1

ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

5.1. Define the following terms: Thermodynamics. Thermochemistry. Heat of formation. Standard heat of formation. THERMODYNAMICS The study of chemical changes based on the principle of conservation of energy is called as Thermodynamics. THERMOCHEMISTRY Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the measurement or calculation of heat absorbed or evolved in chemical reactions. HEAT OF FORMATION The change of enthalpy when one gram or mole of the substance is formed from its elements is known as Heat of Formation. STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION The standard heat of formation is the heat of formation when all the substances involved in the reaction are each at unity activity. 5.2. Define System, Surroundings and States? SYSTEM Any material or collection of materials which has been separated for the purpose of detailed study is called System. OR A real imaginary portion of the universe or any thing which is under examination or under consideration in the laboratory or elsewhere is called a System. EXAMPLE A hot sealed solution in a thermos bottle. The sealed solution is the system, while thermos bottle is the surrounding. TYPES OF SYSTEM There are four types of system. Open system. Closed system. Isolated system. Macroscopic system.

SURROUNDINGS The environment containing the system are called as the Surroundings. OR

The environments of a system or all the remaining portion of the universe which may act on the system are known as Surroundings. EXAMPLE A hot sealed solution in a thermos bottle. The sealed solution is the system, while thermos bottle is the surrounding. STATES The properties such as temperature, pressure, volume etc, which described a system completely a given of experimental conditions are known as States. TYPES OF STATES There are two types of State: Initial state. Final state. The description of the system; Before it suffers any change is called the Initial state of a system. After it undergoes a change is known as Final state of a system. 5.3. Define Thermochemical reaction and their types? THERMOCHEMICAL REACTION A reaction in which energy is absorbed or evolved during chemical reaction is called Thermochemical reaction. OR Chemical reactions which are accompanied by energy changes with the material changes are generally known as Thermochemical reactions. EXAPMLES CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O + H (Heat) C + O2 CO2 + H (Heat) C + 2S CS2 H2 + I2 2HI TYPES OF THERMOCHEMICAL REACTION There are two types of Thermochemical reaction. Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction EXOTHERMIC REACTION A reaction in which energy is evolved / exit during chemical reaction is called Exothermic Reaction. EXAPMLES CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O + H (Heat) C + O2 CO2 + H (Heat)

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION A reaction in which energy is absorbed / entered during chemical reaction is called Endothermic Reaction. EXAPMLES C + 2S CS2 H2 + I2 2HI FACTORS The heat evolved or absorbed during chemical reactions depends upon: The amount of chemical substances involved. The physical states of the substances involved. The temperature. Whether the reaction occurs at constant pressure or constant volume.

5.4. Write the properties of a system? PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM The properties of a system may be divided into two main groups. Intensive properties. Extensive properties. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES These are the characteristic properties of the system and are independent of the amount of material concerned. EXAMPLE Density, Pressure, Viscosity, Surface tension, Refractive index, Melting points, Boiling points, Temperature etc. EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES These are the characteristic properties of the system and are dependent of the amount of material concerned. EXAMPLE Mass, Volume, Mole numbers, Enthalpy, Internal energy, Gibbs free energy etc. 5.5. State and explain the First law of thermodynamics? INTRODUCTION STATEMENT The total energy of the system and its surrounding remains conserved. OR Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, although it may change from one form to another. EQUATION

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION LAW Consider a system in state A having initial energy E1 and which changes to B state with final energy E2, the change in energy E is given by: A B E1 E2 E = E2 E1 Let; E is the increase in internal energy of the system. W be the work done by the system. q is the change in heat by surrounding. The according to First law of Thermodynamics; q= E+W E = q W AT CONSTANT VOLUME According to first law of thermodynamics. q = E +W eq(i) or q = E + PV eq(ii) at constant volume V q = E + P(0) qv = E Thus, Heat absorbed or evolved at constant volume is equal to the energy change AT CONSTANT PRESSURE According to first law of thermodynamics q = E + W eq(i) or Q = E + PV eq(ii) or qp = (E2 E1) +P (V2 - V1) or qp = E2 E! + PV2 -P V1 or qp = E2 + PV2 E1 - P V1 or qp = E2 + PV2 (E1 + P V1) or or Thus, qp = H2 H1 qp = H { H = E + V

The above equation shows that heat changes at constant pressure is equal to the enthalpy changes SIGN OF H

If; H is positive the process is Endothermic H is negative the process is exothermic 5.6. State and explain the Hesss Law of constant heat of summation and its application? INTRODUCTION This law was introduce by Hesss in which we study about change in energies (enthalpies) of chemical reactions STATEMENT The heat change (enthalpy) in a chemical reaction is the same whether it takes place directly in one or indirectly in several steps EQUATION CO2 + 2NaOH H= -90 K.J / mole Na2CO3 + H2= -41 K.J / mole NaOH H1= -49K.J / mole NaHCO3 + NaOH DIAGRAMATICALLY EXPLANATION Consider a chemical reaction in which reactant A changes to the product D In a single step with H. It may proceed through different intermediate stages. EXAMPLE A first changes to B with the heat change H1, B to C with H2 and finally C to D with H3 Therefore; H = H1 + H2 + H3 + . 5.7. Derive the derivation for the First law of thermodynamics? DERIVATION OF PRESSURE VOLUME WORK (CALCULATION OF WORK DONE)