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ELEVATOR NOISE AND VIBRATION FOOTPRINT IN BUILDINGS

Vijay Jayachandran Otis Elevator Company Patricia Driesch UTC Research Center

Jayachandran and Driesch January 2008

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Elevator configurations
Conventional with Machine Room Machine Room-Less

Jayachandran and Driesch January 2008

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Elevator sources, paths and receivers


Apartment

Landing

Apartment

Landing

Apartment

In-Car

Airborne Structure-borne

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What does elevator noise in buildings sound like?


This is more a sound quality rather than quantity issue Typically the amplitude is not high (<30 dBA) If the sound is perceptible, it is due to transient or tonal elements Examples:
tonal noise from machine or controller transient noise from poorly adjusted rollers or bumps in rails

10 dB

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Airborne noise transmission through partitions


3c 2 fc = d

Below the coincidence frequency, transmission is typically controlled by partition mass


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Airborne noise transmission through a partition 200mm concrete wall vs. 3mm steel sheet

White noise in source room

Noise in receiving room


120 100 80 SPL (dB) 60 40 20 0 10 100 Frequency (Hz) 200mm Concrete - Mass Law 3mm Steel - Mass Law 1000 10000

f c ,3mm steel = 4167 Hz

f c , 200 mm concrete = 98 Hz
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Flanking transmission via leaks e.g. through a hole, under a door


200mm concrete wall

Noise in receiving room

White noise in source room


SPL (dB)

120 100 80 60 40 20

fn =

co n = 857.5n 2t

0 10 100 1000 Frequency (Hz) Mass Law 5mm Leak 1mm Leak 10mm Leak 2mm Leak 10000

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Airborne Noise transmission into the building Options for noise reduction
INCREASE MASS OF PARTITION Small incremental returns Doubling of mass results in only 6dB reduction USE DOUBLE WALL PARTITIONS Can significantly reduce transmission if designed properly Walls should have mismatched thickness (different resonance, coincidence frequencies) Walls should be isolated from each other (resilient suspension and ties) Intervening cavity should be at least 100mm and have acoustical absorber Other flanking paths must be controlled (leaks, structure-borne) TREAT EXISTING PARTITION WITH MASS LAYER Pseudo-double wall apply limp barrier with foam substrate Foam acts as separator, limp barrier has high mass and low stiffness

Jayachandran and Driesch January 2008

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Airborne Noise transmission into the building Options for noise reduction
REDUCE TRANSMISSION THROUGH LEAKS Reduce transmission through gaps and leaks in landing doors and machine room doors REDUCE NOISE BUILDUP IN SOURCE ROOM Reduce source levels even further while this is ideally the best solution, this may be unachievable beyond a certain point Use sound absorbing foam to reduce noise in source room or put a barrier on the wall on the source side this is clearly a last option

Jayachandran and Driesch January 2008

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Elevator Structure-borne Noise Interfaces to the Building

Jayachandran and Driesch January 2008

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Structural Isolation between two lumped masses

Jayachandran and Driesch January 2008

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Structural Isolation between two flexible bodies

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Structural Isolation basic rules


Isolator should be as soft as possible
Resonance peak should be well below operating frequency Note that softness is constrained by static deflection requirements Design should ensure that system does not go through large oscillation during ramp up or down of speed as frequency passes resonance peak Stiffness used in design calculations must consider preload

Interfaces on two subsystems connected to isolator should be as stiff as possible


Isolation is based on the concept of impedance mismatch

Care must be taken not to accidentally short the isolator


Any constraining bolts through the isolator must be well isolated

Isolator material selection


Springs: are good for hostile conditions, do not creep, good for low frequency isolation. Have almost no damping and act as shorts at high frequencies Elastomeric pads: have inherent damping, have high life in shear

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Rail interface to building

Ideal location for rail bracket attachment to building would be at the floor levels since energy cannot excite flexural modes of walls and floor
Rail lengths may not match floor to floor spacing

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Elevator Vibro-Acoustic Interfaces to the Building Some sources of variation we need to worry about
Variation in construction methods worldwide
Steel frame, brick and mortar, concrete and masonry Partition design: drywall, concrete, cinder block, double wall

Variations on apartment side finish, furnishings (affect absorption) Variation in actual building geometry against drawings e.g. door frame geometry, location of any interface points prepared by General Contractor Variation in interface hardness, plumbness Presence of flanking paths via ductwork, poorly isolated partitions

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