01 3G Overview

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OWA200001 3G Overview
ISSUE 1.0
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: [ Know the development of 3G [ Know the feature of each 3G standard [ Know the architecture of WCDMA system
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Chapter 1 3G Summary Chapter 2 3G Standard Contrast Chapter 3 WCDMA System Architecture
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Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS
2G 1990s Digital
GSM GSM
Technologies drive
3G IMT-2000
TACS NMT Others
CDMA CDMA IS-95 IS-95 TDMA TDMA IS-136 IS-136 PDC PDC
UMTS UMTS WCDMA WCDMA

Demands drive
CDMA CDMA 2000 2000 TDTDSCDMA SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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The first generation is the analog cellular mobile communication network in the time period from the middle of 1970s to the middle of 1980s. The most important breakthrough in this period is the concept of cellular networks put forward by the Bell Labs in the 1970s, as compared to the former mobile communication systems. The cellular network system is based on cells to implement frequency reuse and thus greatly enhances the system capacity. The typical examples of the first generation mobile communication systems are the AMPS system and the later enhanced TACS of USA, the NMT and the NTT. The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band of the analog cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North America, South America and some Circum-Pacific countries. The TACS (Total Access Communication System) uses the 900 MHz band. It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian countries. The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is that they use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation for voice signals and provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30 kHz/25 kHz.
3G Evolution
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Proposal of 3G [ IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system [ The third generation mobile communication was first proposed in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996 Commercialization: around the year of 2000 Work band : around 2000MHz The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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The 3G mobile communication systems are a kind of communication system that can provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services and implement global seamless coverage and global roaming. They are compatible with the fixed networks and can implement any kind of communication at any time and any place with portable terminals. Put forward in 1985 by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the 3G mobile communication system was called the FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System) and was later renamed as IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000). The major systems include WCDMA, cdma2000 and UWC-136. On November 5, 1999, the 18th conference of ITU-R TG8/1 passed the Recommended Specification of Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 and the TD-SCDMA technologies put forward by China were incorporated into the IMT-2000 CDMA TDD part of the technical specification. This showed that the work of the TG8/1 in formulating the technical specifications of radio interfaces in 3G mobile communication systems had basically come into an end and the development and application of the 3G mobile communication systems would enter a new and essential phase.
3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
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Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global coverage High spectral efficiency High quality of service with complete security and reliability Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G Provide multimedia services, with the rates: [ Vehicle environment: 144kbps [ Walking environment: 384kbps [ Indoor environment: 2Mbps
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1. Capable of roaming globally: users can roam within the whole system, even in the whole world, and can be provided with guaranteed quality of service at different rates and in different statuses of motion. 2. Providing diversified services: providing voice, data with variable rates, active video non-voice services, especially multimedia services. 3. Capable of adapting to many kinds of environment: can integrate the existing Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), cordless system, land mobile communication system and satellite communication system to provide seamless coverage. 4. Sufficient system capacity, powerful management capability of multiple users, high security performance and quality of service.
3G Spectrum Allocation
1850 1900 1950 2000
2010 MHz
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
ITU
1885 MHz
IMT 2000
GSM 1800
1805 MHz
cellular(1)
MSS 2025 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz
MSS
2170 MHz
Europe
DECT
UMTS
cellular(2)
MSS 1980 MHz

2025MHz
UMTS
MSS
1880 MHz
cellular(2) CDMA
1865
China
GSM 1800
FDD TDD WLL WLL

1920 1945
CDMA
FDD WLL
1960 1980
1885
1895
1918
2170 MHz
Japan
1865 1870
C PHS
IMT A 2000
1930 1945 1965 1970 1975
MSS
IMT A 2000
MSS
1885 1890 1895
1910
1990 MHz
2165 MHz Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS
USA
PCS
A D B EF C A D B EF C
MSS
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
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ITU has allocated 230 MHz frequency for the 3G mobile communication system IMT-2000: 1885 ~ 2025MHz in the uplink and 2110~ 2200 MHz in the downlink. Of them, the frequency range of 1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz (uplink) and that of 2170 MHz ~ 2200 MHz (downlink) are used for mobile satellite services. As the uplink and the downlink bands are asymmetrical, the use of dual-frequency FDD mode or the single-frequency TDD mode may be considered. This plan was passed in WRC92 and new additional bands were approved on the basis of the WRC-92 in the WRC2000 conference in the year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500 MHz ~ 2690 MHz.
Bands WCDMA used

