WDM Optical Interconnects With Minimum Cost Under Fiber Link Based Model

BY SACHIN S GHADAGE (LUID:- 15000099)

Date: - 20th April 2008

Course: - Advanced VLSI

Instructor (Prof): - Dr. Selahattin Sayil

ENGR Project Report

WDM Optical Interconnects With Minimum Cost Under Fiber Link Based Model
SACHIN S GHADAGE (LUID:- 15000099)
increasing demands on bandwidth in computing field, networking applications, etc. As Optics offer many benefits for interconnecting a large number of processing elements, optical interconnects will inevitably play an important role in interconnecting large number of processing elements, processors in parallel and distributed computing systems.

Abstract In this paper we had consider the designing cost effective WDM optical interconnects with full permutation and multi cast capabilities by using limited wavelength converters. We aim at optimizing both the cross connect cost in terms of number of cross points and the wavelength converters cost.

Introduction
Todays Electronics is largely associated with the communication between different components and networking. Also with fast growing technology, the IC size is getting smaller and smaller and getting more faster than before. Mostly the different system has used copper interconnect at shorter length scales for both latency and bandwidth sensitive applications. However, as the computational bandwidth of the modern integrated circuits (ICs) increases dramatically according to the Moores law, some replacement of Cu interconnect has arise as at short distances it shows problem, at least in bandwidth sensitive application in communication system. This presents a fertile ground for optical medium of communication to penetrate the short distance world. Optical waveguide bus systems have clearly specific advantages in relation to copper wire systems. Thus Optical communication has become a promising networking choice to meet ever-

Wavelength-divisionmultiplexing (WDM) is

a technique that uses the huge bandwidth of optics and divides the bandwidth of an optical fiber into multiple wavelength channels and provides interconnections between a group of input fiber links and group of output fiber links with each fiber carrying multiple wavelengths. It provides the basic functionality of switching a signal from an input fiber on some wavelength to an output fiber on a possibly different wavelength. WDM interconnects can perform switching in the electronic domain as well as in the optical domain. WDM electronic interconnects require the use of opticalelectronicoptical (O/E/O) devices. Because of Advances in WDM technology there is introduction of more and more wavelengths per fiber, which results in exponential growth in the size of the interconnect fabric, the number of O/E/O devices, the interconnect complexity and its

cost. Thus major challenge in designing WDM optical interconnects is to provide maximum connectivity while keeping minimum hardware cost. The overall hardware cost of a WDM optical interconnect includes both the cost of switching elements and the cost of wavelength conversion. Here WDM optical interconnect is design so as to have a full connectivity with low cost using limited wavelength converters for permutation and multicast in single stage implementations.

---The set of output fiber links is denoted as,

O = {O0; O1; . . . ; Of-1}, and

---The set of all wavelengths used is denoted as = { 0; 1; . . . ; k-1} ---A subset of consecutive wavelengths of is called a waveband. ---An input wavelength j1 on fiber link ip is denoted as (ip, j1) and, ---An output wavelength. j2 on fiber link

Oq is denoted as (Oq,
BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS WORK AND BASIC CONCEPTS:

j2).

Consider an f f WDM optical interconnect with k wavelengths, as shown in Fig. 1. ---It has f input optical fiber links, denoted as i0; i1; . . . ; if_1,

--- f output optical fiber links, denoted as O0; O1; . . . ; Of-1, and
Every single fiber link is carrying --- k wavelengths, denoted as 0; 1; . . . ; . k-1. Let

A typical WDM optical interconnect consists of de-multiplexers, multiplexers, splitters, combiners, and wavelength converters.

De-Multiplexers (DMUXs):
--- The de-multiplexers (DMUXs) are used to divide input fiber links to individual wavelength signals.

N = fk,

then, an f f WDM optical interconnect with k wavelengths can be viewed as an N N network. The set of input fiber links is denoted as,

Multiplexers (MUXs):
--- The multiplexers (MUXs) are used to combine individual wavelength signals to output fiber links.

