PHYSICS PROJECT

TOPIC : RADIO FREQUENCY

INDEX I II III IV V VI Definition : Radio Frequency Special properties of Radio Frequency Currents Chart on Frequency of Radio Spectrum Band Name, Frequency and Wavelength in air with examples Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID) Gadgets/ Devices which work on electromagnetic spectrum using radio frequency bands Page No.

I RADIO FREQUENCY Radio frequency (abbreviated RF, rf) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. RF is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 30 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of electrical signals normally used to produce and detect radio waves. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations, although mechanical RF systems do exist. The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the EM field to which it corresponds. . In the atmosphere or in outerspace, if f is the frequency in megahertz and sis the wavelength in meters, then s = 300/f II SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) CURRENTS Electric currents that oscillate at radio frequencies have special properties not shared by direct current or alternating current of lower frequencies. The energy in an RF current can radiate off a conductor into space as electromagnetic waves (radio waves); this is the basis of radio technology. RF current can easily ionize air, creating a conductive path through it. This property is exploited by "high frequency" units used in electric arc welding, which use currents at higher frequencies than power distribution uses. Another special property is that RF current cannot penetrate deeply into electrical conductors but flows along their surfaces; this is known as the skin effect. For this reason, when the human body comes in contact with high power RF currents it can cause superficial but serious burns called RF burns. Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals. When conducted by an ordinary electric cable, RF current has a tendency to reflect from discontinuities in the cable such as connectors and travel back down the cable toward the source, causing a condition

called standing waves, so RF current must be carried by specialized types of cable called transmission line. III CHART ON FREQUENCY OF RADIO SPECTRUM A frequency spectrum chart is a chart that displays radio frequency bandwidth in KHz (Kilohertz). The spectrum of the frequency on the chart ranges from 9 Khz(Kilohertz) to 300 GHz(Gigahertz). The chart gives different types of bandwidth. The chart giving different bandwidths is as given below : SPECTRUM CHART The Allocated Frequency of Radio Spectrum is located between 9 KHz and 300 GHz as depicted below: BANDWIDTH DESCRIPTION Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Very Low Frequency (VLF) Low Frequency (LF) Medium Frequency (MF) High Frequency (HF) Very High Frequency (VHF) Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Superhigh Frequencies (SHF) (Microwave) Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) (Millimeter Wave Signals) Infrared Radiation Visible Light Ultraviolet Radiation X-Rays Gamma Rays FREQUENCY RANGE 0 to 3 KHz 30 KHz 300 KHz 30 MHz 300 MHz

3 KHz to 30 KHz to 3 MHz to 30 MHz to

300 KHz to 3000 KHz

300 MHz to 3000 MHz 3 GHz to 30.0 GHz 30.0 GHz to 300 GHz to 430 THz to 1.62 PHz to 30 PHz to 300 GHz 430 THz 750 THz 30 PHz 30 EHz

30 EHz to 3000 EHz

Q Enumerate band name, frequency & wavelength in air & give examples ?
Band name Abbr sub-hertz Extremely low frequency Super low frequency Ultra low frequency Very low frequency Low frequency Medium frequency High frequency subHz ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF ITU Frequency & wavelength band in air 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 < 3 Hz > 100,000 km Example uses Natural & man-made electromagnetic waves (millihertz, microhertz) from earth, ionosphere, sun, planets, etc

330 Hz Communication with submarines 100,000 km 10,000 km 30300 Hz 10,000 km 1000 km 3003000 Hz 1000 km 100 km 330 kHz 100 km 10 km 30300 kHz 10 km 1 km 3003000 kHz 1 km 100 m 330 MHz 100 m 10 m Communication with submarines, Main power (50/60Hz) Communication within mines Submarine communication, wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics Navigation, time signals, AM long wave broadcasting, RFID AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio, avalanche beacons Shortwave broadcasts, amateur radio & over-the-horizon aviation comm, RFID, Over-the-horizon radar, Automatic link establishment (ALE) radio comm.., Marine & mobile radio telephony FM, television broadcasts & ground-toaircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications. Land Mobile and Maritime Mobile communications, Television broadcasts, microwave devices, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, GPS,and amateur radio, DBS Microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications satellites Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio relay, remote sensing, amateur radio Terahertz imaging a potential replacement for X-rays, ultrafast molecular dynamics, , terahertz computing/communications, remote sensing, amateur radio

HF

Very high frequency Ultra high frequency Super high frequency Extremely high frequency Terahertz

VHF

30300 MHz 10 m 1 m 3003000 MHz 1 m 100 mm 330 GHz 100 mm 10 mm 30300 GHz 10 mm 1 mm 3003,000 GHz 1 mm 100 m

UHF

SHF EHF

10 11

THz or THF

12

What is Radio Frequency Identification?