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Main bands [ 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different [ 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA) [ 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) [ 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia) [
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main band: UL frequency channel number 96129888 DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
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The WCDMA system uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than those specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and downlink 2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the duplex spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~ 1910 MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex spacing is 80 MHz.
The reason to develop 3G

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Increased capacity requirementssome systems such as D-AMPS GSMPDCPHS are approaching saturation
Developing rate of mobile communication : one decade one generation
Demands of high speed data service and multimedia service in radio network
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Increased capacity requirementsnow more and more people use mobile communication, so more and more voice service is supported through mobile system. Some systems such as D-AMPS, GSM, PDC, PHS are approaching saturation. Developing rate of mobile communication: anything has its natural life, communication system is the same. Along with the technology development, new system always replace old one. For mobile system, its natural life is usually ten years. Demands of high speed data service and multimedia service in radio network: data service will become the main service in the future, but 2G system is designed for voice service, its data rate is too low. If we want support high speed data service, 3G is necessary!
3G Application Service
BER
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
Compatible with abundant services and applications of 2G, 3G system has an open integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various 3G services. Features of 3G Services 3G services are inherited from 2G services. In a new architecture, new service capabilities are generated, and more service types are available. Service characteristics vary greatly, so each service features differently. Generally, there are several features as follows:
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Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM. The real-time services (conversational) such as voice service generally have the QoS requirement. The concept of multimedia service (streaming, interactive, background) is introduced.
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3G ApplicationConversational and Background

Vedio Phone Picture and Ring tone download
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Conversational service and background service are inherited from 2G. VP (Video Phone) is a new kind of conversational service in 3G. Through this service, people will not only hear the voice, but also see the picture. Picture and Ring tone download have been widely used in 2G, 3G can support higher data rate to make the user download music quickly.
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3G ApplicationStreaming
VOD Mobile TV Traffic monitoring
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Streaming service is another kind of excited service in 3G, you can use your mobile phone to see film, watch TV news, or even monitor the traffic to make you select a better route.
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3G ApplicationInteractive
Online game LCS
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The first expected interactive service is online game, so many young people will like it; but LCS has more commercial prospect, it is widely accepted in the industry. LCS has been commercialized in GSM and GPRS networks in some countries. In the 3G field, because of improvement of location precision and application of the open system structure, LCS is very attractive. It may become one of the main killer services in 3G. There are the following types of LCS: City sightseeing: Providing direction navigation between touring sites, or indicating touring sites nearby, and finding the nearest hotel, bank, airport, bus station or relaxation place. Location-based content broadcast: It can deliver messages to users in a specific area. It is mainly used in advertisement services, for example, delivering advertisements to users in or near a shopping center to attract customers. Mobile yellow page: It provides contact information of the nearest service point according to users needs. For example, the customer can input an entry restaurant or more conditions such as Chinese food and within 3 kilometers to search. The output result can be phone numbers or addresses. 13
Chapter 1 3G Summary Chapter 2 3G standard contrast Chapter 3 WCDMA System Architecture
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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

