacts? Use specific examples in your explanation. o People have nowhere to live and no hospitals. Food and plants, along with animals and children are dying from the toxic fumes. People land is being destroyed and women are loosing their breast becoming unable to feed their children and having miscarriages. What is gas flaring and the do communities in Niger River Delta want it stopped? What are the environmental effects of this process? What are the alternative uses of the natural gas burned as a byproduct of oil production? o Gas flaring is the burning off of the natural gas in the oil. The fire burns the skin, you loose feeling in your lips and tongue. The burning causes more greenhouse gasses than 18 million cars and

causes acid rain. Burning the oil creates easier transport. Instead of burning it, they could be using it to create power and electricity as an energy source for the people of the Delta. Besides the local communities on the Delta, who are the other actors\groups involved with the oil industry in Nigeria? How does this relate to Michael Watts explanation of resource control in the region? o Shell, the Federal Government, and the locals. Although a valuable natural resource, why is oil described as a curse by many in the Niger River Delta? o Locals say the oil is a curse to this region because it has driven the gods away causing the people to become violent. Shell has also caused unemployment and the dying of land. 9 November 2011 Answered Video Questions from 4 November and 7 November 2011. Export Dependency High degrees of Export Dependency leads to more vulnerable economies. Many Sub-Sahara African countries have extremely high debt payments (Map page 390) Debt Forgiveness: Many of these countries caught in the debt cycle qualify for debt forgiveness programs. What does this mean? How could\should it help the people living there? o Less money going out and more going into the pockets of people who need it. *HIPC: Heavily Indebted Poor Countries.* 11 November 2011 What have we discussed thus far that contributes to persistent poverty in this region? Recent colonization. MNCs and the wealthy elite have control over valuable resources (Resource control) Export dependency.

No profits from oil production. Continuous debt cycle. Environmental destruction from oil spills in Nigeria Governmental corruption\Political instability.

Socio-Cultural Issues and Current Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa Much poverty in this region is exacerbated by powerful, corrupt dictators. Conflicts stem from poverty, struggles over power, and\or ethnic tensions. Refugee of Internally Displaced? Refugees leave their homes out of well founded fear for their lives (or persecution, civil conflict, natural disaster, or political coup) and go to another country. 2 million Hutus to Congo (Kinshasa) after the Rwandan genocide in 1994 200,000 from Darfur, Sudan to Chad from genocide 1.5 Iraqis in Syria and Jordan after 2nd Iraq War (2003) *The key to a refugee is where they go, not where they are from.* The UN Refugee Definition A refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, Is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country Internally Displaces Persons (IDPs) are people who have to leave their homes for fear of their lives, but stay within their countries. 2 million residents of western Sudan in early-mid 2000s. Over 1 million in Haiti Hurricane Katrina. Both IDP movements and Refugee movements are types of migration. UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees is the primary international body providing aid to refugees and IDPs worldwide.

Focuses primarily on refugees and provides limited assistance to IDPs. Why do you think this is the issue? o Sovereignty and the role of the state (government)

South Asia
14 November 2011

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Major themes in Couth Asia Population issues o 2nd most populous country in the world. o Relatively high TFRs in this region. Agriculture o Majority of residents of all South Asian countries work in this primary activity. Cultural Diversity and Social Issues in the Region o Language, religion, gender relations Population Growth Basic population equation (Births-Deaths) +\- migration (net migration). Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) are well above replacement level in South Asia. Range from India and Bangladesh at 2.6 to Afghanistan at 5.4. however, these TFRs are coming down, so population growth is slowing across the region. What factors affect fertility rates? (Page 455-458) o Gender and education (Cultural) o Child labor (Economic) o Infant mortality rate Agricultural in South Asia 60% of the population in South Asia lives in rural areas and is employed in agriculture. Pakistan: 43% to Afghanistan: 79% Most are in subsistence agriculture. Some large-scale for sale or export. Food Security vs. Self-Sufficiency Usually because of international aid, it is never about food supply. One of the main components of food insecurity is poverty along with logistics like transportation. Food security is about access, NOT supply.