I = {i0; i1; . . . ; if_1},

Splitters and Combiners:

--- Splitters and combiners perform crossconnecting functions among wavelength signals.

wavelength converters (FWCs). A fixed wavelength converter (DWC) is a special case of an LWC. The cost of a wavelength converter is proportional to the number of different wavelength conversions provided by the converter. Now a full wavelength converter is an LWC with the maximum cost and a fixed wavelength converter is an LWC with the minimum cost.

Wavelength Converters:
--- Wavelength converters are used to change the wavelengths of signals.

Semiconductor (SOAs):

optical

amplifiers

--- Semiconductor optical amplifiers are used to pass or block selected signals Fig. 2 gives an example of such a switching fabric. An output of a splitter and an input of a combiner contribute one cross-point of the optical interconnect.

WDM interconnects has two communication patterns, 1) permutation (one-to-one) & 2) multicast (one-to-many).

Permutation (One-to-One)
In permutation communication, each input wavelength can be connected to any output wavelength with the restriction that an input wavelength cannot be connected to more than one output wavelengths and no two input wavelengths can be connected to the same output wavelength.

Multicast (One-to-Many)
In multicast communication, each idle input wavelength can be connected to a set of idle output wavelengths, but no two input wavelengths can be connected to the same output wavelength.

An optimal WDM interconnects with

full connectivity is design by using the low cost limited wavelength converters (LWCs) instead of the more expensive full

PREVIOUS DESIGNS:For an f f WDM optical interconnect with k wavelengths, there are different design schemes. In some existing designs, the interconnect can be decomposed into k f f cross-connects, as shown in Fig. 3, where connections in the ith f f crossconnect are all on wavelength i . This design scheme has the lowest number of cross-points compared to other schemes. On the other hand, one could consider the scheme that an f f WDM optical interconnect with k-wavelengths is equivalent to an N N (fk fk) crossconnect followed by N = fk FWCs, as shown in Fig. 4

A New WDM Interconnect Architecture Using Limited Wavelength Converters:As shown in Fig. 5 consider the f f WDM interconnect with k wavelengths, the fixed wavelength converter (i.e., DWC) is placed immediately after each input wavelength, except for wavelength 0, and limited wavelength converter (LWC) is placed immediately before each output wavelength. In between is an N N switching cross-connect, which can be implemented as a single-stage or multistage fabric with permutation and/or multicast connectivitys in a no blocking or rearrangeable manner.

In this paper, designing of cost-effective WDM optical interconnects with full permutation and multicast capabilities by using limited wavelength converter is used with the aim of optimizing both the crossconnect cost in terms of the number of cross-points and the wavelength conversion cost.

In the new design of the WDM interconnect, let c be the upper bound of the wavelength conversion cost of any LWC used, where c is an integer satisfying

k,

For presentational convenience, assume that c is evenly divisible by k, that is, there exists an integer b such that

k = b* c.
Thus, the full wavelength set partitioned into b wavebands can be

B0, B1,.,Bb-1;
Where,

Bi = { ic, ic+1, . , . (i+1)c-1}

for

b
Single Stage WDM Interconnects (Fig 6):In this section, for implementation of WDM interconnects limited wavelength converters are being used. And hence the overall interconnect cost under a given limited wavelength conversion cost is minimized. Here a sparse cross-connect is defined below, where the outputs of the sparse cross-connect corresponding to a waveband of an output fiber link are indistinguishable. The interconnect construction is shown in Fig. 6. Here concept of concentrators is defined.

We now define each wavelength converter used in the WDM interconnect in Fig. 5. --- For an input wavelength (ip,

j), where

k, it is associated with a DWC,

j} { 0}), with wavelength

WC ({

conversion cost 1. ; ---For an output wavelength (Oq, where

j),

j k,it
c.

is associated with an

LWC, WC ({ o}, Bj/c) with wavelength conversion cost

Concentrators:In general, is a sparse

p q (p q) concentrator crossbar with p inputs and q

outputs, in which any

connected to the distinguishing their order. An thus optimal construction of a p q concentrator has minimum of cost

q of p inputs can be q outputs without

cross points and

N N sparse cross-connect in Fig. 6 consists of fb N c concentrators,

Now, the each of which connects all the inputs of the interconnect to the outputs of an output waveband. Thus the number of total crosspoints of the interconnect is

(p-q+1)q

(N-c+1)cfb = (N-c+1)N .