WCDMA WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: WCDMA - FDD/TDD
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP RTT: cdma2000
CDMA
TD-SCDMA
CN: based on MAP RTT: TD-SCDMA
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Formulated by the European standardization organization 3GPP, the core network evolves on the basis of GSM/GPRS and can thus be compatible with the existing GSM/GPRS networks. It can be based on the TDM, ATM and IP technologies to evolve towards the all-IP network architecture. Based on the ATM technology, the UTRAN uniformly processes voice and packet services and evolves towards the IP network architecture. The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95 standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2. Circuit Switched (CS) domain is adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, Packet Switched (PS) domain is A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology. Radio Access Network (RAN) is based on the ATM switch platform, it provides abundant adaptation layer interfaces. The TD-SCDMA standard is put forward by the Chinese Wireless Telecommunication Standard (CWTS) Group and now it has been merged into the specifications related to the WCDMA-TDD of 3GPP. The core network evolves on the basis of GSM/GPRS. The air interface adopts the TD-SCDMA mode.
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What is CDMA?
FDMA TDMA
power
y
power
tim
f re
e qu
nc
CDMA
t im
f re
qu
en
cy
power
time
cy frequen
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Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can transmit one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of FDMA structure. Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot). Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access mode is adopted in both a digital cellular system and a GSM. CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the user information in terms of time and frequency, CDMA can transmit the information of multiple users on a channel at the same time. The key is that every information before transmission should be modulated by different Spreading Code to broadband signal, then all the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed signal would be demodulated by different Spreading Code at the different receiver. Because all the Spreading Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be demodulated by same Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.
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Features of CDMA
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High spectrum efficiency Security [ spreaded signal is close to noise [ with ability of anti-interference
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Soft capacity More band occupancy Self-interference system, Hard to carry out
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In CDMA system, mutual interference between users or cells is permitted, so adjacent cells can be distributed with same frequency. That is why the spectrum efficiency is very high and the capacity is also very large in CDMA system. But it also cause self-interference, if the interference is out of control, the capacity and quality of CDMA system will be worse, so many technologies were invented to control the interference, and it is not easy. The second feature of CDMA is security. After spreading, the narrowband signal of the user will be changed to broadband signal. It is close to noise, only people who use the same spreading code can revert it. Of course, it causes the other shortcoming: more frequency band needed. The third feature of CDMA is soft capacity. Because all of the carrier resource (the main resource is power) is shared by all of the users, if some users occupy more power, it will cause the capacity lower. Soft capacity will cause network planning more complex.
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WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution

IMS HSDPA CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT TD-SCDMA GSM/GPRS Core Network WCDMA RTT
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
functionally frozen time
2000/03
2001/03
2002/03
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The overall structure of the WCDMA network is defined in 3GPP TS 23.002. Now, there are the following three versions: R99, R4, R5. 3GPP began to formulate 3G specifications at the end of 1998 and beginning of 1999. As scheduled, the R99 version would be completed at the end of 1999, but in fact it was not completed until March, 2000. To guarantee the investment benefits of operators, the CS domain of R99 version do not fundamentally change., so as to support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G. After R99, the version was no longer named by the year. At the same time, the functions of R2000 are implemented by the following two phases: R4 and R5. In the R4 network, MSC as the CS domain of the CN is divided into the MSC Server and the MGW, at the same time, a SGW is added, and HLR can be replaced by HSS (not explicitly specified in the specification). In the R5 network, the end-to-end VOIP is supported and the core network adopts plentiful new function entities, which have thus changed the original call procedures. With IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), the network can use HSS instead of HLR. In the R5 network, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is also supported, it can support high speed data service.
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cdma2000 Protocol Version Evolution
DO: Data Only, 3Mbps DV: Data and Voice Voice: double capacity Data rate: 307.2kbps Voice: same as 95A Data rate: 115.2kbps Voice: QCELP Data rate: 9.6kbps
cdma2000 1xEV-DO/DV
cdma20001x
IS-95B IS-95A
cdma2000-3x
functionally frozen time
1995
1998
2000
2002
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After the IS-95A (at the rates of 9.6kbps) is evolved to the IS-95B (at the rate of 115.2 kbps) and ultimately to cdma2000 1X, the system can provide higher capacity and a higher data rate (307.2kbps) and can support the burst mode as well as adding new supplemental channels. The cdma2000 1X EV with enhanced technologies can provide higher performances. Evolution process of CDMA2000 1x: phase 1: 1xEV-DO ( Data Only / Data Optimized ) Providing the support for packet data services alone instead of real-time voice services. phase 2: 1xEV-DV ( Data and Voice ) Providing non-real time packet data services and real-time voice services
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The development of TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA was merged into WCDMA TDD standard TD-SCDMA proposal finished
Started the research of TD-SCDMA
1998
TD-SCDMA was approved in the 3GPP conference, became the one of the three ultimate standards
1999
1990
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The TD-SCDMA features 3S: Smart antenna, Synchronous CDMA and Software radio. The key technologies used in TD-SCDMA include Intelligent Antenna + Joint Detection, Multi-slot CDMA + DS-CDMA, Synchronous CDMA, Channel Coding/Decoding and Interleaving (the same as in 3GPP) and Baton Handover.
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Comparison between Three 3G Technologies