Self-Sufficiency on the other hand is about supply. Producing enough within your own boarders and not having to rely on imports from other counties. How can we have one without the other? Will discuss next class 16 November 2011 How can we have one without the other? Simply import the food that you need for your country. You dont have to grow or raise everything you eat (Food security without Self-Sufficiency) Self-Sufficiency without Food Security means you can have a supply of food but not everyone has access to it. Population Growth Concerns in these high fertility societies: Food security The future of young cohorts (Job availability) Emphasis on family planning and fertility control programs Population Momentum is the tendency for a population to continue to grow for years even after replacement level fertility. Depends on size and age structure of the population. Male child preference Why is there a preference for boys in India and what are the effect of this male child preference (short term and long term)? Boys carry on the family name. Girls become expensive when it comes time for them to marry and the dowers that the family must pay to the husband. Men have a lesser chance of marriage and resort to violence and crime. Abortions have increased when it is learned that the sex of the baby is a girl. In rural areas, female babies are killed after birth. There is a gender ratio of 9.3 females:10 males Men also have psychological issues because of the lesser number of women. Could also possibly lead to polygamy.

Types of Agricultural Production Intensive subsistence agriculture (small scale) This is considered intensive because of the small scale and it is subsistence. The intensive part refers to getting the most out of your land. Needed inputs A water source Labor (human or animal) Few if any pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides Double cropping (growing two different types of crops at different times to help the soil remain fertile) 18 November 2011 The Green Revolution (the most common type of agriculture in this region) The Green Revolution began in the 1960s as a way to help periphery countries feed their population (page 462). Basically was about finding and cross breeding seeds that could produce more food. The researchers found that they obviously needed more water but also a host of other inputs like pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides. New higher yielding varieties of wheat, maize, and rice. Large amounts of chemical inputs. Greater mechanization. Success to these researchers was to eliminate food security in periphery and semiperiphery countries. Positive results of the Green Revolution Higher yields (More food was produced) o Percent of population that is undernourished has decreased Pakistan became a food exporter of rice and also became self-sufficient in other crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane. Negative results of the Green Revolution 20% of the regions population still undernourished. o Food security Environmental degradation

o From what? Chemical inputs. Uneven access to technologies and food surpluses (rural\poor residents). Indias Growing Economy Semi-periphery country o Large (youthful) population o 52% of people work in primary sector Expanding economy o Secondary and tertiary sectors (81% of the economys GDP) How can 52% of the population work in the primary sector but 81% of the economy comes from secondary and tertiary sectors? Most of the money is held up in the secondary and tertiary sectors. There isnt much money in the primary sectors. Many MNCs are hiring Indian workers in India. o Call centers. o Other back office workers (positions that are back of the house jobs where they dont have to directly interact with the consumer) o Software engineers. Why is India such a significant place in this new International Division of Labor (Page 464-466)? Larger, more educated workforce than other periphery and semiperiphery countries. Knowledge of English (as its history as a British colony). Skills and low wages. The country is very political stable (largest democracy in the world). (Page 464-466)

East Asia
28 November 2011

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Main Topics Chinas Growing Economy o Largest country in the worlds (population of 1.3 billion people) o Slowly implemented free-market, capitalist economic policies in place of communist (government controlled) economic policies beginning in the late1970s. Increased trade with other countries )both periphery and core) and a much larger role in the global economy over the last 30 years. (Page 510517) Semi-periphery country in the world system. Changes in Chinas Economy It is the 2nd largest economy (GDP) in the world at about 10 trillion a year next to the United States which is at about 14.6 trillion per year. 2nd largest oil consumer in the world but 1st in coal consumption. Shifting from primary to secondary and tertiary economic activities in the last 20 years (38% still in agriculture). What types of countries are connected to China? How are the connected? Why? Core o Manufacturing facilities in China (Wal-Mart is the single largest U.S. importer of Chinese consumer goods, surpassing the trade volume of entire countries such as Germany and Russia). o Chinese goods consumed in the U.S. and Japan. Semi-Periphery o Competition as a place for investment (capital) from core countries. Periphery o Exploited for the raw materials for production (Africa). China has a decentralized economy Decisions made at regional and local scale rather than at a national scale. Regional Specialization: regions focusing on one or two economic activities (instead of regional self-sufficiency). This has led to regional inequalities. (Pages 510-517; Map on page 513)