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a gift of modern technology, which incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic, coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. RFID is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies. RFID process involves : The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag & to read and write data to it. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

Current and Potential Uses of RFID a) Asset Tracking : Companies can put RFID tags on assets that are lost or stolen often, that are underutilized or that are just hard to locate at the time they are needed. b) Manufacturing : In manufacturing it is used to track parts and work in process and to reduce defects, increase throughput and manage the production of different versions of the same product. c) Supply Chain Management : RFID technology has been used in closed loop supply chains or to automate parts of the supply chain within a company's control for years. d) Retailing : Retailers such as Best Buy, Metro, Target, Tesco etc are in the forefront of RFID adoption. These retailers are currently focused on improving supply chain efficiency and making sure product is on the shelf when customers want to buy it. e) Payment Systems : RFID is all the rage in the supply chain world, but the technology is also catching on as a convenient payment mechanism. One of the most popular uses of RFID today is to pay for road tolls without stopping. f) Security and Access Control : RFID has long been used as an electronic key to control who has access to office buildings or areas within office buildings.

VI Everyday gadgets/ devices which work on electromagnetic spectrum using radio frequency bands. Many types of wireless devices makeuse of RF fields.

Cordless and cellular telephone, Radio and television broadcast stations, GPS navigation device, Satellite communications systems / Satellite Phones, Bluetooth devices, Two-way radio services,

Somewireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields eg: most television-set, remote-controlboxes, cordless computer keyboards and mice, wireless hi-fi stereo headsets,

The Allocated Radio Spectrum is located between 9 KHz and 300 GHz

BANDWIDTH DESCRIPTION Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Very Low Frequency (VLF) Radio Navigation & maritime/aeronautical mobile Low Frequency (LF) Medium Frequency (MF) AM Radio Broadcast Travellers Information Service High Frequency (HF) Shortwave Broadcast Radio Very High Frequency (VHF) Low Band: TV Band 1 - Channels 2-6 Mid Band: FM Radio Broadcast High Band: TV Band 2 - Channels 7-13 Super Band (mobile/fixed radio & TV) Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Channels 14-70 L-band: Personal Communications Services (PCS) Unlicensed PCS Devices Superhigh Frequencies (SHF) (Microwave) C-band X-band: Ku-band Ka-band Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) (Millimeter Wave Signals) Additional Fixed Satellite Infrared Radiation

FREQUENCY RANGE 0 to 3 KHz 30 KHz 540 KHz 300 KHz

3 KHz to 9 KHz to 30 KHz to

300 KHz to 3000 KHz 540 KHz to 1630 KHz 1610 KHz 3 MHz to 30 MHz to 54 MHz to 88 MHz to 174 MHz to 216 MHz to 470 MHz to 30 MHz 300 MHz 88 MHz 174 MHz 216 MHz 600 MHz 806 MHz 5.95 MHz to 26.1 MHz

300 MHz to 3000 MHz 500 MHz to 1500 MHz 1850 MHz to 1990 MHz 1910 MHz to 1930 MHz 3 GHz to 30.0 GHz 3600 MHz to 7025 MHz 7.25 GHz to 8.4 GHz 10.7 GHz to 14.5 GHz 17.3 GHz to 31.0 GHz 30.0 GHz to 38.6 GHz to 300 GHz to 300 GHz 275 GHz 430 THz

Visible Light Ultraviolet Radiation X-Rays Gamma Rays

430 THz to 1.62 PHz to 30 PHz to

750 THz 30 PHz 30 EHz

30 EHz to 3000 EHz