WCDMA Multiple Access method Duplex method Carrier band Chip rate Synchronization Transmission Diversity Receiver Power control Handover hard handover hard handover FDMACDMA FDD 5MHz 3.84Mcps Asynchronous STTDTSTD OTDSTS FBTD None cdma2000 FDMACDMA FDD 1.25MHz 1.2288Mcps Synchronous TD-SCDMA FDMATDMACDMA TDD 1.6MHz 1.28Mcps Synchronous
RAKE
1500Hz Soft handover and
RAKE
800Hz Soft handover and
RAKE
200Hz Baton handover
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The air interface adopts the WCDMA technologies with the signal bandwidth of 5 MHz and the chip rate of 3.84Mcps. It uses the AMR voice encoding scheme and supports the synchronous/asynchronous Node B operation mode. Besides, the following modes are applied in the WCDMA system: Uplink/downlink closed loop power control plus outer loop power control; open loop (STTD & TSTD) and closed loop (FBTD) transmit diversity; pilot-assisted coherent demodulation; convolution coding and Turbo coding; QPSK modulation in both the uplink and the downlink. The air interface adopts the cdma2000 technologies and is compatible with the IS95. The signal bandwidth is N*1.25MHz (N = 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) and the chip rate is N*1.2288Mcps. It uses the 8K/13K QCELP or 8K EVRC voice coding mode and its BTS needs to run in the GPS/GLONESS synchronous mode. The following modes are applied in the cdma2000 system: Uplink/downlink closed loop power control plus outer loop power control; OTD and STS transmit diversion in the forward direction to improve the anti-fading capacity of channels and the signal quality of the forward channels; pilot-assisted coherent modulation in the reverse direction to improve the demodulation performance; convolution coding and Turbo coding; BPSK in the uplink and QPSK in the downlink. 21
Chapter 1 3G Summary Chapter 2 3G standard contrast Chapter 3 WCDMA System Architecture
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WCDMA System Architecture

CN
Core Network CS Iu-CS RNS Iur RNC RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B RNS PS Iu-PS
UTRAN
Iub Node B
Uu
UE
WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and implements the function of external network switching and routing. Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the whole UMTS system A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC and Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface. The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them or connect them through the transport network. RNC is used to allocate and control the radio resources of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to convert the data flows between the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.
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WCDMA R99 Network Architecture

MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS BSC BTS PCU RNC NodeB
GPRS backbone/
PSTN ISDN GMSC
HLR/AUC
SS7
SCE SMS SCP Internet, Intranet GGSN BG Other PLMN
UTRAN
SGSN CG
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To guarantee the investment benefits of operators, the design of R99 network structure has considered fully the 2G/3G compatibility, so as to support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G. Therefore, the CS domain and the PS domain are parallel in the network. The R99 core network includes the equipment such as MSC/VLR, IWF, SGSN, GGSN, HLR/AuC and EIR. To support 3G services, the corresponding interface protocols are added to some equipment and the original interface protocols are improved. In R99, the function entities of the CS domain include MSC, VLR and others. According to the different connection modes, an operator can set MSC as GMSC, SM-GMSC or SM-IWMSC. To implement internetworking, IWF (usually working with MSC) is configured in the system. Besides the above function entities, the specific function entities of the PS domain include SGSN and GGSN to provide packet data services for subscribers. HLR, AuC and EIR are the common devices shared by the CS domain and the PS domain.
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IP/ATM Backbone
MGW MGW
PSTN ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS BSC BTS PCU RNC NodeB
VMSC Server
GMSC Server
HLR/AUC
SS7
SCE SMS SCP Internet, Intranet GGSN
GPRS backbone
SGSN UTRAN CG BG
Other PLMN
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In R4 version, the function entities (SGSN and GGSN) of the PS domain remain unchanged and so do the external interfaces. To meet the development requirement of all-IP networks, the entities of the CS domain in R4 version have the following changes: The MSC is divided into two different entities: MSC Server (for processing signaling only) and Circuit Switched Media Gateway (CSMGW for processing subscriber data) to implement the MSC function together. The corresponding GMSC is also divided into GMSC Server and MGW. MSC Server: The MSC Server is composed of the call control module and the mobility control module to process calls of the CS domain. It terminates and converts the user-network signaling into the networknetwork signaling. The MSC Server can control part of call status about the connection control module of the MGW media channel through interfaces MGW: MGW is the transmission termination point of PSTN/PLMN, and it connects with CN and UTRAN through the Iu interface. It may be the termination point of either the bearer channel from the CS network or the media flow from the packet network (such as RTP flow in IP networks). 25

CS domain
GSM /GPRS BSS BSC BTS
MGW
IP/ATM Backbone
MGW
PSTN/PLMN
VMSC Server GMSC Server HLR/AUC/HSS
Iu-CS
PCU RNC SCP NodeB SS7 SCE SMS Internet, Intranet GGSN
MGW
Iu-PS
GPRS backbone
UTRAN
SGSN
PS domain
CG
MGCF S-CSCF MRFC
BG
IP backbone
P-CSCF
MRFP
IMS domain
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The structure and interface format of R5 version networks is basically the same as that of R4 networks. However, there are still some differences: In R5, when PLMN includes the IM subsystem, HLR will be replaced by HSS. The following function entities are added to R5: HSS (Home Subscriber Server): HSS is the main database of mobile subscribers in the network and stores the related service information to support the call/session processing by the network entities. Call Status Control Function (CSCF): CSCF has the following forms: Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF), Serving CSCF(S-CSCF) or Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF), P-CSCF serves as the first access point of UE in the IM sub-system; SCSCF process the session status in the network; I-CSCF mainly process the route related SIP call request, just like the GMSC function in CS domain. Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF): controlling part of calling status of the connection control module in the IMS-MGW media channel. Multimedia Resource Function Controller (MRFC): controlling the media stream resources in the MRFP. 26 Multimedia Resource Function Processor (MRFP): providing resources to PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Chapter 1 3G Summary Chapter 2 3G Standard Contrast Chapter 3 WCDMA System Architecture

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Different Service, Different Technology

TACS NMT Others

UMTS UMTS WCDMA WCDMA

CDMA CDMA 2000 2000 TDTDSCDMA SCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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MSS 2025 MHz

MSS 1980 MHz

FDD TDD WLL WLL

1885 1890 1895

2165 MHz Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS

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Bands WCDMA used

Main bands [ 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

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The reason to develop 3G

Developing rate of mobile communication : one decade one generation

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3G ApplicationConversational and Background

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Chapter 1 3G Summary Chapter 2 3G standard contrast Chapter 3 WCDMA System Architecture

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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

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