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English Edition Copyright 2009 the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved.
2009 ,

Arabic Edition is published by Obeikan under agreement with

-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008.
1429 2008

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Original Title:

By:
Alton Biggs
Whitney Crispen Hagins
William G. Holliday
Chris L. Kapicka
Linda Lundgren
Ann Haley Mackenzie
William D. Rogers
Marion B. Sewer
Dinah Zike
3
4
1
8 .......................
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106
108
109
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162.......................
164
165
172
173

5
10
Fishes and Amphibians
1-1
1-2




Notochord
1 1
CharacteristicsofVertebrates
Vertebral column
cartilage
1 1
Excretion
Respiration and circulation
1 - 17
Amphibian
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CharacteristicsofVertebrates
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cartilage
1 1
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CharacteristicsofFishes
24600
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1 3
1 3
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1 2
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1 4 Jaws
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fin
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scales
1 6
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1 7
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1 8
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ventricle
1 7
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1 9
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1 9
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nephron
Brain and Senses
1 10
lateral line system
1 10
Reproduction
spawning
1 10
1 11
Movement
swimbladder
1 9
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Classes of fishes
1 11
1 12
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Jawless fishes
1 13
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Cartilaginous fishes
1 14
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Bony fishes
1 15
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Ecology of Fishes
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Metamorphosis
1-2
The move to land
1 1
1 1
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1 1
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CharacteristicsofAmphibians
1 16
Feeding and digestion
Cloaca
1 16
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Respiration and circulation
1 - 17
Amphibian
1 17

1 18
11
1 .
2 . B A
3 .

Gerhardt H C 1978 Temperaturecoupling inthe vocal communicationsystemin the grey treefrog

Hyla versicolor Science 199 992 994
1 20
Reproduction and development
1 - 19
1 16
AmphibianDiversity
400 4200
Frog and toads
1 20
1 - 19
Salamanders and Newts
1 21
1 21
15 cm
1 5 m
Caecilians
1 22
1 21
1 22
Animal Curator
1 23
EcologyofAmphibian
Local factors
Global factors
1 23
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2 - 13



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Gestation
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120
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Platelets
platelets
v
6 8
White Blood Cells
1000 500
6 8
BloodTypes
A B AB O ABO
B A A
AB B
O B A
6 1
B
A A
A
Rh
Rh Rh Rh
Rh
+
Rh

Rh
+
Rh

Rh
Rh Rh

Rh
+
Rh Rh

A B AB O
`d

CirculatorySystemDisorder
atherosclerosis
6 9
6 9
6O1
A
B AB O
.1
.2
.3
.4
100
.5
.6
.7
15
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6-2



ATP
6 - 10
TheImportanceofRespiration
ATP
Breathing and Respiration
Respiration Breathing
6 - 10
external
respiration
internal respiration
ThePathofAir
6 - 11
6 - 12
trachea
bronchi
lungs
bronchioles
alveoli
Gas exchange in the Lung
6 11
6 11
6 12
(Alveolus
alveus
Breathing
6 13
6 14
6 13

O
2
CO
2
6 -14
CO
2
RespiratoryDisorders
6 - 2
3O2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
70 m
2
300
cm
2
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6-3



pH
PartsoftheExcretorySystem
6 15
6 15
TheKidneys
6 16 kidney
6 16
Nephron Filtration
urea
6 16
Reabsorption and the formation of urin
6 16
6 16
1 5 L 180 L
20 - 25 1
H
+
H
+
7 5 6 5 Na
+
61
.1
.2
.3
Beers, M.2003. The Merck Manual of Medical information, Second Edition West Point,PA: Merck and Co.Inc
KidneyDisorders
Infections
Nephritis
6 - 3
Kidney stones
6 17 6 3
6 17
6-3
KidneyTreatments
Dialysis
6 18
4 3
30 - 40
Kidney Transplant
6O3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
6 18
1950
50 000 kg
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
340 g
170 g
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
6-1
A B AB O
6-2
6-3
.1
.2
.3
.4
5 6

.5
1 3
2 4
.6
1 3
2 4
.7 A
A
O A
AB
O
.8
.9
.10
11

.11
6 O1
6O2
.12
.13 O A B AB
.14
.15
.16
18 17
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
6O3
.22
12
1000 17 000
10 000 1 000 000
.23
24
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
31
33 32
.31
0 50 46 8
23 4 50
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
A

15 19 15 A
12 15 15 B
6 5 9 5 8 C
13 20 16 D
18 19 15 E
.39
.40
.41
.1
2 3
1
2
3
4
.2
1 3
2 4
.3
1 3
2 4
4
.4
.5
6 7


.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
12
.12
.13
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4^2 4^2 3^2 4^2 4^2 3^3 3^2 3^1 3^2
1 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 13
atrium
ligament
actin
response
ventricle
amniotic egg
plasma
synapse
scelerosis
ossification
external respiration
cellular respiration
internal respiration
endothermic
marsupial
placental mammal
body cell
closed circulatory system
somatic nervous sys-
tem
autonomic nervous sys-
tem
peripheral nervous sys-
tem

parasympathetic
nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
(

notchord
diaphragm
gestation
alveolus
(

white blood cell

red blood cell
neuron
osteoblast
osteoclast
gills
plastron
carapace
lung
tetrapod
uterus
reflex
feather
down feather
contour feather
Fin
dendrites
artery
capillaries
pharyngeal pouch
platelets
valve
(

threshold
neural crest
voluantary muscles
cardiac muscles
involntary muscles
smooth muscles
skeletal muscles
jacobson organ
spongy bones
keel
compact bones
node
(
gland
mammary gland
oil gland
nictitaing membrane
cartilage
ear drum
operculum
cerbreal cortex
scales
sacromere
trachea
heart
air sac
invertebrate chordate
myofibril
exothermic
swim bladder
cloaca
axon
cerebrum
cerebellum
placenta
hypothalamus
myosin
neurotransmitter
red bone marrow
lateral line system
chemical digestion
-
mechanical digestion
endoskeleton
axial skeleton
tendon
nephron
vein
spawn