MA3264

Homework 2

(Due date: 6:00pm, 13 March, 2012 (Tuesday)) 1. Digoxin is used in the treatment of heat disease. In the following table, y represents the amount of digoxin in the bloodstream and t represents the time in days after taking a single dose. The initial dosage is 0.5 mg. t y 0 0.500 1 0.345 2 0.238 3 0.164 4 0.113 5 0.078 6 0.054 7 0.037 8 0.026

(i) Formulate a discrete model for the change in concentration per day being proportional to the amount of digoxin present. Test your assumption by plotting the change versus the amount present at the beginning of the period. (ii) Assume that after the initial dose of 0.5 mg, each day a maintenance dose of 0.1 mg is taken. Formulate the rened model. (iii) Build a table of values or numerical solution for (ii) for 15 days. 2. Consider a reservoir with a volume of 8 billion cubic feet (ft3 ) and an initial pollutant concentration of 0.25%. There is a daily inow of 500 million ft3 of water with a pollutant concentration of 0.05% and an equal daily outow of the well-mixed water in the reservoir. How long will it take to reduce the pollutant concentration in the reservoir to 0.10%? 3. Sociologists recognize a phenomenon called social diusion, which is the spreading of a piece of information, a technological innovation, or a cultural fad among a population. The members of the population can be divided into two classes: those who have the information and those who do not. In a xed population whose size is known, it is reasonable to assume that the rate of diusion is proportional to the number who have the information times the number yet to receive it. If X(t) denotes the number of individuals who have the information at time t in a population of N people, then a mathematical model for social diusion is given by dX(t) = kX(N X), t > 0, dt where k is a positive constant. (i) Solve the model and show that it leads to a logistic curve. (ii) At what time is the information spreading fastest? (iii) How many people will eventually receive the information? (iv) Find the equilibrium and their stability. 4. Consider a rabbit population N(t) satisfying the logistic equation. If the initial population is 120 rabbits and there are 8 births per month and 6 deaths per month occurring at time t = 0, how many months does it take for N(t) to reach 95% of the limiting population K? (Hint: for the logistic model dN (t) = a N b N 2 , B = a N is the time rate at which dt births occur and D = b N 2 is the time rate at which deaths occur. If the initial population N(0) = N0 , and B0 births per time and D0 deaths per time are occurred at time t = 0, then the limiting population is K = B0 N0 /D0 ). 1

5. The terminal speed of a bomb is found to be 400 km/h by experiment. The designers wish the bomb to explode at an altitude of 600 meters after being dropped from 10,000 meters in horizontal ight. At how many seconds should the time delay of the ring mechanism be set if the mechanism is activated when the bomb leaves the plane? To simply the model, ignore the horizontal movement and assume that the air resistance is proportional to the square of the speed. 6. A rocket is launched in a vertical direction. The total mass is 25,000 kg of which 20,000 kg is fuel. The engines emit exhaust gases at a constant rate of 40,000 meters per second and consume fuel at a constant rate of 100 kg per second. The resistance is 200v Newton with v(t) the velocity of the rocket (measured in meters per second) at time t. Assume that the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 during the ight. (i) Show that the following initial value problem is valid until all the fuel is consumed: (250 t) dv(t) = 40000 9.8(250 t) 2v, dt t > 0; v(0) = 0.

(ii) Solve the above initial value problem. (iii) Calculate v at the moment when all the fuel had been consumed. What do you infer from your answer as regards the motion of the rocket? 7. A patient is given a dose Q of a drug at regular intervals of time T . The concentration of the drug in the blood has been shown experimentally to obey the law dC(t) = k eC , dt t > 0,

where k is a positive constant. (i) If the rst dose is administered at t = 0 hr, show that after T hr have elapsed, the residual R1 = ln kT + eQ remains in the blood. (ii) Assuming an instantaneous rise in concentration whenever the drug is administered, show that after the second dose and T hr have elapsed again, the residual R2 = ln kT (1 + eQ ) + e2Q remains in the blood. (iii) Show that the limiting value R of the residual concentrations for doses of Q mg/ml repeated at intervals of T hr is given by the formula R = ln kT 1 eQ

(iv) Assuming the drug is ineective below a concentration L and harmful above some higher concentration H, show that the dose schedule T for a safe and eective concentration of the drug in the blood satises the formula T = 1 L e eH . k 2