The Asian World, 400-1500

China Reunified

Sui Dynasty The Fall of the Han dynasty, 220 CE Civil War and political chaos New political unity, 581 CE Sui Yangi, the second emperor of the dynasty

The greatest, and most cruel of the Sui dynasty completed the Grand Canal which connected the Yellow river and the Yangtze He used forced labor to build the Canal He led an extravagant and luxurious lifestyle

The Tang Dynasty The new family replaced the Sui The family ruled for almost 300 years, from 618-907 They instituted reforms: examination for holding ofce, stable economy by giving land to peasants

Expanded territory to the borders of Tibet, north of the Himalaya Korea and other people groups offered tribute Tang Xuanzang, his love of a commoner, and extravagant gifts

Bloody Revolt led by the emperors general The death of his love Weakness and rebellions Uighurs Collapse in 907

The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 Northern incursion into China The moving of the imperial court to Hangzhou, further South During the 1200s the Mongols to the north built a massive empire. They controlled all of China after they overthrew the Song

Government and the Economy Confucian ideals are the cement of Chinese culture during this time The economy grew in size and complexity During Civil War, aristocratic families took control of the land

Technology and Trade The development of steel, mixing cast iron and wrought iron in blast furnace Gunpowder was developed during the Tang dynasty

Chinese Society Marco Polo, Italian merchant and traveler, described Hangzhou as a paradise and full of many pleasures Entertainment: playing cards, chess, and block printing scholar-gentry, replaced the old aristocracy

Wu Zhao, Empress Wu The role of woman and female infants dowry (money, goods, or property) given from the girls parents to the husband Poor families often sold their daughters for marriage

The Mongols and China

The Mongol Empire A pastoral people loosely organized into clans in Mongolia and the Gobi Temujin was elected Genghis Khan Strong Rulerin the 1160s

Unication of tribal groups on the Eurasian landmass Mongols spread east and west, creating the largest land empire in history Genghis Khan died in 1227

According to Mongol custom, the territory was divided KhanatesSeparate territories controlled by one of his sons The Mongols attacked the Persians, the Abbasids, and the Song dynasty

Kublai Khan led the conquest of the Song He founded what would later be called Beijing

The Mongols encountered gunpowder, re-lances, and other weapons which they incorporated

Mongol expansion into Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Japan The Mongols adapted to the Chinese political system The Mongols brought prosperity and stability to China

The Mongols fell victim to the same problems all other dynasties had: nances, foreign conquest, corruption, and internal instability A commoner led an army and overthrew the Mongols

Religion and Government The spread of Buddhist thought by merchants and missionaries from India Early Tang rulers lent their support to Buddhism Buddhism was criticized by many people Control of many monastic lands

Neo-Confucianism Not the old political philosophy, but was a response to Buddhism and Daoism Division between physical and spiritual One can leave the physical through careful examination of the moral principles.

Early Japan and Korea

The Geography of Japan Japan is a chain of many islands Four main islands: Hokkaido, the main island of Honshu Two smaller islands of Kyushu and Shikoku

Mountains cover Japan volcanos, fertile soil, and earthquakes Because of their geographical isolation, an independent culture developed

The Rise of the Japanese State The ancient Japanese settled in the Yamato Plain near the cities Osaka and Kyoto Society was made up of clans Class division: rulers and commoners farmers, artisans, and servants

Chinese Inuences Shotoku Taishi, a Yamato prince, unied the various clans to ght back against the invading Chinese He sent people to study the Chinese government the Chinese model

A Strong Centralized government He limited the power of the aristocracy He divided the territory into districts All farm land belonged to the state Taxes went to the government, not the local aristocrats

The Nara Period After Taishis death, power went to the Fujiwara clan The capital was moved to Nara The emperor was called the son of Heaven The power of the government decentralized

The Heian Period The capital was moved from Nara to Heian Figurehead government Continued Decentralization Military Force as a means of Justice

Samuraithose who serve Fought on horseback, wore armor, sword, and bow Bushido The Way of the Warriorthe strict warrior code

The Kamakura Shogunate

By the twelfth century, civil war emerged amongst the wealthy aristocratic families Minamoto Yoitomo created a new centralized government lead by a knew leader called a shogun The new system of government was called the shogunate

A strong government, though they faced strong challenges invasion by Mongols Defeated by a typhoon on the sea

No other foreign invasion occurred in Japan until America attacked in 1945

Local power in the hands of the aristocracy, daimyo: great names The samurai helped solidied power into the hands of the noble families Chaos and civil war eruptedand all the land was ruled by independent lords

Collapse of Central Rule

Life in Early Japan Early Japan was a farming culture based on rice Foreign trade developed with Korea and China Shipped raw materials, paintings, swords In return, silk, porcelain, books, and copper coins

Early in Japan, women had equal rights Right to own and inherit property Women could divorce and remarry if abandoned Later practices led to the receding of these rights