THE WDM INTERCONNECT USING LIMITED WAVELENGTH CONVERTERS HAS FULL PERMUTATION AND MULTICAST CAPABILITIES FOR ALL INPUT/OUTPUT WAVELENGHTS. We first consider permutation capability. By the functionality of an N c concentrator corresponding to a waveband Bj in an output fiber link, every c input wavelength,which is converted to the same wavelength, 0 through the first column of DWCs, can reach the c outputs of the concentrator without distinguishing their order. Also, for a full permutation which maps N input wavelengths to N output wavelengths, the c input wavelengths mapped to the c output wavelengths corresponding to a waveband of one output fiber link do not have any conflict with other input and output wavelength mappings in the permutation. In other words, for a permutation, mappings in different concentrators are independent. Thus, combined with the function of the (second column of) LWCs on the output side, which convert from 0 to their destination wavelengths within the

Fig. 7 shows a 63 concentrator and its cross-point layout. As can be seen, the number of cross-points in the 6 3 concentrator is

(p-q+1) q= (6-3+1)3= 12,

which is less than 18, the number of crosspoints in the corresponding full crossbar. Also, from the cross-point layout, it can be verified that any three inputs can be connected to the three outputs. Of course, the routing on a concentrator may be slightly more complex than that on a full crossbar, but it would not be a serious problem since WDM optical interconnects are usually operated in circuit switching mode where light-path are set up before the transmission.

corresponding wavebands, the N N WDM optical interconnect has full permutation capability for all input/output wavelengths. The multicast connections can be realized by the fb concentrators in the cross-connect independently and, finally, converted to the prespecified wavelengths through the wavelength converters on the output side.

WDM interconnect has optimal network cost in terms of the number of cross-points.

COST COMPARISONS INTERCONNECTS

OF

WDM

A SINGLE STAGE WDM INTERCONNECT USING LIMITED WAVELENGTH CONVERTERS HAS OPTIMAL NETWORK COST IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF CROSSPOINTS. Notice that, since we use limited wavelength converters that can convert a wavelength to one of c wavelengths, we can route an input wavelength to some of c outputs (corresponding to a waveband of the crossconnect) that are indistinguishable. Thus, first need to show that each output of the N

The hardware cost of an interconnect includes the number of cross-points and wavelength conversion cost. Permutation and multicast interconnects with different non-blocking capabilities are considered. We also compare the number of stages of cross-connects and the number of columns of wavelength converters. In general, an interconnect with a larger number of stages gives a lower cross-connect cost. In Table 1, we compare the designs for permutation and multicast interconnects under the single-stage and multistage implementations.

N sparse cross-connect must be reachable from at least N-c+1 inputs for the given waveband size c. Assume it is not true, i.e.,
there exists some output which is only reachable from at most N - c inputs. We must have that there exist at least c inputs which can never reach this output. This contradicts the functionality of the sparse cross-connect that the c outputs should be reached by any c inputs without distinguishing their order. Clearly, the above statement implies that a lower bound on the number of cross-points of the N N cross-connect is (N-c+1)N. Since the lower bound matches exactly the number of cross-points of the WDM interconnects in Fig. 6, the newly designed single stage

RESULTS & CONCLUSION:In this paper there is the comparisons of cost effective designs of various WDM optical interconnects. Here the architecture for WDM interconnects is consider first and the optimal design in single stage interconnects are presented for permutation and multicast interconnects with different non blocking capabilities. This design optimized both cross connects cost in terms of number of cross points and the wavelength conversion cost. [3] Yuanyuan Yang and Jianchao Wang, Cost Effective Designs of WDM Optical Interconnects.

[4]

Wikipedia, www.wikipedia.org

REFERENCES:[1] Yuanyuan Yang and Jianchao Wang, Designing WDM Optical Interconnects with Full Connectivity by Using Limited Wavelength Conversion.

[2] Haitha S Hamza and Jitender S Deogun, WDM optical Interconnects: A Balanced Design Approach.