30 November 2011 Chinas Regional Inequalities (Page 513) Digital Divide in East Asia (Page 519) Internet use shown as a percent of population. About 25% of the population in China has access. It also includes the degree to which people have access to the internet. Not everyone may have access in their home but can use the internet from the library or even an internet caf. There is also the issue of infrastructure. There is also the issue of censorship by the Chinese government. The whole point of the Chinese government to censor the internet is to keep people from revolting and to keep their country safe as well as keeping people from having access to information and education. Shenzhen (think about Apple products) is located in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) like the Free Zones in Jamaica and Maquiladoras in Mexico. Chinas Regional Inequalities Guangdong Province Major manufacturing center for iPods. Also a SEZ. In about 25 years, Shenzhen grew from about 25,000 people to over 2 million. The metropolitan population consists of about 12-15 million people. Foxconn Corporation o iPods, Macs, PlayStations, computers, and electronics equipment. o Factor workers make about $132 per month. 2 December 2011 Internal Migration in China The geography of development in China occurs on the east near the coastal areas. Growth of cites and economic development in coastal provinces has led to rural to urban migration (Page 488) In general the geographic pattern of migration had been West to East (to Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Beijing and other major cities.)

Averaged about six million people a year migrate rural to urban migrants annually over the past 30 years (Map of migration on page 488). This is the largest sustained migration anywhere. What does this mean for urbanization in China? o Urbanization is increasing compared to those still living in rural areas. Many people move because of the availability of jobs and the movement from Primary to Secondary and Tertiary jobs. (Page 499 chart shows urbanization) Defining Migration Migration is the long-term relocation to a destination outside of the community or origin. Outside the community of origin: uprooting of ones daily routines is what distinguishes migration from other types of mobility (e.g. friends, work, travel patterns, shopping, other aspects of daily life change with migration). Examples in your own life? o Moving to Statesboro to Georgia Southern Results of Chinas Economic Growth Increased connection to other countries (core, periphery, and semiperiphery) o Economic globalization Increased overall standard of living National Scale (Entire Country) Increased regional inequality o Eastern (coastal) regions see greater economic development o Interior and western regions falling behind. Increased Rural to urban migration Jobs in the cities!

Southeast Asia
5 December 2011

1/23/2012 3:39:00 PM

Cultural Landscape in Southeast Asia is similar to the photo on page 562 in the textbook. What is a cultural landscape and how are Rice Terraces in Southeast Asia and example of one? A cultural landscape is the outcome of the relationship between humans and their environments and how cultures shape their physical environment. The cultural landscape of South Georgia is lots of large open fields, cotton fields, predominately flatlands, and lots of churches and Christian religion. Cultural geographers study the ways in which cultural practices shape landscapes AND how geography shapes culture. Thailand Thailand is the only country in the Southeast Asian region that was never ruled by a European power. 95% of the Thai population practices Buddhism. Cultural Landscape in Thailand? o Statues of Buddha all over the country. Religion here is very important to its people and society. The US accounts for a large portion of exports (over 10% in textiles, shoes, etc.) Recently, Thailand has become a home to thousands of Hmong refugees from Laos. o The Hmong are a minority ethnic group in Laos (make up about 8% of the population) who aided the US during the Vietnam War. o When the US pulled out of Vietnam, the US took a small number of Hmong people with them but first took the most important of the people. Hmong Refugees The Hmong population started in Laos, then to Thailand, and finally in the United States. Approximately 200,000 Hmong refugees have been re-settled in the United States.

What city in the United States has a large Hmong population? Why? o St. Paul, Minnesota; its a combination of the state department choosing the area and the available resources and space. The main reason was because of a church group who helped get these people into that area which then caused a snowball effect. What is a refugee resettlement program? o Taking people who have been living in refugee camps and creating an entire program to move them from one place to another country which usually includes the transportation to the country and a host of other service once they arrive in their new homes. Why does the United States have a Hmong refugee resettlement program? o Its a recognition to the Hmong of their help to the US in the Vietnam War. 7 December 2011 Answered and discussed questions from news report.

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