Religion in Early Japan Early worship of spirits called kami who lived in trees, rivers, streams, and mountains Ancestor spirits A religion developed called Shinto the Sacred Way Incorporated into state government

Buddhism brought to Japan by missionaries Zen, a sect of Buddhism, developed in Japan Enlightenment through self-discipline, adoption by the Samurai

The Emergence of Korea A small peninsula which is closest to China and Japan Strongly inuenced by China Conict between governments and aristocracysimilar pattern as Japan

Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century Kublai Khan forced the Korean people to build their ships Yi Song-gye seized military control and established an independent state

India After the Guptas

The Decline of Buddhism Buddhism was initially popular among Indians Overtime people argued over how to follow Buddhas teachings *Theravadathe original teachings of Buddha called the teachings of the elders Not a religion but a way of life

*MahayanaA view in which Nirvana could be achieved through devotion to the Buddha Theravada teachings were too strict Through Mahayana Buddhists, Buddhism becomes a religion Buddha is not a wise man but a divine gure reincarnation

Neither sect remains popular in India for long Theravada declined and Mahayana became absorbed into Hinduism Buddha is just another god Buddhism spreads to China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Japan by missionaries

The Eastward Expansion of Islam

In the early eighth century, Islam became popular in what is now modern day Pakistan and bangladesh Islam expanded into the region when the Gupta Empire collapsed They developed in the region, eventually forming the *Ghaznian Islamic state in present day Afghanistan

*Mahmud of Ghazni, son of the founder, took control of the new state in 997 Ambitious, he began to attack the neighboring Hindu kingdoms His empire stretched from the upper Indus Valley to as far as the Indian Ocean A resistance was led by the *Rajputs, Hindu warriors

The Hindus could not stop the invaders advances By 1200, Muslim power stretched across all of northern India The Muslim state became known as the *Sultanate of Delhi By the 14th century, they extended the power to the *Deccan Plateau

The Impact of Timur Lenk By the Late 14th century, the Sultanate began to decline Timur Lenk, a Mongol leader based in Samarkand, expanded into India He occupied Mesopotamia, Persia, the Caspian Sea, and the Pamir Mountains

After his death in 1405, a new nomadic tribe arose and threatened India*the Moguls

The many Muslim rulers were intolerant of other faiths They usually used peaceful means to try and convert people to Islam uneasy tolerance developed

Islam and Indian Society

Temple Architecture From the 700s on, Indian architects built monumental Hindu temples A central shrine surrounded by a tower, a hall for worshippers A blending of Islamic and Hindu culture

Civilization in Southeast Asia

The Land and People of Southeast Asia Geographical location: mainland region*Malay Peninsula *Archipelago, a chain of islands part of present day Indonesia and the Philippines

Ancient mariners called these lands the golden islands Southeast Asia is a melting pot of races, cultures, and religions People in these regions were often cut off from one another due to geography

few regions are unied by a single government due to geographical barriers These barriers encouraged the development of distinct cultures, religious practices, and languages

Vietnam

Originally ruled by China, by the 10th century the Vietnamese overthrew Chinese rule Though independent, they remained inuenced by China They called themselves the Dai Viet Developed a strong centralized government Adopted Confucianism

Angkor In modern day Cambodia, the kingdom was formed by *Jayavarman He united the Khmer people Angkor was conquered by Thai in 1432

Thailand The Thai lived on the frontier of China, and as they moved further south, they conquered the Angkor They set up their own capital at Ayutthaya They adopted Buddhism and Indian political practices blended with their native culture

Burma

The Thai were threatened from the west by the Burman people who had migrated from the highlands of Tibet A pastoral people, they adopted farming in Southeast Asia They converted to Buddhism and adopted Indian political institutions

The Malay World In the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago, a different pattern emerged The people of the different islands largely defended from Malay Trade was a major inuence on the development of the regions

The state of Srivijaya near the Strait of Malacca The kingdom of Sailendra emerged on eastern Java Inuenced by India, they depended on trade to maintain their kingdom In the late 13th century, the kingdom of Majapahit was founded

This kingdom controlled most of the archipelago By the 15th century, a new state emerged After the Muslim conquest, Muslim merchants settled in the region By 1400, the Islamic state of Melaka developed leading to the near total conversion of the region to Islam

Economic Forces The states of Southeast Asia can be divided into two groups: *agricultural societies based on farming and *trading societies dependent on trade Trade expanded even further after the Muslim conquest

Culture and Religion Chinese and Indian culture and religion inuenced different regions The most visible evidence of this is architecture The temple of Angkor Wat is the most famous example Hindu and Buddhist ideas moved into Southeast Asia in 1000 CE

New religious beliefs were blended with the old religious practices Uniting the Hindu gods with the local deities Buddhism had little impact until Theravada Buddhism arrived. It taught that people did not need priests or rulers an appealing concept